According to the APA Dictionary of Psychology , a feeling is "a self-contained phenomenal experience "; feelings are "subjective, evaluative, and independent of the sensations, thoughts, or images evoking them." The term feeling is closely related to, but not the same as, emotion . Feeling may, for instance, refer to the conscious subjective experience of emotions. The study of subjective experiences is called phenomenology . Psychotherapy generally involves a therapist helping a client understand, articulate, and learn to effectively regulate the client's own feelings, and ultimately to take responsibility for the client's experience of the world. Feelings are sometimes held to be characteristic of embodied consciousness .
46-495: Joy is the state of being that allows one to experience feelings of intense, long-lasting happiness and contentment of life. It is closely related to, and often evoked by, well-being, success , or good fortune. Happiness, pleasure , and gratitude are closely related to joy but are not identical to it. C. S. Lewis saw a clear distinction between joy, pleasure , and happiness : "I sometimes wonder whether all pleasures are not substitutes for Joy", and "I call it Joy, which
92-459: A Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year, a Library Journal Best Book of the Year, and has over 30 foreign editions. On the basis of a single-case experiment, Damasio suggested emotions belong to the automatic vital processes of the body and thus can be recognized by a person without any form of memory. In 2003, this work was followed by the publication of Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and
138-590: A basic role in the feeling process. He has continued to investigate the neural basis of feelings and demonstrated that although the insular cortex is a major substrate for this process it is not exclusive, suggesting that brain stem nuclei are critical platforms as well. He regards feelings as the necessary foundation of sentience. In another development, Damasio proposed that the cortical architecture on which learning and recall depend involves multiple, hierarchically organized loops of axonal projections that converge on certain nodes out of which projections diverge to
184-460: A certain desired outcome or feeling. Indulging in what one might have thought would've made them happy or excited might only cause a temporary thrill, or it might result in the opposite of what was expected and wanted. Events and experiences are done and relived to satisfy one's feelings. Details and information about the past are used to make decisions, as past experiences of feelings tend to influence current decision-making , how people will feel in
230-648: A certain way. Other psychological factors could be low self-esteem , the need to be perfect, social anxiety , and so much more. Antonio Damasio Antonio Damasio ( Portuguese : António Damásio ) is a Portuguese neuroscientist . He is currently the David Dornsife Chair in Neuroscience, as well as Professor of Psychology, Philosophy, and Neurology, at the University of Southern California , and, additionally, an adjunct professor at
276-465: A clear adverse outcome: a dysfunction or death. Abraham H. Maslow, pointed out that satisfying (i.e., gratification of) a need, is just as important as deprivation (i.e., motivation to satisfy), for it releases the focus of the satisfied need, to other emergent needs Motivation is what explains why people or animals initiate, continue or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. Motivational states are commonly understood as forces acting within
322-616: A person's mood and well-being. Some people have a natural capacity for joy, meaning they experience joy more easily compared to others. While there is no conclusive evidence for the genetics of happiness, joy is known to be hereditary. Experience of joy is increased through healthy habits such as sharing food, physical activity, writing, and self-connection. Feeling The English noun feelings may generally refer to any degree of subjectivity in perception or sensation. However, feelings often refer to an individual sense of well-being (perhaps of wholeness, safety, or being loved). Feelings have
368-611: A semantic field extending from the individual and spiritual to the social and political. The word feeling may refer to any of a number of psychological characteristics of experience, or even to reflect the entire inner life of the individual (see Mood .) As self-contained phenomenal experiences, evoked by sensations and perceptions, feelings can strongly influence the character of a person's subjective reality. Feelings can sometimes harbor bias or otherwise distort veridical perception, in particular through projection , wishful thinking , among many other such effects. Feeling may also describe
414-474: A situation is based on feeling rules . If an individual is uninformed about a situation the way they respond would be in a completely different demeanor than if they were informed about a situation. For example, if a tragic event had occurred and they had knowledge of it, their response would be sympathetic to that situation. If they had no knowledge of the situation, then their response may be indifference. A lack of knowledge or information about an event can shape
460-429: A sociologist and writer, compared how actors withheld their emotions to the everyday individual. Like actors, individuals can control how emotions are expressed, but they cannot control their inner emotions or feelings. Inner feelings can only be suppressed in order to achieve the expression one wants people to see on the outside. Goffman explains that emotions and emotional experience are an ongoing thing that an individual
506-578: A story they are constantly replaying an event in their mind which is causing them to have mixed feelings of happiness, sadness, excitement, and et cetera. If there is any difference between feelings and emotions, the feeling of uncertainty is less sure than the emotion of ambivalence: the former is precarious, the latter is not yet acted upon or decided upon. The neurologist Robert Burton, writes in his book On Being Certain , that feelings of certainty may stem from involuntary mental sensations, much like emotions or perceptual recognition (another example might be
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#1732764690045552-480: A whole." The causes of joy have been ascribed to various sources. Ingrid Fetell Lee has studied the sources of joy. She wrote the book Joyful: The Surprising Power of Ordinary Things to Create Extraordinary Happiness , and gave a TED talk on the subject, titled "Where joy hides and how to find it." Joy is most commonly found through engagement, self-connection, and living in the moment. Joy improves health and well-being and brings psychological changes that improve
598-423: Is a result of an anticipated, experienced, or imagined outcome of an adaptational transaction between organism and environment, therefore cognitive appraisal processes are keys to the development and expression of an emotion (Lazarus, 1982). The neuroscientist Antonio Damasio distinguishes between emotions and feelings: Emotions are mental images (i.e. representing either internal or external states of reality) and
644-411: Is a visceral emotional reaction to something. It may be negative, such as a feeling of uneasiness, or positive, such as a feeling of trust. Gut feelings are generally regarded as not modulated by conscious thought, but sometimes as a feature of intuition rather than rationality . The idea that emotions are experienced in the gut has a long historical legacy, and many nineteenth-century doctors considered
690-400: Is consciously and actively working through. Individuals want to conform to society with their inner and outer feelings. Anger , happiness , joy , stress , and excitement are some of the feelings that can be experienced in life. In response to these emotions, our bodies react as well. For example, nervousness can lead to the sensation of having " knots in the stomach" or "butterflies in
736-455: Is here a technical term and must be sharply distinguished both from Happiness and Pleasure. Joy (in my sense) has indeed one characteristic, and one only, in common with them; the fact that anyone who has experienced it will want it again... I doubt whether anyone who has tasted it would ever, if both were in his power, exchange it for all the pleasures in the world. But then Joy is never in our power and Pleasure often is." Michela Summa says that
782-449: Is hot", or to ideas that an individual intuitively regards as true (see " truthiness " for examples). The heart has a collection of ganglia that is called the "intrinsic cardiac nervous system". The feelings of affiliation, love, attachment, anger, hurt are usually associated with the heart, especially the feeling of love. A need is something required to sustain a healthy life (e.g. air , water , food ). A (need) deficiency causes
828-448: Is sometimes the answer for many individuals because they want something to keep their mind off the real problem. These individuals cut, stab, and starve themselves in an effort to feel something other than what they currently feel, as they believe the pain to be not as bad as their actual problem. Distraction is not the only reason why many individuals choose to inflict self-harm. Some people inflict self-harm to punish themselves for feeling
874-774: The Prince of Asturias Award in Science and Technology and the Beaumont Medal from the American Medical Association , as well as honorary degrees from, most recently, the Sorbonne (Université Paris Descartes), shared with his wife Hanna Damasio . He has also received doctorates from the Universities of Aachen , Copenhagen, Leiden , Barcelona, Coimbra , Leuven and numerous others. In 2013,
920-693: The Salk Institute . He was previously the chair of neurology at the University of Iowa for 20 years. Damasio heads the Brain and Creativity Institute , and has authored several books: his work, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (2010), explores the relationship between the brain and consciousness. Damasio's research in neuroscience has shown that emotions play a central role in social cognition and decision-making. During
966-409: The insular cortex is a critical platform for feelings, a finding that has been widely replicated, and he uncovered cortical and subcortical induction sites for human emotions, e.g. in ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala . He also demonstrated that while the insular cortex plays a major role in feelings, it is not necessary for feelings to occur, suggesting that brain stem structures play
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#17327646900451012-667: The senses , such as the physical sensation of touch . The modern conception of affect developed in the 19th century with Wilhelm Wundt . The word comes from the German Gefühl , meaning "feeling." A number of experiments have been conducted in the study of social and psychological affective preferences (i.e., what people like or dislike). Specific research has been done on preferences , attitudes , impression formation , and decision-making . This research contrasts findings with recognition memory (old-new judgments), allowing researchers to demonstrate reliable distinctions between
1058-428: The somatic marker hypothesis , a theory about how emotions and their biological underpinnings are involved in decision-making (both positively and negatively, and often non-consciously). Emotions provide the scaffolding for the construction of social cognition and are required for the self processes which undergird consciousness. "Damasio provides a contemporary scientific validation of the linkage between feelings and
1104-443: The tip of the tongue phenomenon). Individuals in society want to know every detail about something in hopes to maximize the feeling for that moment, but Wilson found that feeling uncertain can lead to something being more enjoyable because it has a sense of mystery. In fact, the feeling of not knowing can lead them to constantly think and feel about what could have been. Individuals in society predict that something will give them
1150-616: The 1960s, "Damasio studied medicine at the University of Lisbon Medical School, where he also did his neurological residency and completed his doctorate in 1974." "For part of his studies, he researched behavioral neurology under the supervision of Norman Geschwind of the Aphasia Research Center in Boston." Damasio's main field is neurobiology , especially the neural systems which underlie emotion, decision-making, memory, language and consciousness. Damasio formulated
1196-648: The Escola Secundária António Damásio was dedicated in Lisbon. He says he writes in the belief that "scientific knowledge can be a pillar to help humans endure and prevail." He is married to Hanna Damasio , a prominent neuroscientist and frequent collaborator and co-author, who is a professor of neuroscience at the University of Southern California and the director of the Dornsife Neuroimaging Center. In 2017 he
1242-484: The Feeling Brain . In it, Damasio suggested that the philosopher Baruch Spinoza 's thinking foreshadowed discoveries in biology and neuroscience views on the mind-body problem and that Spinoza was a protobiologist. Damasio's book is Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain . In it Damasio suggests that the self is the key to conscious minds and that feelings, from the kind he designates as primordial to
1288-733: The Human Brain , won the Science et Vie prize, was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Award, and is translated in over 30 languages. It is regarded as one of the most influential books of the past two decades. His second book, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness , was named as one of the ten best books of 2001 by the New York Times Book Review ,
1334-484: The agent that create a disposition to engage in goal-directed behavior. It is often held that different mental states compete with each other and that only the strongest state determines behavior. Valence tells organisms (e.g., humans) how well or how bad an organism is doing (in relation to the environment), for meeting the organism's needs. The way that we see other people express their emotions or feelings determines how we respond. The way an individual responds to
1380-402: The bodily changes accompanying them, whereas feelings are the perception of bodily changes. In other words, emotions contain a subjective element and a 3rd person observable element, whereas feelings are subjective and private. In general usage, the terms emotion and feelings are used as synonyms or interchangeable, but actually, they are not. The feeling is a conscious experience created after
1426-486: The body by highlighting the connection between mind and nerve cells ... this personalized embodiment of mind." The somatic marker hypothesis has inspired many neuroscience experiments carried out in laboratories in the U.S. and Europe, and has had a major impact in contemporary science and philosophy. Damasio has been named by the Institute for Scientific Information as one of the most highly cited researchers in
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1472-433: The discovery of the disconnection of the hippocampus caused by neurofibrillary tangles in the entorhinal cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. As a clinician, he and his collaborators have studied and treated disorders of behaviour and cognition, and movement disorders . Damasio's books deal with the relationship between emotions and their brain substrates. His 1994 book, Descartes' Error : Emotion, Reason and
1518-446: The distinction between joy and happiness is that joy "accompanies the process through and through, whereas happiness seems to be more strictly tied to the moment of achievement of the process... joy is not only a direct emotional response to an event that is embedded in our life-concerns but is also tightly bound to the present moment, whereas happiness presupposes an evaluative stance concerning one period of one's life or one's own life as
1564-405: The emotion is perceived, so these factors have no control on how or if the emotion is suppressed or expressed. In interactive emotion, emotions and feelings are controlled. The individual is constantly considering how to react or what to suppress. In interactive emotion, unlike in organismic emotion, the individual is aware of their decision on how they feel and how they show it. Erving Goffman ,
1610-680: The end of the chain, extended consciousness permits conscience. According to the University of Iowa 's Department of Neurology's website, "Damasio's research depended significantly on establishing the modern human lesion method , an enterprise made possible by Hanna Damasio 's structural neuroimaging / neuroanatomy work complemented by experimental neuroanatomy (with Gary Van Hoesen and Josef Parvizi), experimental neuropsychology (with Antoine Bechara, Ralph Adolphs, and Dan Tranel ) and functional neuroimaging (with Kaspar Meyer, Jonas Kaplan, and Mary Helen Immordino-Yang)." The experimental neuroanatomy work with Van Hoesen and Bradley Hyman led to
1656-481: The future, and if they want to feel that way again. Gilbert and Wilson conducted a study to show how pleased a person would feel if they purchased flowers for themselves for no specific reason (birthday, anniversary, or promotion etc.) and how long they thought that feeling would last. People who had no experience of purchasing flowers for themselves and those who had experienced buying flowers for themselves were tested. Results showed that those who had purchased flowers in
1702-491: The human sciences of the past two centuries. Damasio also proposed that emotions are part of homeostatic regulation and are rooted in reward/punishment mechanisms. He recovered William James' perspective on feelings as a read-out of body states, but expanded it with an "as-if-body-loop" device which allows for the substrate of feelings to be simulated rather than actual (foreshadowing the simulation process later uncovered by mirror neurons ). He demonstrated experimentally that
1748-465: The origins of mental illness to derive from the intestines. The phrase "gut feeling" may also be used as a shorthand term for an individual's "common sense" perception of what is considered "the right thing to do", such as helping an injured passerby, avoiding dark alleys and generally acting in accordance with instinctive feelings about a given situation. It can also refer to simple common knowledge phrases which are true no matter when said, such as "Fire
1794-547: The past decade. Current work on the biology of moral decisions, neuro-economics , social communication , and drug-addiction, has been strongly influenced by Damasio's hypothesis. An article published in the Archives of Scientific Psychology in 2014 named Damasio one of the 100 most eminent psychologist of the modern era. (Diener et al. Archives of Scientific Psychology , 2014, 2, 20–32). The June–July issue of Sciences Humaines included Damasio in its list of 50 key thinkers in
1840-414: The past for themselves felt happier and that feeling lasted longer for them than for a person who had never experienced purchasing flowers for themselves. Arlie Russell Hochschild , a sociologist , depicted two accounts of emotion. The organismic emotion is the outburst of emotions and feelings. In organismic emotion, emotions/feelings are instantly expressed. Social and other factors do not influence how
1886-431: The physical sensation or emotional experience, whereas emotions are felt through emotional experience. They are manifested in the unconscious mind and can be associated with thoughts, desires, and actions. Sensation occurs when sense organs collect various stimuli (such as a sound or smell) for transduction , meaning transformation into a form that can be understood by the nervous system. A gut feeling, or gut reaction,
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1932-552: The points of origin of convergence (the convergence-divergence zones ). This architecture is applicable to the understanding of memory processes and of aspects of consciousness related to the access of mental contents. In The Feeling of What Happens , Damasio laid the foundations of the "enchainment of precedences": "the nonconscious neural signaling of an individual organism begets the protoself which permits core self and core consciousness , which allow for an autobiographical self , which permits extended consciousness . At
1978-401: The stomach". Negative feelings can lead to harm. When an individual is dealing with an overwhelming amount of stress and problems in their lives, there is the possibility that they might consider self-harm. When one is in a good state of feeling, they never want it to end; conversely, when someone is in a bad state of mind, they want that feeling to disappear. Inflicting harm or pain to oneself
2024-416: The two. Affect-based judgments and cognitive processes have been examined with noted differences indicated. Some argue affect and cognition are under the control of separate and partially independent systems that can influence each other in a variety of ways ( Zajonc , 1980). Both affect and cognition may constitute independent sources of effects within systems of information processing. Others suggest emotion
2070-410: The way an individual sees things and the way they respond. Timothy D. Wilson , a psychology professor, tested this theory of the feeling of uncertainty along with his colleague Yoav Bar-Anan, a social psychologist. Wilson and Bar-Anan found that the more uncertain or unclear an individual is about a situation, the more invested they are. Since an individual does not know the background or the ending of
2116-823: The well-known feelings of emotion, are the basic elements in the construction of the protoself and core self. The book received the Corinne International Book Prize. Damasio is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , the National Academy of Medicine, the European Academy of Sciences and Arts . He is the recipient of several prizes, amongst them the Grawemeyer Award , the Honda Prize,
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