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36-562: The house was founded by King John I of Portugal , Grand-Master of the Order of Aviz and illegitimate son of King Pedro I (of the Portuguese House of Burgundy ), who ascended to the throne after successfully pressing his claim during the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum . Aviz monarchs would rule Portugal through the Age of Discovery , establishing Portugal as a global power following

72-583: A royal badge for the Portuguese monarchy, apart from being part of the personal standard of King Manuel I . It acts as a supporter to the Coat of arms of Portugal , also present on the current Flag of Portugal . Owing to the association with King Manuel I and other Aviz monarchs with the Portuguese discoveries , the armillary sphere was commonly used as a symbol representing Portuguese sovereignty across

108-632: A 16th-century document in the archives of the Torre do Tombo in which she was named as Teresa Lourenço. In 1364, by request of Nuno Freire de Andrade, a Galician Grand Master of the Order of Christ , he was created Grand Master of the Order of Aviz . Whrn John's half-brother Ferdinand I died in October 1383 without a male heir, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for Beatrice , Ferdinand's only daughter and heir presumptive . Beatrice had married King John I of Castile , but popular sentiment

144-451: A worthy ally. The marriage consolidated an Anglo-Portuguese Alliance that endures to the present day. John I of Castile died in 1390 without issue from his wife Beatrice, which meant that a competing legitimate bloodline with a claim to the throne of Portugal died out. John I of Portugal was then able to rule in peace and concentrate on the economic development and territorial expansion of his realm. The most significant military actions were

180-558: Is one of the most significant noble titles of Spain and gives its name to the House of Alba . Over the centuries, members of three distinct family dynasties have held the title in succession – the House of Álvarez de Toledo  [ es ] , the House of Silva (extinct in 1802) and the House of Fitz-James Stuart , which descends from an illegitimate son of King James II of England . Famous holders of this dukedom include Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba , governor of

216-548: Is recognized chiefly for his role in Portugal's victory in a succession war with Castile , preserving his country's independence and establishing the Aviz (or Joanine) dynasty on the Portuguese throne. His long reign of 48 years, the most extensive of all Portuguese monarchs, saw the beginning of Portugal's overseas expansion. John's well-remembered reign in his country earned him the epithet of Fond Memory ( de Boa Memória ); he

252-505: The 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum , King John I of Portugal took the Cross of the Order of Aviz as his heraldic badge , adding it to the coat of arms of Portugal and the according royal flags. King John I enforced the imagery of his position as Grand-Master of the Order of Aviz, lending its name to his newly founded royal house and its cross as his personal charge on the royal arms. This

288-544: The Minho in the course of two months as part of a war against Castile in opposition to its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the king of Castile again invaded Portugal with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing John I from the throne. John I of Castile was accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals took the side of John of Aviz (see Hundred Years' War ). John and Nuno Álvares Pereira , his constable and talented supporter, repelled

324-600: The Philippine Dynasty succeeded to the throne following the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 . The founder of the House of Aviz, King John I of Portugal , was born in 1357 as the illegitimate child of King Pedro I of Portugal , a member of the Portuguese House of Burgundy , and Teresa Lourenço , daughter of a Lisbon merchant. In 1364, at 7 years old, John was made Grand Master of the Order of Aviz , henceforth becoming known as John of Aviz. The House of Aviz

360-600: The Portuguese Empire . The symbol was a consistent motif in both Manueline and Neo-Manueline architecture. It also became particularly associated with Colonial Brazil and the subsequent United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves . An important element of Portuguese heraldry since the 15th century, the armillary sphere was many times used in Portuguese naval and colonial flags, mainly in Brazil . It

396-594: The Spanish Netherlands (references to "Alba" (or "Alva" in Dutch), particularly in the context of Dutch history, are usually about him), and Doña María del Pilar de Silva, 13th Duchess of Alba , a muse of the painter Francisco Goya . When they first met, Francisco Goya was much older than the Duchess of Alba. Goya was in his late 40s and the Duchess was in her early 30s. Various dukes have married into

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432-670: The siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta by Portugal in 1415, and the successful defence of Ceuta from a Moroccan counterattack in 1419. These measure were intended to help seize control of navigation off the African coast and trade routes from the interior of Africa. The raids and attacks of the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula created captives on both sides who were either ransomed or sold as slaves. The Portuguese crown extended this practice to North Africa. After

468-460: The "illustrious generation". Duke of Alba Duke of Alba de Tormes ( Spanish : Duque de Alba de Tormes ), commonly known as Duke of Alba , is a title of Spanish nobility that is accompanied by the dignity of Grandee of Spain . In 1472, the title of Count of Alba de Tormes , inherited by García Álvarez de Toledo , was elevated to the title of Duke of Alba de Tormes by King Henry IV of Castile . The dukedom of Alba de Tormes

504-478: The African coast. These led to the discovery of the uninhabited islands of Madeira in 1417 and the Azores in 1427; all were claimed by the Portuguese crown. Contemporaneous writers describe John as a man of wit who was very keen on concentrating power on himself, but at the same time possessed a benevolent and kind demeanor. His youthful education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king for

540-537: The Azores to subjection. The Cortes in Tomar acknowledged Philip II of Spain as King Philip I of Portugal on 16 April 1581 after this Spanish military intervention. From 1581, the House of Aviz had ceased to rule any portion of continental Portugal; António, Prior of Crato held out in the Azores into 1582 as António I of Portugal ; the last of his allies in the islands finally surrendered in 1583. The House of Aviz

576-591: The Azores, on 26 July 1582. António then retreated to Terceira , where he supervised the raising of levies for defense, but in November he left Angra do Heroísmo en route to France to persuade the French to furnish more troops, 800 of which arrived in June 1583. Philip had despatched Santa Cruz with an overwhelming force which left Lisbon on 23 June, and reaching sight of São Miguel some time after 7 July, finally reduced

612-587: The Crown of Portugal to another. The title of Grand Master of the Order of Aviz was permanently incorporated into the Portuguese Crown toward the end of rule by the House of Aviz, in 1551. The House of Aviz would rule Portugal until its fall in the 1580 to the Philippine Dynasty . after he had ordered the Duke of Alba to take Portugal by force. This period of Portuguese history saw the ascent of Portugal to

648-579: The Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed on to his sons, who are often referred to collectively by Portuguese historians as the " illustrious generation " ( Ínclita Geração ): Edward , the future king, was a poet and a writer; Peter , the Duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; and Prince Henry the Navigator, the duke of Viseu, invested heavily in science and

684-516: The Philippine domination. Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão, writing in 1956 and counting António as a king, dates the end of the dynasty's rule of Portugal as occurring in 1581–1582. The Cortes of Tomar had acclaimed Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1581, subsequently António's forces were utterly defeated at sea by Álvaro de Bazán at the Battle of Ponta Delgada off São Miguel Island in

720-584: The Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota on 14 August 1385, where he defeated John I of Castile. A formal peace between Portugal and Castile would not be signed until 1411. To mark his victory, John founded the Monastery of Santa Maria da Vitória, known as the " Batalha Monastery " ("Battle Monastery"), whose chapel became the burial place of the princes of the new dynasty of Aviz. The descendants of King John I were still also Masters of Aviz, though at times that title passed to one descendant of John and

756-522: The attack in the decisive Battle of Aljubarrota on 14 August 1385. John I of Castile then retreated. The Castilian forces abandoned Santarém , Torres Vedras and Torres Novas , and many other towns were delivered to John I by Portuguese nobles from the Castilian side. As a result, the stability of the Portuguese throne was permanently secured. On 2 February 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster , daughter of John of Gaunt , who had proved to be

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792-546: The attack on Ceuta, the king sought papal recognition of the military action as a Crusade . Such a ruling would have enabled those captured to be legitimately sold as slaves. In response to John's request, Pope Martin V issued the Papal bull Sane charissimus of 4 April 1418, which confirmed to the king all of the lands he might win from the Moors. Under the auspices of Prince Henry the Navigator , voyages were organized to explore

828-411: The beginning of its decline during John III 's reign. John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian I of Portugal , who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir . Sebastian was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry , aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, also had no children. The Cardinal-King Henry died two years later, and a succession crisis occurred when pretenders to

864-617: The creation of the Portuguese Empire . In 1494, Pope Alexander VI divided the world under the dominion of Portugal and Spain with the Treaty of Tordesillas . The House of Aviz has produced numerous prominent figures in both European and global history, including Prince Henry the Navigator , King Manuel I of Portugal , and Holy Roman Empress Isabella of Portugal . Numerous Aviz dynasts have also claimed thrones or titles across Europe, including King Peter V of Aragon and John, Prince of Antioch . The Aviz ruled Portugal from 1385 until 1580, when

900-633: The development of nautical pursuits. In 1430, John's only surviving daughter, Isabella , married Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy, and enjoyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands; she was the mother of Charles the Bold . On 2 February 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster , daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster , in Porto . From that marriage were born several famous princes and princesses of Portugal ( infantes ) that became known as

936-513: The particular backing of the rising bourgeoisie of Lisbon ; the nobility were split, with the majority favoring the legitimist Beatrice. Troops under General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated a small Castilian army at Atoleiros, while John of Castile had to lift a siege to Lisboa, mainly due to a plague that hit his army and killed his wife Beatrice. This was followed, however, by a larger invasion of Castilian and Portuguese troops loyal to John of Castile. John of Aviz's rule became established fact with

972-410: The status of a European and world power. The conquest of Ceuta in 1415 was its first venture in colonial expansion, followed by a great outpouring of national energy and capital investment in the exploration of Africa , Asia and Brazil with the founding of colonies to exploit their resources commercially. The period also includes the zenith of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and

1008-531: The throne in the name of his wife, but under the Treaty of Salvaterra that had been the basis for John's marriage to Beatrice, the unpopular Leonor was left as Regent until such time as the son of Beatrice and John would be 14 years old. In April 1385, amidst popular revolt and civil war, the Cortes of Coimbra declared John, Master of Aviz, as king John I of Portugal. He was half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Ferdinand's father and predecessor Pedro I. He had

1044-400: The throne including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza , Philip II of Spain, and António, Prior of Crato claimed the right to inherit it. António, Prior of Crato, was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, twenty days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of António in the Battle of Alcântara . Although António had been proclaimed king, and

1080-484: Was a navigation instrument used to calculate distances and represents the importance of Portugal during the Age of Discovery , as well as the vastness of its colonial empire when the First Republic was implemented. John I of Portugal John I ( Portuguese : João [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃] ; 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433), also called John of Aviz , was King of Portugal from 1385 until his death in 1433. He

1116-644: Was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have been virtually annexed by Castile. The 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country. On 6 April 1385, the Council of the Kingdom (the Portuguese Cortes ) met in Coimbra and declared John, then Master of Aviz, to be king of Portugal. This was followed by the liberation of almost all of

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1152-746: Was also referred to as "the Good" ( o Bom ), sometimes "the Great" ( o Grande ), and more rarely, especially in Spain , as "the Bastard" ( Bastardo ). John was born in Lisbon as the natural son of King Peter I of Portugal by a woman named Teresa, who, according to the royal chronicler Fernão Lopes in the Chronicle of the King D. Pedro I , was a noble Galician . In the 18th century, António Caetano de Sousa found

1188-467: Was effected in various ways: by insertion within the bordure, alternating with the castles; more commonly inserted within the shield, and occasionally shown outside the shield with the latter laying over it. The Cross of Aviz is a cross flory vert (a green cross with a fleur-de-lys at the end of each arm) The armillary sphere has been an important element of Portuguese heraldry since the reign of King Manuel I of Portugal . The armillary sphere became

1224-402: Was established as a result of the dynastic crisis following the 1383 death of Ferdinand I. Ferdinand's widow Leonor Telles was disliked by both the nobility and the commoners for having left her first husband and for having had their marriage annulled in order to marry King Ferdinand. Ferdinand's designated heir was their only surviving child Beatrice , married to John I of Castile who claimed

1260-576: Was still regarded as rightful king in some of the Azores Islands until 1583, his legitimacy as a monarch is still disputed by historians. Only a small minority of historians (even in Portugal) accept the period of twenty days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as his reign. In Portugal he generally considered not as a national king, but as a patriot who led armed resistance to

1296-534: Was succeeded in Portugal by Philip's personal union of the Crowns of Portugal and Spain. In Portuguese history this is variously referred to as the Philippine Dynasty, the House of Habsburg, or the House of Austria. Portugal and Spain would share a common monarch until 1640, upon the proclamation of the Duke of Braganza as John IV of Portugal . Following his success in succeeding to the throne following

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