Joe Pool Lake is a fresh water impoundment ( reservoir ) located in the southern part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex in North Texas. The lake encompasses parts of Tarrant , Dallas and Ellis counties. The lake measures 7,740 acres (31.3 km) with a conservation storage capacity of 176,900 acre-feet (218,200,000 m). With a maximum depth of 75 feet (23 m) the lake drains an area of 232 square miles (601 km).
117-501: Joe Pool Lake was named after Joe R. Pool , a Congressman-At-Large from the Oak Cliff area of Dallas who represented this area as well as the rest of the state of Texas from 1963 until his death in 1968. Pool was highly influential in the passage of legislation and funding of the lake. The project to build Joe Pool Lake initiated by a promise made in 1960 [1] by Kennedy-Johnson Natural Resources Advisory Committee member Joe Pool [2] and
234-704: A 1984 case, Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down based on the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered. However, the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by
351-488: A 70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service. They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements: Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service, at age 50 after 20 years of service, and at any age after 25 years of service. With an average age of 58,
468-574: A FEHBP plan upon retirement. The ACA and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for Medicare benefits. The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment, so members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS (which has three options within the program), the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program, and
585-537: A Western Union telegram from a Klan supporter from Midland, Texas. Pool showed family members the telegram. It stated "Congressman Joe Pool, Kill the Klan Hearings or We Will Kill You!" Anonymous. Pool, not deterred, then gave the telegram to the FBI for investigation. Committee on Un-American Activities U.S. House of Representatives Chairman Edwin E. Willis, Democrat (La) introduced the committee's Ku Klux Klan bill on
702-551: A candidate. Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications. Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications. William C. C. Claiborne served in the House below the minimum age of 25. Disqualification: under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes
819-520: A federal statutory requirement since 1967 pursuant to the act titled An Act For the relief of Doctor Ricardo Vallejo Samala and to provide for congressional redistricting . Before that law, general ticket representation was used by some states. States typically redraw district boundaries after each census, though they may do so at other times, such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or through non-partisan panels. Malapportionment
936-571: A flood control report for North Texas. Pool's report, produced in December 15, 1960, included his analysis of these flood prone watersheds and his recommendation of what corrections the federal government should enact to alleviate flooding in these watersheds. [2] In his report Pool advocated for a navigation canal for shipping on the Trinity River from Fort Worth to the Gulf of Mexico which
1053-532: A four-year term, the resident commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five delegates and resident commissioner may participate in debates; before 2011, they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive. States entitled to more than one representative are divided into single-member districts . This has been
1170-716: A member of the Texas State Legislature — Joe Pool served with dedication and love for his country,' the President said. 'Mrs. Johnson and I extend our deepest sympathies to Mrs. Pool and her four sons in this hour of sorrow.' The President's message of condolence was only one of scores coming into Dallas in the wake of the Dallas lawmaker's death Sunday in Houston." U.S. House of Representatives Speaker John W. McCormack of Massachusetts said in his eulogy of Pool on
1287-592: A member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office. As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the Senate has several distinct powers. For example, the " advice and consent " powers (such as the power to approve treaties and confirm members of the Cabinet ) are a sole Senate privilege. The House, however, has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose
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#17327800093861404-556: A more deliberative upper house, elected by the lower house, that would represent the individual states, and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment. The House is commonly referred to as the lower house and the Senate the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew
1521-685: A project should be undertaken on this stream not only for flood control but for such conservation as can be economically justified." [3] Director Frank E. Smith of the Kennedy-Johnson Natural Resources Advisory Committee's office confirmed receipt of Joe Pool's report on December 20, 1960. Pool served on the Kennedy/Johnson Natural Resources Advisory Committee from September 23, 1960 until he ran for Texas U.S. congressman-at-large in 1962. In
1638-487: A public marina as well a second marina located inside Cedar Hill State Park . Other parks include Britton Park, Loyd Park, and Lynn Creek Park. A full-service marina and restaurant are located on the northwest side of the lake, just off Lake Ridge Parkway near the Lynn Creek Park entrance. The Lynn Creek Marina has 258 wet slips, 40 dry storage slips. a ship store and service center. All facilities are available to
1755-606: A result, the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state, and in the case of a third party in the United States may be affected by results of previous years' elections. In 1967, Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires all representatives to be elected from single-member-districts. Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision, Congress
1872-438: A single MRA that can fund any expense—even though each component is calculated individually, the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses. In 2011 this allowance averaged $ 1.4 million per member, and ranged from $ 1.35 to $ 1.67 million. The Personnel allowance was $ 944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary
1989-468: A two-year term, with no term limit. In most states, major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer. In some states, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer, which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in
2106-741: A voice in committees, and can introduce bills on the floor, but cannot vote on the ultimate passage of bills. Presently, the District of Columbia and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a delegate. A seventh delegate, representing the Cherokee Nation , has been formally proposed but has not yet been seated. An eighth delegate, representing the Choctaw Nation is guaranteed by treaty but has not yet been proposed. Additionally, some territories may choose to also elect shadow representatives , though these are not official members of
2223-460: Is a 14 to 21-inch (530 mm) slot limit on largemouth bass. Anglers may keep bass that are 14 inches (360 mm) or less in length, or 21 inches (530 mm) or greater. Daily bag for all species of black bass is 5 in combination, but only one largemouth bass 21 inches (530 mm) or greater may be retained each day. Marked brush piles offer habitat in the lower end of the reservoir which are often good for both bass and crappie. Crappie fishing
2340-530: Is also good under the bridges on both arms of the lake. In the Walnut Creek arm, the old creek channel is a good place to look for bass. The TRA maintains excellent day use and overnight public recreation facilities. The only free boat ramp on the lake is at Britton Park on the upper end of the Mountain Creek Arm, although it is $ 5 to park. Cedar Hill State Park on the east side of the lake has
2457-440: Is calculated based on three components: one for personnel, one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail. The personnel allowance is the same for all members; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members' district's distance from Washington, D.C., the cost of office space in the member's district, and the number of non-business addresses in their district. These three components are used to calculate
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#17327800093862574-614: Is in the Upper Trinity River Basin and has a length of 37 miles (60 km) and a total drainage area of 304 square miles (787 km). Currently (2005) Joe Pool Lake serves as a reservoir for the City of Midlothian for their public water supply. Several other entities have water interests in Joe Pool Lake, but are not currently using the water resources. The City of Midlothian has a water intake structure in
2691-688: Is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates (set by the Department of Defense) for inpatient care. (Outside the National Capital Region, charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care). House members are eligible for a Member's Representational Allowance (MRA) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district. The MRA
2808-468: Is no legislation at the federal level mandating one particular system for elections to the House, systems are set at the state level. As of 2022, first-past-the-post or plurality voting is used in 46 states, electing 412 representatives, ranked-choice or instant-runoff voting in two states (Alaska and Maine), electing 3 representatives, and two-round system in two states (Georgia and Louisiana), electing 20 representatives. Elected representatives serve
2925-878: Is now incorporated in the Texas Insurance Code. He also served as chairman of the Motor Traffic Committee, Conservation and Reclamation Committee, and the House Investigating Committee. While serving in the legislature, Pool co-authored the 1955 bill that created the Trinity River Authority . The goal of the Trinity River Authority bill was to study the feasibility of building a Trinity River canal from Dallas-Fort Worth to Galveston Bay from 1955 to 1974. During this time many of
3042-543: Is occasionally abbreviated as either "MOC" or "MC" (similar to MP ). However, the abbreviation "Rep." for Representative is more common, as it avoids confusion as to whether they are a member of the House or the Senate . All members of Congress are automatically enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants , except the formula for calculating Congress members' pension results in
3159-545: Is referred to as the "upper" house, and the House of Representatives as the "lower" house. Since December 2014, the annual salary of each representative is $ 174,000, the same as it is for each member of the Senate . The speaker of the House and the majority and minority leaders earn more: $ 223,500 for the speaker and $ 193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders). A cost-of-living-adjustment (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes not to accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however,
3276-504: Is to have one party govern and the other party watch." The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of majority leader and minority leader being created in 1899. While the minority leader was the head of the minority party, the majority leader remained subordinate to the speaker. The speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911. The speaker's powers included chairmanship of
3393-579: Is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see Wesberry v. Sanders ). Additionally, Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to, or have the effect of, discriminating against racial or language minority voters. Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering to benefit political parties or incumbents. In
3510-414: Is unique in that it holds an all-party primary election on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers (regardless of party) if no candidate received a majority in the primary. The states of Washington and California use a similar (though not identical) system to that used by Louisiana. Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless
3627-698: The 1960 presidential election . Pool was appointed by President Kennedy to the Kennedy-Johnson Natural Resources Advisory Committee. [1] Pool used this appointment to advocate for flood control projects for the Trinity River and its tributaries. Pool spent two months immersing himself into the flood control data that he had compiled when he was in the Texas legislature co-authoring the Trinity River Act of 1955. He updated his flood research to 1960 with all of North Texas creeks and streams that were flood prone. What Pool formulated from his research grew into
Joe Pool Lake - Misplaced Pages Continue
3744-565: The American Political Science Association , only about 40 seats, less than 10% of the House membership, are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process, given partisan gerrymandering. Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five (25) years old; (2) have been a citizen of the United States for
3861-742: The Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP), an employer-sponsored health insurance program, and were eligible to participate in other programs, such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (FSAFEDS). However, Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under
3978-562: The Supreme Court ) and then from the western half of Dallas County, Texas, from January 3, 1967, until July 14, 1968. Joe Richard Pool was born in Fort Worth , Texas, on February 18, 1911 to William Wesley Pool and the former Bonnie Jean King. The Pool family moved to Dallas in 1913. In 1914 William Pool started a mattress manufacturing business named Direct Mattress. Pool attended school in Dallas, and graduated from Oak Cliff High School (now W.H. Adamson High School ) in 1929. He attended
4095-650: The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years. Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited. Salaries are not for life, only during active term. Representatives use
4212-704: The U.S. Virgin Islands , the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and American Samoa . A non-voting Resident Commissioner, serving a four-year term, represents the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . As of the 2020 census , the largest delegation was California , with 52 representatives. Six states have only one representative apiece : Alaska , Delaware , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House meets in
4329-542: The United States . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills ; those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to the president for signature or veto . The House's exclusive powers include initiating all revenue bills, impeaching federal officers, and electing the president if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . Members of
4446-741: The University of Texas from 1929 to 1933 majoring in pre-law and business. Pool was a member of the American Legion , Dallas and Texas Bar Associations, and was honored with a life membership in the Dallas Chamber of Commerce. He was a member of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity and Phi Alpha Delta legal fraternity. His family were members of the Methodist Church. While serving as chairman of the Judiciary Council at
4563-598: The number of voting representatives has been at 435 pursuant to the Apportionment Act of 1911 . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435. However, the number was temporarily increased from 1959 until 1963 to 437 following the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii to the Union. In addition, five non-voting delegates represent the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories of Guam ,
4680-694: The president if a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes. Both House and Senate confirmation is now required to fill a vacancy if the vice presidency is vacant, according to the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, two for each state), and (in all but seven delegations) larger constituencies per member. The Senate
4797-556: The size of the House states: "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911. In 1959, upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 (seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment), and returned to 435 four years later, after
Joe Pool Lake - Misplaced Pages Continue
4914-641: The 1960 Congressional reapportionment , Texas received an additional U.S. House seat, but the districts were not redrawn and an at-large seat was created by the legislature. Pool won the Democratic nomination and defeated the Republican in the general election to serve in the Eighty-eighth Congress . He was also re-elected at-large to the Eighty-ninth Congress in 1964. Pool was the last congressman-at-large from Texas and
5031-594: The ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312(d)(3)(D). Under the rule, effective January 1, 2014, members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees. However, if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) exchange, they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage, and members and designated staff eligible for retirement may enroll in
5148-564: The American way of life." "Our goal is to provide full information and legislative recommendations to Congress in order that we may effectively cope with the problems the Klan organizations are creating in our nation," Pool relayed. "The investigation has already revealed endless terrorist acts throughout the Southern states. Without exception, every former Klansmen submitting testimony before
5265-564: The Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates. Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the founders during the convention. Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress: the lower house would be "of the people", elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and
5382-608: The Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. However, after Republicans held control in the 1996 election , Clinton and the Gingrich-led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades, along with a substantial tax cut. The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi
5499-492: The Democratic nomination for the US presidency in the 1960 election. Johnson lost the nomination to John F. Kennedy , but retained his Senate seat, which he gave up when Kennedy named him as his running mate for the general election. Pool was an unsuccessful candidate for U.S. representative from the 5th District of Texas (Dallas County) in 1958, losing in the Democratic primary to Barefoot Sanders . He ran again in 1960, winning
5616-532: The District 51, Place 5 seat in the Texas House of Representatives from Dallas County. His first campaign for public office was a success. Pool was re-elected in 1954 and 1956. During his service in the Texas legislature, Pool served on various committees of the House. For four years he was vice-chairman of the Insurance Committee and helped write much of the reform insurance legislation that
5733-700: The Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program. The Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol provides members with health care for an annual fee. The attending physician provides routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics, and may write prescriptions (although the office does not dispense them). The office does not provide vision or dental care. Members (but not their dependents, and not former members) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities. There
5850-462: The House and are separate individuals from their official delegates. Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms, while a resident commissioner (a kind of delegate) serves for four years. A term starts on January 3 following the election in November. The U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House be filled with a special election. The term of the replacement member expires on
5967-725: The House floor "It can truly be said he died in the line of duty. He was one of the foremost men of the country in fighting for those ideals for which America stands, for measures that would strengthen our institutions of government and combatting those that would destroy our government". In another eulogy before the House of Representatives with the surviving Pool family in attendance, Republican Minority Leader and future president Gerald Ford of Michigan referred to Pool as "A real patriot, greatly interested in our national security, deeply concerned about elements he thought were undermining our nation". Texas State Senator Jimmy Phillips of Angleton, Texas, eulogized to 900 mourners at Pool's funeral at
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#17327800093866084-450: The House serve a fixed term of two years, with each seat up for election before the start of the next Congress. Special elections also occur when a seat is vacated early enough. The House's composition was established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to the Uniform Congressional District Act , sit in single member congressional districts allocated to each state on
6201-409: The House would have women-only spaces following the election of Sarah McBride . Under Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population, as determined by the census conducted every ten years. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, however small its population. The only constitutional rule relating to
6318-562: The Klan by his committee would do a great deal in "exposing the subversive nature of the Klan ;... I believe all of the committee members agree that organizations such as the KKK are subversive and fall under our investigative power and concern". Pool further declared, "I feel that when any organization which have philosophies, 'which lead' to anarchy are exposed to the American people, they lose what influence they might have had." Pool lambasted
6435-550: The Minutemen and the KKK as being harmful to conservative principles in government. "They claim to be conservative but all they are doing is creating a bad image for conservative principles", he stated. At the end of October 1965 with the Klan hearings well underway, Pool "was convinced that 40-50 Ku Klux Klan leaders will spend jail time as a result of the KKK hearings by the HUAC Committee". Pool, as acting chairman of
6552-495: The November 1965 issue of "The Thunderbolt" that the committee director received from the Klan supporter. As Congressman from Dallas, Pool was acting HUAC Chairman of these hearings from 1966-1968. The second time Joe Pool became a national figure was in August 1966 when he was named to chair a sub-committee that would hold hearings on his bill, H.R. 12047, to make it a federal crime to aid anyone engaged in an armed conflict against
6669-634: The October 1965 Klan hearings to the HUAC Committee Director Francis J. McNamara on December 13, 1965. The director sent copies of the review to committee members of "The Thunderbolt". According to McNamara, it is a publication of the National State Rights Party. The November 1965 issue deals with their opinion of the HUAC Committee's investigation of Klan organizations. The following image is on page 7 of
6786-420: The Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war. The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877; the ensuing era, known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in
6903-589: The Tyler Street Methodist Church in the Oak Cliff part of Dallas where Pool grew up, "Pool gave his life for his country". Pool was interred in Laurel Land Memorial Park, also in the Oak Cliff area of Dallas, Texas . Pool served on the U.S. Postal and Civil Service committee as a sub-committee chairman from January 3, 1963, until his death July 14, 1968. During this time, he traveled to Vietnam to inspect postal facilities serving troops there, and fought for investigation of federal government research and development contracts. Pool served as author or co-author of
7020-445: The U.S. Supreme Court banned at-large Congressional districts. Texas redrew its districts, and Pool was re-elected again to the Ninetieth Congress in 1966. but this time to the 3rd district that encompassed the western half of Dallas County. Pool served in Congress from January 9, 1963, until his death from a heart attack on July 14, 1968, at Hobby Airport in Houston, Texas . Pool, as a member of his House Post Office Subcommittee,
7137-414: The US House of Representatives is older than comparable chambers in Russia and the other G7 nations. Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $ 3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state. Before 2014, members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants; they could voluntarily enroll in
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#17327800093867254-438: The United States in time of undeclared war. Pool subpoenaed the Vietnam anti-war protest organizations and their leaders who resisted the Vietnam War by collecting money for North Vietnam or by blocking troop trains. The American Civil Liberties Union sought to stop the HUAC hearings as an infringement of free speech. A federal judge issued a restraining order to stop Pool's hearings. Pool ignored it saying he would start hearings at
7371-440: The United States. Representing the entire state of Texas, and having a personal relationship with President Johnson through his college friendship with Lady Bird Johnson, Pool wielded greater influence than other members of Congress, allowing him to push through some pet projects. Pool, along with his wife Elizabeth, were LBJ delegates to the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City. In Wesberry v. Sanders (1964),
7488-405: The University of Texas, Pool began a lifelong friendship with Claudia Alta Taylor (Lady Bird Johnson) , also a member of the council. In 1933, at the height of the Great Depression, Pool's finances forced him to withdraw from the university. He completed his legal education studying part-time at Southern Methodist University where he graduated in 1937. He was admitted to the Texas Bar and commenced
7605-542: The ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party; the power of party leaders (especially the speaker) grew considerably. According to historian Julian E. Zelizer , the majority Democrats minimized the number of staff positions available to the minority Republicans, kept them out of decision-making, and gerrymandered their home districts. Republican Newt Gingrich argued American democracy
7722-423: The alleged assassin of the late President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. [6] United States House of Representatives Minority (213) Vacant (2) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , with the Senate being the upper chamber . Together, they compose the national bicameral legislature of
7839-597: The appointed time. Finally, an appeals court dissolved the order and the hearings began on August 16, 1966. The proceedings were unruly. "Hundreds of people filled the hearing room, and supporters of the anti-war protest heckled the subcommittee and its chairman. Pool was called a racist and "rather a fool." A question from the committee, one witness said, so nauseated him that "I am liable to vomit all over this table." Impatient with these delaying tactics and personal abuse, Pool had more than 50 spectators and witnesses removed. Fifty-four people were arrested. Arthur Kinoy, one of
7956-424: The basis of population as measured by the United States census , with each district having at least a single representative, provided that that state is entitled to them. Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected. Although suffrage was initially limited, it gradually widened, particularly after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment and the civil rights movement . Since 1913,
8073-437: The building of several new flood control lakes for North Texas. [4] One of these flood control lakes was to be on Mountain/Walnut Creek. [5] The future Lakeview (Joe Pool) Lake had been a longstanding goal for Pool, and although often delayed, was finally accomplished after Pool's death in 1968 by a citizens committee called the Lakeview (Joe Pool) Planning Council and Pool's congressional friends. The oft-stalled lake project
8190-516: The citizens in Dallas-Fort Worth supported the idea but in 1973, when the Trinity River Authority sought voter approval of a $ 150 million bond to fund the project, the voters rejected the idea due to opposition from environmentalists. Pool also authored the 1957 Pool Election Law requiring runoff elections for Texas US Senate races in which no candidate received an outright majority (better than 50%). This law allowed Lyndon Johnson to simultaneously run for re-election to his Senate seat as well as for
8307-413: The college newspaper." H.R. 9342 Marie Tippit December 3, 1963 Pool authored H.R. 9342 that the Secretary of Treasury shall pay his constituent Marie Tippit, of Dallas, Texas the sum of $ 25,000 in recognition by the United States of the sacrifice made by her husband, the late Officer J.D. Tippit, of the Dallas Police Department, who was fatally wounded on November 22, 1963 while attempting to apprehend
8424-421: The committee has requested bodily protection to and from the hearing room, to his hotel room and to his train or plane...their fear lies in what vengeance might be wrought upon them by Klan hierarchy for revealing Klan activities," Pool stated. The Klan's threats knew no bounds during the hearings, they even included acting committee chairman. In February 1966 Chairman Joe Pool in his Washington D.C. office received
8541-797: The committee investigating the Klan, charged the leaders with contempt of Congress when they refused to bring subpoenaed records to the hearing. Pool added that the Internal Revenue Service and the Post Office Department are expected to examine committee findings for possible violations by the leaders. In a speech before the Dallas Federal Business Association members Pool stated that during the Klan hearings he has observed "a flagrant disrespect of values which are meaningful to me--law and order, respect for fellow human beings, justice and
8658-455: The constituents. After Pool died Mrs. Patty Tyson, Pool's top Washington aide, while packing up the closing office said, "the staff had caught up on constituents mail". As for Pool's office motto of "overachievement for our constituents" and Pool's mentorship to his staff, Tyson stated, "One of Pool's aides, a young Negro named Bill Price, has enrolled in the first class of the new Federal City College which opens here next week. He will be editor of
8775-524: The date that the original member's would have expired. The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only six members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: Democrats John Bullock Clark of Missouri, John William Reid of Missouri, and Henry Cornelius Burnett of Kentucky. Democrat Michael Myers of Pennsylvania
8892-499: The day when they can do something that will go down in history," he told them. "I feel like I did exactly that last week," Pool said. In the fall 1966 election Pool defeated his Republican challenger. Congressman Pool's HUAC hearings exemplified the tensions that the Vietnam War and race relations produced in the 1960's and gave him his moments of celebrity. Joe Pool Lake is a fresh water impoundment ( reservoir ) located in
9009-432: The electorate. The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the speaker of the House . The rise of the speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . "Czar Reed", as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that "The best system
9126-484: The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Pursuant to the Uniform Congressional District Act , representatives must be elected from single-member districts . After a census is taken (in a year ending in 0), the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census (with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following January 3). As there
9243-455: The first projects in the nation to pay its own way because of federal cuts in recreational park projects. Work on the bridges was finished in 1981. Construction of the lake dam was completed in December 1985. Impoundment of water began in January 1986 and the lake was filled by June 1989. On May 24, 1986, before being open to the public, a ceremony with food, music, cannons, and speeches
9360-459: The floor of the House June 14, 1966. The bill would give law enforcement the power to arrest or fine KKK supporters for their unlawful activities. Congressman Joe Pool supported the bill. The Klan hearings received national exposure through television and written news organizations. The Ku Klux Klan, through an anonymous supporter, sent in through their print publication voice their review of
9477-477: The funding bills for two of Texas' national parks and seashores, including Guadalupe Mountains National Park and Padre Island National Seashore . Pool co-authored the U.S. House of Representatives funding bills starting in 1966 for land acquisition of 18,000 acres to develop Dallas/Fort Worth Regional (International) Airport . As congressman-at-large, Pool was acting chairman of these hearings from 1965 to 1966. With civil right activists being harassed in
9594-539: The incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions. Exceptions can result in so-called floor fights—convention votes by delegates, with outcomes that can be hard to predict. Especially if a convention is closely divided, a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election. The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and no federal statutes regulate ballot access. As
9711-439: The influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. However, these powers were curtailed in the "Revolution of 1910" because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon's heavy-handed tactics. The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945), often winning over two-thirds of
9828-541: The lake was filled by June 1989. After 60 years, through the sheer determination of Joe Pool, his congressional friends and the many members of the Lakeview (Joe Pool) Planning Council, Pool's promise of flood control for the Mountain/Walnut Creek watershed was made good to the affected property owners. "On May 24, 1986 with the lake approximately half full and still several years away from being open to
9945-573: The land gained during the Mexican–American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War (1861–1865), which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union. The war culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, and therefore
10062-477: The lawyers for the hostile witnesses, began an exchange with Pool that ended with the attorney being dragged from the room as he shouted "Don't touch a lawyer." Other attorneys for witnesses left in protest. When the hearings concluded, the full committee sent Pool's bill, H.R. 12047 to the House, which passed in October 1967. The Senate did not act on the measure before adjournment. Pool's constituents cheered him when he returned to Dallas. "Most Americans live for
10179-678: The most voting members. Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body with equal representation for each state, any of which could veto most actions. After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles, numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which received
10296-525: The other (the Senate) would provide equal representation amongst the states. The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (nine out of the 13) in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4, 1789. The House began work on April 1, 1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time. During the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery . The North
10413-427: The past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the districts they represent, but they traditionally do. The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on
10530-1154: The practice of law in Dallas with his partner J. Frank Wilson. Pool moved back to Dallas in 1943 and had to put his law career on hold while he volunteered for duty in the U.S. Army Air Corps. He rose from the rank of private to staff technical sergeant by the end of World War II . He was in intelligence service mainly investigating military accidents for sabotage. Pool received an honorable discharge in 1945. After WWII Pool rejoined his law partner J. Frank Wilson in Dallas. In 1946 Pool managed Wilson's successful congressional campaign. At this time Pool also worked to expand his father's mattress business. In 1947 Pool took his experiences in helping his father's business and put them to work opening his own down comforter refurbishing company in Ennis, Texas . The business, Alden Comfort Mills, moved to Plano, Texas , in 1950. This helped financially support his political endeavors. In early 1959 Pool also tried his hand at Dallas real estate and later that year he dabbled in oil drilling in southeast Kentucky. Pool began his political career in 1952 by running for
10647-629: The prefix " The Honorable " before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . Representatives are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state, and sometimes by congressional district, or a major city or community within their district. For example, Democratic representative Nancy Pelosi , who represents California's 11th congressional district within San Francisco , may be identified as "D–California", "D–California–11" or "D–San Francisco". "Member of congress"
10764-439: The primary, but lost in the general election to Republican incumbent Bruce Alger . During the 1960 campaign Pool was on the same Dallas County Democratic ticket with then Senator John F. Kennedy and then Senator Lyndon B. Johnson. Through his acquaintance with LBJ's wife Lady Bird Johnson at college, Pool came to the attention of the presidential ticket, who recognized his candidacy as important to their efforts to win Texas in
10881-670: The public on first-come, first-served, for fishing, pleasure, and sailboats; boat rentals; with an indoor-outdoor fishing area; and Patio Bar & Grill. Joe Pool lake is mostly fed by Mountain Creek and Walnut Creek and drains north into Mountain Creek leading into Mountain Creek Lake . Joe Pool Lake is one of the few lakes in Texas that actually drains to the north. Joe Pool lake impounds water in two arms formed by Mountain Creek and Walnut Creek. The Mountain Creek Water Shed
10998-406: The public, a ceremony was held to dedicate the new Joe Pool Lake. 1,500 people attended including U.S. Democratic Majority Leader Jim Wright, who among others, had helped keep the project alive through the years. There was food, music, cannons, and speeches. Joe Pool would have been proud to be there." Joe Pool Lake includes a number of parks, paved boat ramps and parking lots, public swimming areas,
11115-510: The reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a resident commissioner , but other than having
11232-532: The requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative. This post–Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving. However, disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress. Elections for representatives are held in every even-numbered year, on Election Day
11349-636: The salient features of this report calls for the construction of a reservoir on the Elm Fork of the Trinity River upstream from the existing Garza-Little Elm project. Another calls for a similar reservoir in Denton Creek upstream from the Grapevine project. However, there is a remaining stream below Dallas that is uncontrolled--Mountain Creek. This stream embraces a drainage area of 300 sq. miles and presently has no flood control whatsoever. I believe that
11466-431: The seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade. The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995. In the mid-1970s, members passed major reforms that strengthened the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowed party leaders to nominate committee chairs. These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce
11583-426: The second most campsites of any facility in the state park system. It also has lighted fishing piers, boat ramps and group shelters. Joe R. Pool Joe Richard Pool (February 18, 1911 – July 14, 1968) was an American politician who served as a U.S. representative from Texas. Pool represented all of Texas from January 3, 1963, until January 3, 1967 (when such districts in multi-district states were banned by
11700-735: The south early in 1965 before the Ku Klux Klan HUAC hearings began, Pool predicted his House Un-American Activities Committee would vote as early as March 1965 to investigate terrorist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan, the Minutemen (anti-Communist organization) , the Black Muslims, and the American Nazi Party . Prior to the hearings Pool said "I am in favor of investigating all four groups." Pool made
11817-664: The south wing of the United States Capitol . The rules of the House generally address a two-party system, with a majority party in government, and a minority party in opposition. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof. Other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has
11934-486: The southeast leg of the lake. They consume water at a daily rate anywhere from 1 million US gallons (3,800 m) in the winter months to 9 million US gallons (34,000 m) in the summer months. The Trinity River Authority of Texas also has a water intake structure in Cedar Hill State Park, but it currently not in use. Most species are currently managed with statewide regulations. The exception
12051-714: The southern part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex in North Texas. The lake encompasses parts of Tarrant , Dallas and Ellis counties. The lake measures 7,740 acres (31.3 km ) with a conservation storage capacity of 176,900 acre-feet (218,200,000 m ). With a maximum depth of 75 feet (23 m) the lake drains an area of 232 square miles (601 km ). The project to build Joe Pool Lake arose from Pool's dedication to flood control issues as expressed in his 1960 Kennedy-Johnson Natural Resources Advisory Committee report where his recommendations included
12168-520: The statement in the wake of President Lyndon Johnson's suggestion that a congressional committee might well look into the Klan's activities. Pool thought congress should try to determine whether a constitutional law can be drawn that would outlaw the KKK. Pool stated "I think the Ku Klux Klan is almost as great a threat to America as the Communist Party ;... Both seek to destroy our American ideals." Pool suggested an investigation of
12285-721: The support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states. Eventually, the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise, under which one house of Congress (the House of Representatives) would provide representation proportional to each state's population, whereas
12402-634: The system was, in Gingrich's words, "morally, intellectually and spiritually corrupt". Gingrich followed Wright's successor, Democrat Tom Foley , as speaker after the Republican Revolution of 1994 gave his party control of the House. Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the Contract with America and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of
12519-410: The vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline. The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day, or as soon as the results are certified. Historically, many territories have sent non-voting delegates to the House. While their role has fluctuated over the years, today they have many of the same privileges as voting members, have
12636-424: Was a popular idea in the 1950s and 1960s before it fell out of public favor in the 1970s. He called out "polluter cities" in the 18,000 square mile Trinity Basin that were the result of insufficient policing of the watershed and inadequate water conservation facilities. Pool favored more state control of rivers totally within Texas borders. He commented on the most recent City of Dallas water study. Pool stated, "One of
12753-480: Was approved by Congress in 1965. Prior to 1982 Pool's lake project was called Lakeview Reservoir. On December 31, 1982 President Ronald W. Reagan signed a bill to rename the lake to Joe Pool Lake. The lake had been a subject of delays caused by property owners refusing to sell to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, environmental lawsuits, and a lack of funding in the early 1970s. As a result, when construction began in 1977 – nine years after Pool died – it became one of
12870-470: Was being ruined by the Democrats' tactics and that the GOP had to destroy the system before it could be saved. Cooperation in governance, says Zelizer, would have to be put aside until they deposed Speaker Wright and regained power. Gingrich brought an ethics complaint which led to Wright's resignation in 1989. Gingrich gained support from the media and good government forces in his crusade to persuade Americans that
12987-450: Was carried out, after Pool's death in 1968, by a citizens committee called the Lakeview (Joe Pool) Planning Council. Pool's project was approved by Congress in 1965 and was known as Lakeview Reservoir until 1982 when president Ronald W. Reagan signed a bill to rename the lake to Joe Pool Lake. Actual construction began in 1977, bridge work was finished in 1981, with lake completion in December 1985. Impoundment of water began in January 1986 and
13104-435: Was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, Democrat James Traficant of Ohio was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption, and Republican George Santos was expelled in 2023 after he was implicated in fraud by both a federal indictment and a House Ethics Committee investigation. The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of
13221-612: Was held to dedicate the new Joe Pool Lake. 1500 people attended. Among them, U.S. Representative Jim Wright (at that time Democratic Majority Leader of the House of Representatives) and others who helped keep the project alive. Throughout Pool's career in Washington, Dallas, Austin, and other U.S. congressional and Texas legislative offices constituent service was important. Over the years Pool's staff received many accolades for their professionalism and decorum. Pool mentored office staff to overachieve when working for their real bosses,
13338-479: Was motivated by fears that courts would impose at-large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population, and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities. Several states have used multi-member districts in the past, although only two states (Hawaii and New Mexico) used multi-member districts in 1967. Louisiana
13455-580: Was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives. However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in
13572-579: Was on a postal facility inspection tour of facilities in Los Angeles and Houston at the time of his death. In an article written in the Dallas Times Herald President Johnson expressed his condolence: "A saddened President Johnson paid warm tribute Monday to his Texas friend and Dallas congressman, the late Joe Pool. 'I am saddened over the untimely death of Rep. Joe Pool. As a member of congress — and before that as
13689-443: Was subsequently elected by the House as the first female speaker. The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s. However, the Democrats retook the house in 2019 , which became the largest shift of power to the Democrats since the 1970s. In the 2022 elections, Republicans took back control of the House, winning a slim majority. In November 2024, House Speaker Mike Johnson announced that
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