The way
49-797: The "goal" Background Chinese texts Classical Post-classical Contemporary Zen in Japan Seon in Korea Thiền in Vietnam Western Zen The Jogye Order , officially the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism (대한불교조계종, 大韓佛敎 曹溪宗), is the representative order of traditional Korean Buddhism , with roots that date back 1200 years ago to the Late Silla National Master Doui, who brought Seon (known as Zen in
98-508: A clergy separate from other Witnesses, who are also ordained ministers, they do recognize that a government may consider them such for administrative purposes. Jehovah's Witnesses do not have a separate clergy class, but consider an adherent's qualified baptism to constitute his ordination as a minister . Governments have generally recognized that Jehovah's Witnesses' full-time appointees qualify as ministers regardless of sex or appointment as an elder or deacon ("ministerial servant") ;
147-575: A 14th-century scholar and dedicated Sufi, who is however remembered mainly as an outspoken critic of the excesses of certain schools of Sufism during his time. A form of ordered religious living is common also in many tribes and religions of Africa and South America , though on a smaller scale, and some parts of England. Due to the unorganized character of these small religious groups, orders are not as visible as in other well-organised religions. Cults and coercive groups such as Scientology and Moonies often rely heavily on devout religious orders as
196-602: A certain school of teaching—such as Thailand's Dhammayuttika order , a monastic order founded by King Mongkut (Rama IV). A well-known Chinese Buddhist order is the ancient Shaolin order in Ch'an ( Zen ) Buddhism; and in modern times, the Order of Hsu Yun. A Religious order in the Catholic Church is a kind of religious institute , a society whose members (referred to as " religious ") make solemn vows that are accepted by
245-464: A number of orders of Deaconesses , who are now ordained as clergy and are Ministers in equal standing alongside their presbyteral colleagues.The Methodist Diaconal Order (MDO) currently admits both men and women to the Order and all are now known as Deacons. Since the functions of a deacon are primarily pastoral , the MDO may therefore be regarded as an order of Regular clerics . The Order of Saint Luke
294-693: A particular branch, traveling overseers , special pioneers , and branch staff are considered members of the Order of Special Full-time Servants and the Bethel Family . Globally, their order is the Worldwide Order of Special Full-Time Servants of Jehovah's Witnesses . Male and female members of such religious orders typically make a formal vow of poverty and are granted certain status and exemptions by many governments. While Jehovah's Witnesses do not consider members of their religious orders to be
343-786: A press conference at the Korean Buddhist History and Culture Memorial Hall in Jongno, Seoul, announcing plans to officially propose the establishment of "World Meditation Day" on May 21 (tentatively) during a visit to the UN headquarters in New York. The numerous temples of the Jogye order are arranged under 24 "head temples." The head temples each oversee a district ( gyogu ), containing a large number of subordinate temples. Religious order#Buddhist tradition A religious order
392-732: A superior in the name of the Church, who wear a religious habit and who live a life of brothers or sisters in common. Religious orders are to be distinguished from religious congregations , which are religious institutes whose members profess simple vows , and from secular institutes , including societies of apostolic life and lay ecclesial movements . Unless they are also deacons or priests in Holy Orders members of religious orders are not clergy but laity . However, particular orders and institutes are classified as either specifically clerical or lay depending on their charism . Among
441-491: A tactic to indoctrinate and control their followers. Scientology's Sea Org , for example, are required to sign a one billion year contract and pledge allegiance to founder L. Ron Hubbard and are responsible for senior management positions within the Organization. Manhae Han Yong-un ( Korean : 한용운 ; August 29, 1879 – June 29, 1944) was a twentieth century Korean Buddhist reformer and poet . This name
490-597: A tariqa are known as murīdīn (singular murīd ), meaning "desirous", viz. "desiring the knowledge of knowing God and loving God" (also called a faqīr فقير ). Tariqas have silsilas ( Arabic : سلسلة ) which is the spiritual lineage of the Shaikhs of that order. Almost all orders trace their silsila back to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Tariqas are spread all over the Muslim world. Among Shias , Noorbakshia Islam
539-671: Is a religious order in the United Methodist Church dedicated to sacramental and liturgical scholarship, education, and practice. Some Protestant religious orders follow Anabaptist theology. These would include the Hutterites and Bruderhof , who live in full community of goods and living as a peace church. Among their corporations, the Religious Order of Jehovah's Witnesses cares for matters specific to Jehovah's Witnesses special full-time servants. In
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#1732765659348588-468: Is a subgroup within a larger confessional community with a distinctive high-religiosity lifestyle and clear membership. Religious orders often trace their lineage from revered teachers, venerate their founders , and have a document describing their lifestyle called a rule of life . Such orders exist in many of the world's religions . In Buddhist societies, a religious order is one of the number of monastic orders of monks and nuns, many of which follow
637-423: Is an order that blends Sufi principles with Shia doctrine. It claims to trace its direct spiritual lineage and chain (silsilah) to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Ali, the first imam of Shia Islam. There is some historical connection between certain schools of Sufism and the development of Wahhabism and Salafism due to the history of these denominations. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was inspired by Ibn Taymiyyah ,
686-615: Is at odds with the Jogye Order by the decreasing of Temple Stay fundings, the lack of government recognition of the Lantern Festival , and omitted Buddhist temples, even famous ones, while marking the locations of even minor Christian churches in the new address system. After Lee's ascendence to the Presidency when the high proportion of Christians in relation to Buddhists in the public sector became known–particularly
735-712: The Korean peninsula . However, during the Joseon period, Buddhism was repressed in favor of Neo-Confucianism . During the reign of Sejong (r. 1418-1450), two sects were formed, one of all the doctrinal schools and another of all the Seon schools. These were then temporarily disbanded under the reign of Yonsangun (r. 1494-1506), resulting in great confusion. However, during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) , National Masters Seosan and Samyeong raised armies that protected
784-487: The Linji school were founded, and attempts were made to revive the doctrinal schools and to reestablish activities in the cities, but these movements were soon suppressed during the Japanese occupation , which began in 1910. Reaction to the occupation by Japan was mixed in the Jogye. While some collaborated with the authorities, monks such as Yongsong and Manhae led efforts to keep Korean Buddhist traditions alive. In 1921
833-697: The Sonhakwon Seon Meditation Center was established, and in 1929, a Monks’ Conference of Joseon was held. In 1937, a movement for the establishment of a Central Headquarters began, which was successful with the building of the Main Buddha Hall of Jogyesa in Seoul in 1938. Finally in 1941 the Joseon Buddhism Jogye Order which was distinctly Korean and free from Japanese influence, was established. This
882-795: The Visitandines . Several religious orders evolved during the Crusades to incorporate a military mission becoming "religious military orders ", such as the Knights of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem , the Knights of the Order of the Temple and the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , there is only one type of monasticism. The profession of monastics is known as tonsure (referring to
931-833: The 10th century the Rule of St Benedict became the standardised norm among the Latin Church’s monks and nuns while the Rule of St Augustine was standardised among its canons and canonesses. The earliest orders include the Cistercians (1098), the Premonstratensians (1120), the Poor Clares founded by Francis of Assisi (1212), and the Benedictine reform movements of Cluny (1216). These orders consist entirely of independent abbeys and priories where power rests in
980-836: The 16th century the orders of clerics regular began to emerge, including such institutes as the Society of Jesus , the Theatines , the Barnabites , the Somascans . Most of these groups began to turn away from the common public celebration of the divine office. In accordance with the concept of independent communities in the Rule of Saint Benedict, the Benedictines, Cistercians, and Trappists have autonomous abbeys (so-called "independent houses"). Their members profess "stability" to
1029-654: The Chair of the Buddhist youth assembly. The poems published in Han's Nim-ui Chimmuk had been written at Baekdam Temple in the previous year. This book garnered much attention from literary critics and intellectuals at the time. Despite his many other publications, from Chinese poems to sijos and the poems included in Yusim , and novels such as Dark Wind ( Heukpung ), Regret ( Huhoe ), Misfortune ( Bakmyeong ), this collection remains
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#17327656593481078-795: The Reformation. After the foundation of the Lutheran Churches , some monasteries in Lutheran lands (such as Amelungsborn Abbey near Negenborn and Loccum Abbey in Rehburg-Loccum ) and convents (such as Ebstorf Abbey near the town of Uelzen and Bursfelde Abbey in Bursfelde ) adopted the Lutheran Christian faith. Other examples of Lutheran religious orders include the " Order of Lutheran Franciscans " in
1127-855: The United States. Also, a Lutheran religious order following the Rule of St. Benedict, "The Congregation of the Servants of Christ", was established at St. Augustine's House in Oxford, Michigan, in 1958 when some other men joined Father Arthur Kreinheder in observing the monastic life and offices of prayer. This order has strong ties to Lutheran Benedictine orders in Sweden ( Östanbäck Monastery ) and in Germany ( Priory of St. Wigbert ). Religious orders in England were dissolved by King Henry VIII upon
1176-530: The West) and the practice taught by the Sixth Patriarch, Huineng , from China around 820 CE. The name of the Order, Jogye , was adopted from the name of the village where Patriarch Huineng's home temple, Nanhua Temple , is located ( Chinese : 曹溪 ; pinyin : cáo xī ; Korean : 조계 ; romaja : Jogye ). The Jogye became a distinct school in the late 11th century when
1225-483: The abbeys where they make their religious vows ; hence their abbots or abbesses may not move them to other abbeys. An "independent house" may occasionally make a new foundation which remains a "dependent house" (identified by the name "priory") until it is granted independence by Rome and itself becomes an abbey. Each house's autonomy does not prevent it being affiliated into a congregation —whether national or based on some other joint characteristic—and these, in turn, form
1274-487: The country, which culminated in the Japanese occupation from 1905 to 1945. He lived in seclusion at Ose-am in the Baekdam Temple from 1896. During this period, he studied Buddhist sacred texts and several books of modern philosophy. In 1905 he received the robes of the Jogye Order of monks and in 1908 he went to Japan and visited several temples to study Buddhism and Eastern philosophy for six months. In 1919 he
1323-543: The course of the last decade a fairly large number of Buddhist temples in South Korea have been destroyed or damaged by fire by misguided Protestant fundamentalists. More recently, Buddhist statues have been identified as idols, attacked and decapitated. Arrests are hard to effect, as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of night." On September 20, 2024, the Chief Administrator of the Jogye Order held
1372-511: The court ruled in favor of the Purification and Reform Committee (PRC), the ruling was not sufficiently enforced, and fighting broke out between hundreds of monks using makeshift weaponry. In more recent years, the Jogye Order has been beset with scandals involving gambling and sexual misconduct. The Jogye Order faced conflict with the government led by former President Lee Myung-bak , a conservative Presbyterian Christian . The government
1421-606: The development of the nation during the Later Silla and thereafter. However, during the Goryeo period, the Cheontae under Uicheon rose to prominence and drew away many talented monks, forcing the Seon to innovate. In response to this, Buddhist leaders Jinul and Taego Bou led major Seon movements. Jinul in particular sought to develop an order founded in the direct practices of Seon but also gave importance to sutra study and
1470-497: The first order for women was established. The first order for men was founded 25 years later. Anglican religious voluntarily commit themselves for life, or a term of years, to holding their possessions in common or in trust; to a celibate life in community; and obedience to their Rule and Constitution. There are presently thirteen active religious orders for men, fifty-three for women, and eight mixed gender. The Methodist Church of Great Britain , and its ancestors, have established
1519-735: The hands of the individual communities and their abbot or abbess, prior or prioress. Their members remain in the same community for life. Later in the 13th century the mendicant orders like the Carmelites , the Order of Friars Minor , the Order of Preachers , the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and the Order of Saint Augustine formed. These Mendicant orders did not hold property for their Religious Communities, instead begging for alms and going where they were needed. Their leadership structure included each member, as opposed to each Abbey or House, as subject to their direct superior. In
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1568-539: The monk Jinul sought to combine the direct practices of Korean Seon with the theological underpinnings of sutra -based Buddhist schools and with Pure Land Buddhism . In 1994, the Jogye order managed 1725 temples and 10,056 clerics and had 9,125,991 adherents. The international Kwan Um School of Zen is a Jogye school founded by Seon Master Seungsahn , 78th Patriarch, who received dharma transmission from Seon Master Gobong . The original "Nine Schools" of Seon that descended from Chan Buddhism were instrumental in
1617-472: The nation, which improved the situation of Buddhism for a time. However it was not until the political reforms of 1895 that monks were permitted in the cities again. Then in 1899, under the leadership of Seon Master Gyeongheo (1849-1912), monks petitioned from Haeinsa to reestablish the traditions and the philosophical basis for a reconstructed Buddhist order. Eventually, the Wonjong and Imjejong orders of
1666-411: The poet's most significant and enduring literary achievement. In it, love for his country plainly appears under the guise of longing for the loved one, as in the poem "I Do Not Know". Han's model for such rhapsodic, long-lined expressions of devotion was Rabindranath Tagore , whose work he knew, and behind Tagore the long Indian tradition of combining mysticism with eroticism. In 2007, he was listed by
1715-566: The president's cabinet, where there were 12 Christians to only one Buddhist, among other reported incidences. In 2006, according to the Asia Times , "Lee also sent a video prayer message to a Christian rally held in the southern city of Busan in which the worship leader prayed feverishly: 'Lord, let the Buddhist temples in this country crumble down!'" Further, according to an article in Buddhist-Christian Studies : "Over
1764-417: The principle of equality, self-discovery, the potential for Buddhism for safeguarding the world, and progress. His development as an activist and thinker resulted from his adherence to these very principles. In 1918, Han published "Whole Mind" ( Yusim ), a work that aimed to enlighten young people. In the following year, he played an important role in the 3.1 Independence movement with Chae Lin, for which he
1813-574: The recitation of the name of Amitābha as found in the Pure Land teachings. The basic precept Jinul advocated was "sudden enlightenment followed by gradual cultivation". The Jogye was thus established as the representative Seon order until the persecution of the Joseon dynasty. Due to its inclusive nature and emphasis on continual discipline, the Jogye gained considerable support from the military establishment and developed across monasteries all over
1862-499: The religion itself asserts what is sometimes termed " ecclesiastical privilege " only for its appointed elders. A tariqah is how a religious order is described in Sufism . It especially refers to the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking ḥaqīqah "ultimate truth". Such tariqas typically have a murshid (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. Members and followers of
1911-516: The ritual cutting of the monastic's hair which takes place during the service) and is considered by monks to be a Sacred Mystery (Sacrament). The Rite of Tonsure is printed in the Euchologion ( Church Slavonic : Trebnik ), the same book as the other Sacred Mysteries and services performed according to need. Martin Luther had concerns with the spiritual value of monastic life at the time of
1960-719: The separation of the English church from Roman primacy. For three hundred years, there were no formal religious orders in Anglicanism, although some informal communities – such as the Little Gidding community – occasionally sprang into being. With the advent of the Oxford Movement in the Church of England and worldwide Anglicanism in the middle of the 19th century, several orders appeared. In 1841,
2009-680: The supra-national Benedictine Confederation . Non-monastic religious institutes typically have a motherhouse, generalate, or general curia with jurisdiction over any number of dependent religious communities, whose members may be moved by their superior general to its other communities as the institute's needs require. Well-known Roman Catholic religious institute include Augustinians , Basilians , Benedictines , Bethlehemites , Bridgettines , Camaldolese , Carmelites , Carthusians , Cistercians , Conceptionists , Crosiers , Dominicans , Franciscans , Hieronymites , Jesuits , Minims , Piarists , Salesians , Olivetans , Theatines , Trappists and
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2058-413: The tendencies toward passive resistance and non-violence in the Korean independence movement . In 1913, Han Yongun published "The Restoration of Korean Buddhism ( Joseonbulgyo-yusimlon ), which criticized the anachronistic isolationist policy of Joseon Buddhism and its incongruence with the then contemporary reality. The work sent tremors through the intellectual world. In this work, the author promulgated
2107-549: The traditional forms of solemnly vowed religious order there are four key categories: Religious life began in the Latin Church as early as the 3rd century, with the Order of Saint Benedict being formed in the 6th, in 529. All the earliest religious foundations were either essentially monastic or canonical depending on how much weight they placed on monastic enclosure or pastoral care respectively. Initially rules of life tended to vary between communities but gradually by
2156-415: Was established centered on celibate monks; however, as a result of mediation between the elder monks and the government, already-married priests were also included. On April 11, 1962 Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism was officially established with three main goals: training and education; sutra translation into Korean from Hanja ; and propagation. These goals continue to guide the Jogye Order today as well. It
2205-597: Was his religious name, given by his meditation instructor in 1905, and Manhae (만해) was his art name ; his birth name was Han Yu-cheon. Manhae was born in Yucheon in Hongseong , South Chungcheong Province , Joseon . During his childhood, he studied the Chinese classics in a seodang ; schools that were widespread during the Joseon period. Prior to being ordained, he was involved in resistance to Japanese influence in
2254-421: Was in 1947-1949 that a group of monks at Bongamsa began a movement advocating "Living According to the Teachings of the Buddha" and this provided the opportunity for the establishment of fundamental principles and traditions as well as the accepted ceremonies of the order. In the late 1990s, a struggle broke out between two factions of the Order for who would appoint the heads of major temples in Korea. Although
2303-438: Was later imprisoned and served a three-year sentence. During his imprisonment, Han composed "Reasons for Korean Independence" ( Joseondoglib-i-yuseo ) as a response to the official investigation into his political engagement. He was later acquitted in 1922, at which time he began a nationwide lecture tour. The purpose of the tour was to engage and inspire youth, an objective first established in Han's "Whole Mind". In 1924, he became
2352-423: Was one of the patriot signatories to the Korean Declaration of Independence . As a social writer, Manhae called for the reform of Korean Buddhism . Manhae's poetry dealt with both nationalism and sexual love, often mingling the two. One of his more political collections was Nimui Chimmuk (Lover's Silence, 님의 침묵), published in 1926. These works revolve around the ideas of equality and freedom and helped inspire
2401-399: Was the first legal Buddhist order in modern Korea and the precursor of today's Jogye Order. Following liberation from Japan in 1945, Seon monks who had preserved and cherished Korean Buddhist traditions began a purification drive to re-establish the traditional celibate orders and take back the temples from married priests, a remnant of the Japanese Occupation. Finally, in 1955 the Jogye Order
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