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55-796: Lieutenant-Commander John Bridge , GC , GM & Bar (5 February 1915 – 14 December 2006) was a British bomb disposal expert of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve during the Second World War and a recipient of the George Cross . He was the first person to be awarded a Bar to the George Medal . John Bridge was born on 5 February 1915 at Culcheth , near Warrington in Lancashire. He attended Leigh Grammar School, and read physics at

110-484: A Soviet frogman , claimed to have caught Crabb placing a mine on the hull of Ordzhonikidze and cut his throat. In an interview for a Russian documentary film, Koltsov showed the dagger he claimed to have used, as well as an Order of the Red Star medal that he said had been awarded for the deed. A Russian journalist from the military newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda considered Koltsov's story improbable. In particular,

165-639: A Russian who had been on board Ordzhonikidze claimed that the Soviets were expecting him that night (after being tipped off about the British operation by a mole) and that he dived into the dark and dirty waters beneath the Ordzhonikidze , hunted down Crabb, and slit his air hose and his throat with a knife. Crabb's companion in the Sally Port Hotel took all his belongings and even the page of

220-478: A body in a diving suit was brought to the surface in their net by two fishermen off Pilsey Island in Chichester Harbour . The body was brought to shore in a landing craft operated by members of RAF Marine Craft Unit No. 1107. It was missing its head and both hands, which made it impossible to identify (using then-available technology). According to British diving expert Rob Hoole, the body had

275-735: A bomb which had fallen in the Naval dockyard at HMNB Devonport , for which he received a King's Commendation for Brave Conduct . In October 1941 he was awarded a bar to his George Medal after defusing a bomb in the docks in Falmouth . In 1943, Bridge cleared mines and depth charges from Messina harbour in Sicily , preparing the way for the Allied invasion of Italy . He made 28 dives to defuse groups of booby trapped depth charges and rendered safe another 207 mines and depth charges, tethered at or below

330-728: A career at sea in the school ship HMS Conway he joined the merchant navy and the Royal Naval Reserve before the World War II . At the outbreak of the Second World War, Crabb was first an army gunner . Then, in 1941, he joined the Royal Navy . The next year he was sent to Gibraltar where he worked in a mine and bomb disposal unit to remove the Italian limpet mines that enemy divers had attached to

385-587: A gold oak leaf collar device, similar to the ones worn by majors in the United States Air Force and United States Army , and identical to that worn by majors in the United States Marine Corps . In all dress uniforms, they wear sleeve braid or shoulder boards bearing a single gold quarter-inch stripe between two gold half-inch strips (nominal size). Above or inboard of the stripes, they wear their speciality insignia (i.e.,

440-590: A large propeller that could be directed to give thrust to the bow . That same year, in March, Crabb was made to retire due to his age, but a year later he was recruited by MI6 . By that time, Crabb's heavy drinking and smoking had taken its toll on his health, and he was not the diver that he had been in World War II. MI6 recruited Crabb in 1956 to investigate the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze that had brought

495-410: A lieutenant of eight years or more wore two stripes with a thinner one in between, and ranked with a major. This distinction was ostensibly abolished when the rank of lieutenant commander was introduced, although promotion to the latter rank for officers on a full career commission (FCC) was automatic following accumulation of eight years' seniority as a lieutenant. Automatic promotion officially ceased in

550-538: A lieutenant was called a "lieutenant commanding" or "lieutenant commandant" in the United States Navy , and a "lieutenant in command", "lieutenant and commander", or "senior lieutenant" in the Royal Navy . The USN settled on "lieutenant commander" in 1862 and made it a distinct rank. The RN followed suit in March 1914. In the Royal Canadian Navy , the rank of lieutenant-commander (LCdr) is

605-592: A man he knew as Roman, had told him how Crabb had died. Houghton said that, shortly before the Soviet visit, he had been meeting Roman in a pub in Puncknowle , Dorset, and happened to see a friend who worked at the Underwater Detection Establishment with her boyfriend, who was a diver. The boyfriend was annoyed that he had been training for something special, which had just been called off. Shortly after hearing that, Roman had cut short

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660-511: A navy blue/black background. The top stripe has the ubiquitous loop used in all RN officer rank insignia, except for the rank of Midshipman. The RAF follows this pattern with its equivalent rank of squadron leader . Having fewer officer ranks than the army, the RN previously split some of its ranks by seniority (time in rank) to provide equivalence: hence a lieutenant with fewer than eight years seniority wore two stripes, and ranked with an army captain;

715-572: A star for officers of the line, single oak leaf for medical with silver acorn for Medical Corps, crossed oak leaves for Civil Engineer Corps , United States shield for the Coast Guard, etc.) The Uniformed Services of the United States designate the rank as O-4. Lionel Crabb Lieutenant-Commander Lionel Kenneth Phillip Crabb , OBE , GM (28 January 1909 – presumed dead 19 April 1956), known as Buster Crabb ,

770-714: A vessel). In the British Royal Navy , United States Navy and Commonwealth Navies however, officers are addressed by their full rank if their full name is being used, or the higher grade of the rank if the officer is being addressed or referred to in shorthand. Therefore Lieutenant Commander John Smith Royal Navy is addressed as "Commander" or "Commander Smith", and referred to as "Commander Smith". Famous examples of this are: - Lieutenant Commander Lionel Crabb Royal Navy who in conversation, biopics, Admiralty correspondence and even statements in Parliament by

825-632: A volume of wartime memoirs entitled Trip to Nijmegen . The headquarters of the Fleet Diving Squadron of the Royal Navy is named the Bridge building after John Bridge. John Bridge died on 14 December 2006, aged 91, just before the official renaming ceremony. The Guard of Honour at his funeral was formed of Royal Navy Clearance Divers and he is considered one of the fathers of the branch. Lieutenant-Commander The NATO rank code

880-480: Is assumed, lost his life during these tests. His presence in the vicinity of the destroyers occurred without any permission whatever, and Her Majesty’s Government express their regret at the incident.” British newspapers speculated that the Soviets had captured Crabb and taken him to the Soviet Union. The British Prime Minister Anthony Eden disapproved of the fact that MI6 had operated without his consent in

935-410: Is mostly OF-3. A Lieutenant Commander is a department officer or the executive officer ( second-in-command ) on many warships and smaller shore installations, or the commanding officer of a smaller ship/installation. They are also department officers in naval aviation squadrons. Some navies address Lieutenant Commanders by their full rank or the positions they occupy ("captain" if in command of

990-512: The Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 . The cruiser was scrapped in 1971. In a 1968 retrospective on the affair, Time reported that a skull, thought by some to be Crabb’s, was found in early March 1967 on a beach near Portsmouth. After he was released from prison, the spy Harry Houghton wrote a book called Operation Portland in which he claimed that, in July 1956, his Russian handler,

1045-725: The Polish Land Forces , whose B-24 Liberator aircraft crashed into the sea off Gibraltar in 1943. By this time, he had gained the nickname "Buster", after the American actor and swimmer Buster Crabbe . After the war, Crabb was stationed in Palestine and led an underwater explosives disposal team that removed mines placed by Jewish divers from the Palyam , the maritime force of the Palmach elite Jewish fighting force during

1100-656: The University of London He then completed a fourth year of study training to be a teacher at Westminster Training College , before taking up a post at Firth Park Secondary School in Sheffield as a physics teacher. He volunteered for the Navy in 1940. Bridge led a squad which defused a bomb with a delayed action fuse in September 1940, for which he received the George Medal . In March 1941, he defused 15 bombs, including

1155-405: The naval rank equal to major in the army or air force and is the first senior officer rank. Lieutenant commanders are senior to lieutenants (N) and to army and air force captains , and are junior to commanders and lieutenant colonels . The insignia worn by a Royal Navy lieutenant commander is two medium gold braid stripes with one thin gold stripe running in between, placed upon

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1210-591: The First Secretary of the Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev and Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin on a diplomatic mission to Britain. According to Peter Wright in his book Spycatcher (1987), Crabb was sent to investigate Ordzhonikidze ' s propeller, a new design that Naval Intelligence wanted to examine. On 19 April 1956, Crabb dived into Portsmouth Harbour and his MI6 controller never saw him again. Years later,

1265-581: The National Archives released papers relating to the fatal Ordzhonikidze mission. Sydney Knowles, a former diving partner of Crabb's, stated in a televised interview on Inside Out – South on 19 January 2007 that Crabb did not dive alone on his fatal last mission: "He told me they'd given him a buddy diver." Furthermore, papers released under the Freedom of Information Act indicate that there were other divers investigating Ordzhonikidze while

1320-465: The Prime Minister is almost invariably referred to as “Commander Crabb”. - Acting Temporary Lieutenant Commander Ewen Montagu RNVR , who is routinely referred to as "Commander Montagu" in historical and contemporary records, and in interviews by his colleagues on Operation Mincemeat . Lieutenants were commonly put in command of smaller vessels not warranting a commander or captain . Such

1375-576: The Solent . The Soviets answered by releasing a statement stating that the crew of Ordzhonikidze had seen a frogman near the cruiser on 19 April. It was reported by Radio Moscow that the Kremlin had sent an official note to the United Kingdom concerning what Pravda described as “shameful espionage”. The Foreign Office reportedly replied: “Commander Crabb carried out frogman tests, and, as

1430-672: The UK (the preserve of the Security Service, "MI5"). It is mistakenly claimed that Eden forced director-general John Sinclair to resign following the incident; in fact he had determined to replace Sinclair with MI5 director-general Dick White before the incident. The Prime Minister told the House of Commons it was not in the public interest to disclose the circumstances in which Crabb was presumed to have met his end. A little less than 14 months after Crabb's disappearance, on 9 June 1957,

1485-673: The archive documents did not confirm that Koltsov, a bus driver in Rostov-on-Don for 30 years, had been awarded the Order of the Red Star or was a Soviet Navy frogman. Official British government documents regarding Crabb's disappearance are not scheduled to be released until 2057. Certain Members of Parliament and Michael Hall became concerned about Crabb's ultimate fate. Commander J.S. Kerans of HMS Amethyst fame in 1961 and Marcus Lipton in 1964 both submitted proposals to re-open

1540-446: The body closely, looking for a Y-shaped scar behind the left knee and a prominent scar on the left thigh. He failed to find any scars on the body and stated that it was not Crabb. A pathologist, Dr. D. P. King, examined the body and stated in a short report for the inquest that a careful examination of the body failed to reveal any scars or marks of identification. The inquest was opened on 11 June 1957 by Bridgman, who had received

1595-405: The body, nor was Crabb's girlfriend, Pat Rose. Sydney Knowles was requested to identify the body shortly after its discovery. He described the body as being clad in a faded green rubber frogman suit of a type issued to Royal Navy divers, and the remains of a white sweater. The suit had been cut open from the neck to the groin and along both legs, revealing very dark pubic hair. Knowles examined

1650-539: The case but were rebuffed. Various people speculated that Crabb had been killed by some secret Soviet underwater weapon; that he had been captured and imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison with prisoner number 147, that he had been brainwashed to work for the Soviet Union to train their frogman teams; that he had defected and become a commander in the Soviet Navy under the assumed name of Leonid Krabov; that he

1705-410: The daughter of Henry Charles Brackenbury Williamson and the former wife of Ernest Albert Player. The couple separated in 1953 and divorced about two years later. In 1955, Crabb took frogman Sydney Knowles with him to investigate the hull of a Soviet Sverdlov -class cruiser to evaluate its superior manoeuvrability. According to Knowles, they found a circular opening at the ship's bow and inside it

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1760-484: The early 21st century and promotion is ostensibly now only awarded on merit. Throughout much of its existence, the British Royal Observer Corps (ROC) maintained a rank of observer lieutenant commander. The ROC wore a Royal Air Force uniform and their rank insignia appeared similar to that of an RAF squadron leader except that the stripes were shown entirely in black. Prior to the renaming,

1815-617: The hotel register on which they had written their names. Ten days later British newspapers published stories about Crabb's disappearance in an underwater mission. MI6 tried to cover up this espionage mission. On 29 April, under instructions from Rear Admiral John Inglis , the Director of Naval Intelligence , the Admiralty announced that Crabb had vanished when he had taken part in trials of secret underwater apparatus in Stokes Bay on

1870-622: The hulls of Allied ships. Initially, Crabb's job was to disarm mines that British divers removed, but eventually he decided to learn to dive. He was one of a group of underwater clearance divers who checked for limpet mines in Gibraltar harbour during the period of Italian frogman and manned torpedo attacks by the Decima Flottiglia MAS . They dived with oxygen rebreathers , Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus , which until then had not been used much if at all for swimming down from

1925-406: The meeting. According to Houghton's account, after assessing that divers might be planning some activity relating to Ordzhonikidze , the Soviet Navy arranged for six underwater sentries to watch the bottom of the ship, which had been fitted with wire jack-stays on either side to help them hold on. When Crabb arrived, a struggle ensued in which Crabb's air supply was turned off and he passed out. He

1980-510: The mine would eventually detach and fall to the bottom of the sea. In a 1990 interview, Joseph Zwerkin, a former member of Soviet Naval intelligence, who had moved to Israel after the breakup of the Soviet Union , claimed that the Soviets had noticed Crabb in the water and that a Soviet sniper had shot him. On 16 November 2007, the BBC and the Daily Mirror reported that Eduard Koltsov,

2035-491: The mission that he had been assigned. In support of the death by misadventure theory, Hoole noted that before disappearing on his second attempt to dive Ordzhonikidze , Crabb had during his first attempt experienced equipment failure, which suggested that Crabb's equipment was not up to standard. Crabb's MI6 officer Nicholas Elliott always took the view that Crabb had suffered equipment failure, or his health had given way, and that his reputation had been unfairly dragged through

2090-420: The mortuary and re-examined the body on 14 June. He reported that he had found a scar in the shape of an inverted Y on the left side of the left knee, and a scar on the left thigh, about the size of a sixpenny coin . King stated that the scar had been photographed whilst he was present. As information was declassified under the 50-year rule , new facts on Crabb's disappearance came to light. On 27 October 2006,

2145-489: The mud. In a war documentary series titled Secrets of War , episode titled "The Cold War. Khrushchev's Regime", a 1996 interview with former head of the KGB Vladimir Semichastny (who was the first secretary of Komsomol at the time of Crabb's disappearance) reported, Crabb's decapitated body was found floating in the harbour two months after his disappearance. In the interview, Semichastny states that

2200-404: The pathologist's report that there was no way of establishing identity. As neither Knowles nor Crabb's ex-wife nor a Lieutenant McLanahan, a Royal Navy torpedo officer from HMS Vernon , had been able to identify the body, Bridgman adjourned the inquest until 26 June to allow time for identification. The inquest was resumed on 26 June. The pathologist, King, gave evidence that he had returned to

2255-624: The rank had been known as observer lieutenant (first class) . In the United States , the rank of lieutenant commander exists in the United States Navy , United States Coast Guard , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps . Within the U.S. Navy, lieutenant commanders are listed as junior officers . There are two insignia used by U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard lieutenant commanders. On service khakis and all working uniforms, lieutenant commanders wear

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2310-411: The same height as Crabb, the same body-hair colour, and was dressed in the same clothes, Pirelli two-piece diving suit and Admiralty Pattern swim fins that Crabb was wearing when he embarked on his final mission. Hoole wrote that given the length of time that Crabb's body had been in the water, there was "nothing sinister" about the missing head and hands. Crabb's ex-wife was not sure enough to identify

2365-564: The ship was in Portsmouth Harbour. On 9 November 2007, The Independent reported how the government had covered up the death of 'Buster' Crabb. The cruiser Ordzhonikidze was transferred by the Soviet government to Indonesia in 1962, where it operated as KRI Irian . The ship operated in the conflict against the Netherlands over West Papua , and was later used as a floating detention centre for suspected communists during

2420-407: The ship was under way. However, the body tangled in something underwater, which meant it was not discovered for fourteen months. Houghton advanced the theory that Crabb's mission was to plant a small limpet mine on Ordzhonikidze , the purpose of which was to detect whether the Soviet Navy was using the latest sonar technology. If it was, the mine would detonate and the ship would slow down; if not,

2475-471: The surface. At first they swam by breaststroke without swimfins . On 8 December 1942, during one such attack, two of the Italian frogmen , Lieutenant Visintini and Petty Officer Magro, died, probably killed by small explosive charges thrown from harbour-defence patrol boats, a tactic said to have been introduced by Crabb. Their bodies were recovered, and their swimfins and Scuba sets were taken and from then on used by Sydney Knowles and Crabb. Crabb

2530-520: The waterline. His longest dive during the action lasted twenty hours. He served as a naval bomb safety officer during the Normandy landings of June 1944, defusing many bombs, mines, and shells. He cleared mines in the river Scheldt and various harbour basins in September of that year. He was then posted back to England and promoted to lieutenant commander . For his work in Messina harbour, Bridge

2585-853: The years of Mandatory Palestine . After 1947, he was demobilised from the military. Crabb moved to a civilian job and used his diving skills to explore the wreck of a Spanish galleon from the 1588 Armada , off Tobermory on the Isle of Mull . He then located a suitable site for a discharge pipe for the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston . He later returned to work for the Royal Navy. He twice dived to investigate sunken Royal Navy submarines — HMS  Truculent in January 1950 and HMS  Affray in 1951 — to find out whether there were any survivors. Both efforts proved fruitless. In 1952, Crabb married Margaret Elaine Player,

2640-456: Was a Royal Navy frogman and diver who vanished during a reconnaissance mission for MI6 around a Soviet Union cruiser berthed at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1956. Lionel Crabb was born in 1909 to Hugh Alexander Crabb and Beatrice (née Goodall) of Streatham , south-west London. They were a poor family; Hugh Crabb was a commercial traveller for a firm of photographic merchants. In his youth Crabb held many jobs but after two years training for

2695-485: Was awarded the George Cross in June 1944, although the investiture did not take place until March 1945, the citation for his George Cross read: Bridge received the medal from King George VI at Buckingham Palace on 16 March 1945. After his military service Bridge returned to his previous profession of teaching in 1946. He became director of education for Sunderland borough council in 1963 and retired in 1976. He wrote

2750-533: Was awarded the George Medal for his efforts and was promoted to lieutenant commander . In 1943 he became Principal Diving Officer for Northern Italy , and was assigned to clear mines in the ports of Livorno and Venice ; he was later made an OBE, an Officer of the Order of the British Empire , for these services. He was also an investigating diver in the suspicious death of General Władysław Sikorski of

2805-656: Was in the Soviet Special Task Underwater Operational Command in the Black Sea Fleet; or that MI6 had asked him to defect so he could become a double agent . Tim Binding wrote a fictionalised account of Crabb's life, Man Overboard, that was published by Picador in 2005. Binding stated that, following the book's publication, he was contacted by Sydney Knowles . Binding alleged that he then met Knowles in Spain and

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2860-542: Was ordered by MI5 to identify the body found as Crabb, when he knew it was definitely not Crabb. Knowles went along with the deception. Knowles has also alleged that his life was threatened in Torremolinos in 1989, at a time when Knowles was in discussions with a biographer . About the claims that Crabb was planning to defect to the Soviet Union, Reg Vallintine of the Historical Diving Society

2915-505: Was quoted as saying: "Diving historians find it very hard to believe that this man, who prided himself on being a patriot, would have seriously considered defecting. Crabb was very fond of being a hero, and it is hard to imagine him jeopardising that status." The British diving expert Rob Hoole wrote in 2007 that Crabb had probably died of oxygen poisoning or perhaps carbon dioxide poisoning, and that Crabb's age and poor health caused by his heavy drinking and smoking had made him unsuitable for

2970-420: Was then hauled on board and taken to the sick bay, having passed out a second time, where he was given medical treatment. When Crabb had recovered sufficiently, the Soviets began to interrogate him. He was making a confession when he collapsed and did not recover. Aware that they might be accused of causing his death, the Soviets decided to fix his body lightly to the bottom of the ship so that it came loose once

3025-461: Was told that Crabb was known by MI5 to have intentions of defecting to the Soviet Union . This would have been embarrassing for the UK — Crabb being an acknowledged war hero. Knowles has suggested that MI5 set up the mission to the Ordzhonikidze specifically to murder Crabb, and supplied Crabb with a new diving partner who was under orders to kill him. Binding stated Knowles alleged that he

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