116-570: John Vliet Lindsay ( / v l iː t / ; November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American politician and lawyer. During his political career, Lindsay was a U.S. congressman, the mayor of New York City , and a candidate for U.S. president. He was also a regular guest host of Good Morning America . Lindsay served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from January 1959 to December 1965 and as mayor of New York from January 1966 to December 1973. He switched from
232-591: A 52–38 vote. The vote on the amendment did not split purely along partisan or ideological lines; it was opposed by conservative William Knowland (R-CA) and supported by liberal Frank Church (D-ID). Majority Leader Johnson, who was intent on passing a fully weakened act in contrast to overseeing a legislative graveyard at the hands of a Southern filibuster, moved to effectively weaken the voting rights-related provisions in Title IV. Alleged violators of civil rights injunctions are normally entitled to jury trials, with
348-668: A Republican colleague. Anderson approached George Aiken (R-VT), who agreed to co-sponsor the amendment. A crucial cause of the weakening of support for Title III was a speech given by the unofficial leader of the Southern Caucus the Georgian Democrat, Richard Russell , who pointed out that Title III was not a new law but an amendment of Section 1985 of Title 42 of the United States Code . It seems that this had not been understood previously by either
464-618: A brief and unsuccessful bid for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination . He attracted positive media attention and was a successful fundraiser. Lindsay did well in the early Arizona caucus , coming in second place behind Edmund Muskie of Maine and ahead of eventual nominee George McGovern of South Dakota . Then in the March 14 Florida primary, he placed a weak fifth place, behind George Wallace of Alabama , Muskie, Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota , and Scoop Jackson of Washington (though he did edge out McGovern). Among his difficulties
580-518: A campaign of " massive resistance " against desegregation. In the midst of this campaign, President Eisenhower proposed a civil rights bill designed to provide federal protection for African American voting rights; most African Americans in the Southern United States had been disenfranchised by state and local laws. Though the civil rights bill passed Congress, opponents of the act were able to remove or weaken several provisions via
696-442: A citizen majority board. After leaving office, Lindsay returned to the law, but remained in the public eye as a commentator and regular guest host for ABC's Good Morning America . In 1975, Lindsay made a surprise appearance on The Tony Awards telecast in which he, along with a troupe of celebrity male suitors in tuxedos, sang " Mame " to Angela Lansbury . He presented the award for Best Director Of A Play to John Dexter for
812-697: A depressed area". Lindsay voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1960 and 1964 , the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . In 1965 , Lindsay was elected Mayor of New York City as a Republican with the support of the Liberal Party of New York in a three-way race. He defeated Democratic mayoral candidate Abraham D. Beame , then City Comptroller, as well as conservative thinker and National Review founder William F. Buckley Jr. , who ran on
928-466: A distinct division to command. Previously, civil rights lawyers had enforced Reconstruction-era civil rights laws from within the Department's Criminal Division . Part I, consisting of sections 101-106, establishes a six-member Civil Rights Commission in the executive branch to gather information on citizens' deprivation of voting rights based on color, race, religion, or national origin; in addition
1044-554: A drive through the Holland Tunnel from lower Manhattan toward New Jersey and suggested that, "Every New Yorker should take this trip at least once before election day..." followed by video of Newark, New Jersey which had been devastated by race riots. While narrowly losing Brooklyn and the Bronx due to Procaccino's entrenched support among ethnic, working class whites (with Marchi winning his native Staten Island ), Lindsay
1160-468: A final report within two years, after which it would be disbanded. Part II, Section 111 establishes one additional Assistant Attorney General to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. Part III, Section 121 amends title 28, section 1343 of the United States Code to include language about civil rights. Section 122 repeals Section 1989 of 42 U.S.C. 1993. Part IV, Section 131 banned intimidating, coercing or otherwise interfering with
1276-513: A fun city", and walked four miles (6 km) from his hotel room to City Hall in a gesture to show it. Dick Schaap , then a columnist for the New York Herald Tribune , popularized the term in an article titled "Fun City". In the article, Schaap sardonically pointed out that it was not. In 1966, the settlement terms of the transit strike, combined with increased welfare costs and general economic decline, forced Lindsay to lobby
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#17327725389101392-462: A liberal voting record increasingly at odds with his own party. He was an early supporter of federal aid to education and Medicare ; and advocated the establishment of a federal United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and a National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities . He was called a maverick, casting the lone dissenting vote for a Republican-sponsored bill extending the power of
1508-658: A limited impact on African American voter participation, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 did establish the United States Commission on Civil Rights and the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division . Congress would later pass far more effective civil rights laws in the form of the Civil Rights Act of 1960 , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 . Following
1624-737: A long-shot bid for the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator from New York, and finished third. He was also active in New York City charities, serving on the board of the Association for a Better New York , and as chairman of the Lincoln Center Theater . On his death, The New York Times credited Lindsay with a significant role in the rejuvenation of the theatre. Medical bills from his Parkinson's disease , heart attacks, and stroke depleted Lindsay's finances, as did
1740-551: A new bill in his televised Civil Rights Address of June 11, 1963, asking for legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments" as well as "greater protection for the right to vote". Kennedy delivered the speech after a series of civil rights protests like the Birmingham campaign , which concluded in May 1963. In
1856-514: A person is found to be in contempt of the committee. Section 152 established federal qualifications for exclusion from a jury, those being: conviction of a crime with in State or Federal court with incarceration over 1 year; inability to read, write, speak, or understand the English language; or incapable through mental or physical disability. Section 161 establishes that the legislation may be cited as
1972-1001: A result, the Knapp Commission was eventually formed that April by Lindsay, with investigations beginning in June, although public hearings did not start until October 18, 1971. Its preliminary report was not issued until August 1972, and final recommendations only released on December 27, 1972. Because of his forming of the Knapp Commission, many NYPD officers disliked him and didn't want him to attend their funerals in case they died on duty and heckled, hissed, jeered and booed him when he did appear. The wife of Rocco Laurie, one of two city police officers who were murdered by Black revolutionaries in 1972, specifically stated that she did not want Lindsay to attend her husband's funeral that year. A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of
2088-828: A retirement community in Hilton Head Island , South Carolina, in November 1999, where he died on December 19, 2000, at the age of 79 of complications from pneumonia and Parkinson's disease. In 2000, Yale Law School created a fellowship program named in Lindsay's honor. In 1998, a park in Brooklyn, Lindsay Triangle, was named in his honor, and in 2001, the East River Park was renamed in his memory. In December 2013, South Loop Drive in Manhattan's Central Park
2204-473: A say in their schools. The city's teachers union, the United Federation of Teachers , however, saw the breakup as a way of union busting , as a decentralized school system would force the union to negotiate with 33 separate school boards rather than with one centralized body. As a result, in May 1968 several teachers working in schools located in the neighborhood of Ocean Hill - Brownsville , one of
2320-631: A separate process for the mayor's removal without the involvement of the governor: a five-member "Inability Committee" is formed composed of the city's corporation counsel (head of the New York City Law Department ), the speaker of the New York City Council, a deputy mayor (the mayor gets to choose which one), the New York City comptroller , and the longest-serving borough president ; by a four-fifths vote,
2436-453: A seven-month period between May and November. The strike was tinged with racial and anti-Semitic overtones, pitting Black and Puerto Rican parents against Jewish teachers and supervisors. Many thought the mayor had made a bad situation worse by taking sides against the teachers. The episode left a legacy of tensions between African-Americans and Jews that went on for years, and Lindsay called it his greatest regret. That same year, 1968, also saw
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#17327725389102552-516: A special election. The New York City mayoralty has become known as the "second toughest job in America." It has been observed that politicians are rarely elected to any higher office after serving as mayor of New York City; the last mayor who later achieved higher office was John T. Hoffman , who became governor of New York in 1869. Former mayor Ed Koch said that the post was jinxed due to divine intervention, whereas Michael Bloomberg has called
2668-497: A three-day Broadway strike and a nine-day sanitation strike. Quality of life in the city reached a nadir during the sanitation strike as mounds of garbage caught fire and strong winds blew the filth through the streets. In June 1968, the New York City Police Department deployed snipers to protect Lindsay during a public ceremony, shortly after they detained a knife-wielding man who had demanded to meet
2784-474: A vital role in the bill's passage in the Senate, realized that the bill and its journey through Congress could tear apart his party, as southern Democrats vehemently opposed civil rights, and its northern members were strongly in favor of them. Southern Democratic senators occupied chairs of numerous important committees because of their long seniority . As, in the near-century between the end of Reconstruction and
2900-403: A week later, streets in eastern Queens still remained unplowed by the city, enraging the borough's residents, many who felt that the city's other boroughs always took a back seat to Manhattan. Lindsay traveled to Queens, but his visit was not well received. His car could not make its way through Rego Park , and even in a four-wheel-drive truck, he had trouble getting around. In Kew Gardens Hills ,
3016-446: A worry not just for moderate previous supporters of the bill such as Bourke Hickenlooper (R-IA) - who after Russell's speech referred to Title III as a "violation of the civil rights of the white race." - but also strong supporters such as Douglas. Later President Eisenhower in answer to a direct question on Russell's charges distanced himself from the "exact language" of Title III. President Eisenhower did not express enthusiasm for
3132-466: Is Eric Adams , who was elected on November 2, 2021, and took office shortly after midnight on January 1, 2022. In 1665, Governor Richard Nicolls appointed Thomas Willett as the first mayor of New York. For 156 years, the mayor was appointed and had limited power. Between 1783 and 1821 the mayor was appointed by the Council of Appointment in which the state's governor had the loudest voice. In 1821
3248-474: Is an ex-officio board member of the following organizations: According to the New York City Charter , the governor of New York has the power to remove the mayor from office in response to allegations of misconduct, but the governor must hear the mayor's defense of the allegations before doing so. The governor can suspend the mayor for 30 days while considering the allegations. In 2024, it
3364-418: Is open to the public and serves as a small museum. The mayor is entitled to a salary of $ 258,750 a year. Michael Bloomberg , mayor of the city from 2002 to 2013 and one of the richest people in the world, declined the salary and instead was paid $ 1 yearly . In 2000, direct control of the city's public school system was transferred to the mayor's office. Thereafter, in 2003, the reorganization established
3480-579: The 1957 Civil Rights Act . In 1958, with the backing of Brownell as well as Bruce Barton , John Aspinwall Roosevelt , and Edith Willkie , Lindsay won the Republican primary and went on to be elected to Congress as the representative of the " Silk Stocking " 17th district, exemplified by Manhattan 's Upper East Side but also encompassing the diverse Lower East Side and historically bohemian Greenwich Village . While in Congress, Lindsay established
3596-576: The Anderson–Aiken amendment and the O'Mahoney jury trial amendment , significantly watering down its immediate impact. During the debate over the law, Senator Strom Thurmond conducted the longest one-person filibuster in Senate history . Under the direction of Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, the Senate passed a watered-down, yet also passable, version of the House bill which removed stringent voting protection clauses. Despite having
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3712-535: The Buckley School , St. Paul's School , and Yale , where he was admitted to the class of 1944 and joined Scroll and Key . With the outbreak of World War II, Lindsay completed his studies early and in 1943 joined the United States Navy as a gunnery officer . He obtained the rank of lieutenant , earning five battle stars through action in the invasion of Sicily and a series of landings in
3828-554: The Conservative Party line. The unofficial motto of the campaign, taken from a Murray Kempton column, was "He is fresh and everyone else is tired". On his first day as mayor, January 1, 1966, the Transport Workers Union of America , led by Mike Quill , shut down the city with a complete halt of subway and bus service . As New Yorkers endured the transit strike, Lindsay remarked, "I still think it's
3944-567: The Kennedy assassination , President Lyndon Johnson helped secure passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which made racial discrimination and segregation illegal, as well as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and 24th amendment , which abolished poll taxes and other means of keeping blacks and the poor from registering to vote or from voting, established record-keeping and oversight, and provided for federal enforcement in areas with documented patterns of discrimination or low voter turnout. Although
4060-593: The New York City Department of Education . Tammany Hall, which evolved from an organization of craftsmen into a Democratic political machine, was an American political organization founded in 1786 and incorporated on May 12, 1789. It became the main local political machine of the Democratic Party and played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics. The organization gained control of Democratic Party nominations in
4176-495: The Pacific theater . After the war, he spent a few months as a ski bum and a couple of months training as a bank clerk before returning to New Haven , where he received his law degree from Yale Law School in 1948, ahead of schedule. In 1949, he began his legal career at the law firm of Webster, Sheffield, Fleischmann, Hitchcock & Chrystie . Back in New York City, Lindsay met his future wife, Mary Anne Harrison (1926–2004), at
4292-477: The Postmaster General to impound obscene mail and one of only two dissenting votes for a bill allowing federal interception of mail from Communist countries. Also known for his wit, when asked by his party leaders why he opposed legislation to combat Communism and pornography, he replied that the two were the major industries of his district and if they were suppressed then "the 17th district would be
4408-581: The Republican to the Democratic Party in 1971, and launched a brief and unsuccessful bid for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination , and later for the 1980 Democratic nomination for Senator from New York. Lindsay was born in New York City on West End Avenue to George Nelson Lindsay and the former Florence Eleanor Vliet. He grew up in an upper-middle-class family of English and Dutch descent. Lindsay's paternal grandfather migrated to
4524-658: The United States , totaling $ 100.7 billion in fiscal year 2021. The city employs 325,000 people, spends about $ 21 billion to educate more than 1.1 million students (the largest public school system in the United States), and levies $ 27 billion in taxes. It receives $ 14 billion from the state and federal governments. The mayor's office is located in New York City Hall ; it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City: Manhattan , Brooklyn ,
4640-547: The University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Lindsay as the sixteenth-worst American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993. Lindsay was mentioned as a Republican Vice Presidential possibility in 1968, but was found to be unacceptable by Southern conservatives, and Spiro Agnew was nominated instead. Lindsay’s original break with the Republican Party began immediately after he failed to win
4756-780: The "Civil Rights Act of 1957". The act established both the Commission on Civil Rights and the office of Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights. Subsequently, on December 9, 1957, the Civil Rights Division was established within the Justice Department by order of US Attorney General William P. Rogers , giving the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights a distinct division to command. Previously, civil rights lawyers had enforced Reconstruction-era civil rights laws from within
John Lindsay - Misplaced Pages Continue
4872-430: The "Lindsay Snowstorm,” prompted a political crisis that became "legendary in the annals of municipal politics" as the scenes conveyed a message that the mayor of New York City was indifferent to the middle class and poor citizens of the city. In 1969, a backlash against Lindsay caused him to lose the Republican mayoral primary to state Senator John Marchi , who was enthusiastically supported by William F. Buckley and
4988-608: The 1960s, white Southerners voted solidly as a bloc for the Democrats, Southern Democrats in Congress rarely lost their seats in elections, ensuring that they had more seniority than Democratic members of Congress from other parts of the country. Johnson sent the bill to the Senate Judiciary Committee , led by Democratic Senator James Eastland of Mississippi , who drastically altered the bill. Democratic Senator Richard Russell Jr. , of Georgia had denounced
5104-524: The 1969 Republican mayoral primary, and his subsequent association with the New York Liberal Party for that election. In 1971, Lindsay and his wife cut ties with the Republican Party by registering with the Democratic Party . Lindsay said, "In a sense, this step recognizes the failure of 20 years in progressive Republican politics. In another sense, it represents the renewed decision to fight for new national leadership." Lindsay then launched
5220-855: The 1980s and 1990s, mayors Ed Koch and Rudy Giuliani appeared on Saturday Night Live on several occasions, sometimes mocking themselves in sketches. Giuliani and Mayor Michael Bloomberg have both appeared, as themselves in their mayoral capacities, on episodes of Law & Order . Giuliani also appeared as himself in an episode of Seinfeld , titled " The Non-Fat Yogurt ". Giuliani has made cameos in films such as The Out-of-Towners and Anger Management . Bloomberg has appeared on 30 Rock , Gossip Girl , Curb Your Enthusiasm and Horace and Pete . DCP City Planning CB Community boards BP Borough president CPC City Planning Commission CC City Council Mayor NYC Mayor 1957 Civil Rights Act District of Columbia The Civil Rights Act of 1957
5336-559: The Act with or without juries. Not being able to vote in most of the South, blacks were then excluded from state juries there. Federal jury selection had been tied to state jury selection rules, thus in some instances excluding both blacks and women as federal jurors. Section 161 freed federal courts from state jury rules and specified qualifications for jurors in federal courts. "Any citizen" 21 years or older, literate in English, who had resided in
5452-479: The Act's passage seemed to indicate a growing federal commitment to the cause of civil rights, its effect was limited. Alterations to the bill made the Act difficult to enforce; by 1960, black voting had increased by only 3%. Its passage showed varying degrees of willingness to support civil rights. The Act restricted itself to protecting participation in federal elections. Martin Luther King Jr. , then 28,
5568-484: The Bronx , Staten Island and Queens . The mayor appoints numerous officials, including deputy mayors and the commissioners who head city agencies and departments. The mayor's regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules . According to current law, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office but may run again after a four-year break. The limit on consecutive terms
5684-480: The City of New York , is head of the executive branch of the government of New York City and the chief executive of New York City. The mayor 's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within New York City. The budget, overseen by New York City Mayor's Office of Management and Budget , is the largest municipal budget in
5800-544: The Common Council, which included elected members, gained the authority to choose the mayor. An amendment to the New York State Constitution in 1834 provided for the direct popular election of the mayor. Cornelius W. Lawrence , a Democrat , was elected that year. Gracie Mansion has been the official residence of the mayor since Fiorello La Guardia 's administration in 1942. Its main floor
5916-534: The Department's Criminal Division . The Civil Rights Act of 1960 addressed some of the shortcomings of the 1957 Act by expanding the authority of federal judges to protect voting rights and by requiring local authorities to maintain comprehensive voting records so that the government could determine if there were patterns of discrimination against certain populations. The Civil Rights Movement continued to expand, with protesters leading nonviolent demonstrations for their cause. President John F. Kennedy called for
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#17327725389106032-453: The House of Representatives. The bill passed 285–126 in the House of Representatives with a majority of both parties' support (Republicans 167–19, Democrats 118–107). It then passed 72–18 in the Senate, again with a majority of both parties (Republicans 43–0, Democrats 29–18). Despite large opposition from Southern Democrats, the Democratic U.S. Senators from Tennessee and Texas would support
6148-445: The Lindsay years, and to the new taxes that he imposed. An alternate assessment was made by journalist Robert McFadden who said that "By 1973, his last year in office, Mr. Lindsay had become a more seasoned, pragmatic mayor." McFadden also credited him for reducing racial tensions, leading to the prevention of riots that plagued Detroit, Los Angeles, Newark and other cities. Mario Cuomo , Carl McCall , and Carter F. Bales were among
6264-517: The New York State legislature for a new municipal income tax and higher water rates for city residents, plus a new commuter tax for people who worked in the city but resided elsewhere. The transit strike was the first of many labor struggles. In 1968, in an attempt to decentralize the city's school system, Lindsay granted three local school boards in the city complete control over their schools, in an effort to allow communities to have more of
6380-499: The Republican nomination, Lindsay remained on the ballot as the candidate of the New York Liberal Party . In his campaign he said "mistakes were made" and called being mayor of New York City "the second toughest job in America." Two television advertisements described his position: In one he looked directly into the camera and said, "I guessed wrong on the weather before the city's biggest snowfall last winter. And that
6496-590: The Senate took a great interest in the Bill. Conservative Republican Senators who were sympathetic to Southern arguments on States rights were more likely to vote on a party basis. On the other hand the Republicans were willing to quietly allow Democratic Southern obstruction if this meant that African-American and liberal voters would be more likely to see the culprits as Democrats. A bipartisan group of Senators realized that Southerners would not allow passage of
6612-659: The South in important votes on Civil Rights in return for Southern support for public involvement in the building of the Hells Canyon Dam . There was also support from some unions, particularly the Railroad brotherhoods and the United Mine Workers of America who agreed that this would also stop injunctions in union cases. Their support was seen as a major reason why Senators in mining states such as West Virginia and mid western Republican senators where
6728-531: The South to settle civil rights issues since the Reconstruction Era . There had been continued physical assaults against suspected activists and bombings of schools and churches in the South. Partly in an effort to defuse calls for more far-reaching reforms, President Eisenhower proposed a civil rights bill that would increase the protection of African American voting rights. By 1957, only about 20% of black people were registered to vote. Despite being
6844-609: The Supreme Court ruling in Brown , which eventually led to the integration of public schools, Southern whites began a campaign of " Massive Resistance ". Violence against black people rose; in Little Rock, Arkansas where President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered U.S. paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division to protect nine black teenagers integrating into a public school , the first time federal troops were deployed in
6960-617: The United States in the 1880s from the Isle of Wight , and his mother was from an upper-middle-class family that had been in New York since the 1660s. His mother was a descendant of Dirck Jans van der Vliet (1612–1689) who settled in the then Dutch settlement of New Netherlands around 1659–1660 as son Henderick was born in what is now Livingston, New York . Lindsay's father was a successful lawyer and investment banker . Lindsay attended
7076-479: The act with Title III, which authorized the US Attorney General to seek preventive relief in civil rights cases. Majority Leader Johnson convinced Senator Clinton Anderson (D-NM) to introduce an amendment to strip out the enforcement provisions of Title III. Anderson's initial hesitancy to be associated with the anti-civil rights bloc was met with Johnson's urging to introduce the amendment along with
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#17327725389107192-460: The administration "failed to come to grips with what a neighborhood is. We never realized that crime is something that happens to, and in, a community." Assistant Nancy Seifer said "There was a whole world out there that nobody in City Hall knew anything about ... If you didn't live on Central Park West , you were some kind of lesser being." Many experts traced the city's mid-1970s fiscal crisis to
7308-533: The administration of literacy and comprehension tests and poll taxes . While the states had the right to establish rules for voter registration and elections, the federal government found an oversight role in ensuring that citizens could exercise the constitutional right to vote for federal officers: electors for president and vice president and members of the US Congress. The Democratic Senate majority leader , Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas , who would play
7424-427: The bill as an example of the federal government seeking to impose its laws on states. Johnson sought recognition from civil rights advocates for passing the bill as well as recognition from the anti-civil rights Democrats for weakening the bill so much as to make it toothless. As well as a general if vague support for civil rights as the party of Lincoln , Republicans saw that this could be an effective way to increase
7540-765: The boroughs outside Manhattan who had a similar educational background and "cosmopolitan" attitude, namely residents of solidly middle-class neighborhoods, including Forest Hills and Kew Gardens in Queens and Brooklyn Heights in Brooklyn. This third category included many traditionally Democratic Jewish Americans who were repelled by Procaccino's conservatism. This created a plurality coalition (42%) in Lindsay's second three-way race. His margin of victory rose from just over 100,000 more votes than his Democratic opponent in 1965 to over 180,000 votes over Procaccino in 1969, despite appearing on just one third party ballot line (see New York City Mayoral Elections ). On May 8, 1970, near
7656-512: The cause of weakening the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was attributed to their traditional populist disdain for the perceived disproportionate power wielded by judges to quell labor causes in the Western United States, thus contributing to a resonance with the expansion of jury trial rights, although Lyndon Johnson's biographer Robert Caro also claims that Johnson had facilitated a bargain that Western liberal Democrats would vote with
7772-525: The city government. The powers and duties, and even the number of deputy mayors, are not defined by the City Charter. The post was created by Fiorello La Guardia (who appointed Grover Whalen as deputy mayor) to handle ceremonial events that the mayor was too busy to attend. Since then, deputy mayors have been appointed with their areas of responsibility defined by the appointing mayor. There are currently five deputy mayors, all of whom report directly to
7888-435: The collapse of two law firms where he worked, and he found himself without health insurance. Lindsay's eight years of service as mayor left him seven years short of qualifying for a city pension. In 1996, with support from City Council Speaker Peter Vallone , Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani appointed Lindsay to two largely ceremonial posts to make him eligible for municipal health insurance coverage. He and his wife, Mary, moved to
8004-524: The committee can refer allegations of misconduct or incapacity to the City Council, who can then by a two-thirds vote permanently remove the mayor from office, or temporarily suspend the mayor. This process has never been used. In the event the mayor dies, resigns or is removed from office, the order of succession is the public advocate of the City of New York , then the comptroller of the City of New York . The successor becomes interim mayor pending
8120-497: The exception of civil contempt actions. A jury trial amendment that included the guarantee of jury trials in civil contempt actions would, in the South, result in perpetrators of voter suppression being acquitted by an all-white jury, thus ensuring no resulted accomplishment to enfranchise blacks. The jury trial amendment was not introduced by a Southern Democrat, instead being spearheaded by Wyoming senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney . The motivation for Western liberal Democrats to spearhead
8236-535: The filibuster by allowing the Senate to adjourn, cots were brought in from a nearby hotel for the legislators to sleep on while Thurmond discussed increasingly irrelevant and obscure topics. Other members of the Southern caucus , who had agreed as part of a compromise not to filibuster this bill, were upset with Thurmond. They believed his defiance made them look incompetent to their constituents. Other constituents were upset with their senators because they were seen as not helping Thurmond. Thurmond pointed out that there
8352-582: The handwriting is on the wall; Little Sheba better come home." After a poor showing in the April 5 Wisconsin primary, Lindsay formally abandoned the race. In a 1972 Gallup poll, 60% of New Yorkers felt Lindsay's administration was working poorly, nine percent rated it good, and not one person thought its performance excellent. By 1978, The New York Times called Lindsay "an exile in his own city". Lindsay's record remained controversial after he left politics. Conservative historian Fred Siegel , calling Lindsay
8468-520: The inaction on inadequate preparations and "inconsistent directives" in the past from the mayor's office. Several thousand construction workers, longshoremen and white-collar workers protested against the mayor on May 11 and again on May 16. Protesters called Lindsay "the red mayor," "traitor," "Commie rat," and "bum." The mayor described the mood of the city as "taut." In 1970, The New York Times printed New York City Police Department Patrolman Frank Serpico 's claims of widespread police corruption . As
8584-713: The intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street and at New York City Hall , a riot started when about 200 construction workers mobilized by the New York State AFL–CIO labor federation attacked about 1,000 high school and college students and others protesting the Kent State shootings , the Cambodian Campaign , and the Vietnam War . Some attorneys, bankers, and investment analysts from nearby Wall Street investment firms tried to protect many of
8700-424: The judicial district for a year, excluding convicts and persons with mental or physical infirmities severe enough to make them unable to serve, was eligible. Since neither race nor sex was listed among the qualifications, the provision allowed both blacks and women to serve on juries in trials in federal courts. Part V consists of sections 151, 152, and 161. Section 151 describes the punitive measures to be taken when
8816-412: The law. President Eisenhower signed the bill on September 9, 1957. The act established both the Commission on Civil Rights and the office of Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights. Subsequently, on December 9, 1957, the Civil Rights Division was established within the Justice Department by order of US Attorney General William P. Rogers , giving the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights
8932-418: The legal background, the laws, and the policies of the federal government relating to voting rights. It delineates the procedures, powers, and responsibilities of the commission. The commission was to take testimony or written complaints from individuals on the difficulties in voting registration and denial of voting rights. Required of the commission were periodic reports to congress and the president, as well as
9048-518: The longest one-person filibuster in history in an attempt to keep the bill from becoming law. His one-man filibuster lasted 24 hours and 18 minutes; he began with readings of every US state 's election laws in alphabetical order. He later read from the Declaration of Independence , the Bill of Rights , and George Washington's Farewell Address . To prevent a quorum call that could have relieved
9164-401: The majority in numerous counties and congressional districts in the South, most black people had been effectively disfranchised by discriminatory voter registration rules and laws in those states since the late 19th and early 20th centuries that were heavily instituted and propagated by Southern Democrats. Civil rights organizations had collected evidence of discriminatory practices, such as
9280-530: The many people who started their careers in public service in the Lindsay administration. Rev. Al Sharpton has said that he still remembers Lindsay having walked the streets of Bedford-Stuyvesant and Harlem when these neighborhoods were doing poorly economically. Lindsay also fought to transform the New York City Civilian Complaint Review Board from an internal police-run department, into a public-minded agency with
9396-525: The mayor to the Harlem crowd as "our blue-eyed soul brother." On February 10, 1969, New York City was pummeled with 15 inches (38 cm) of snow. On the first day alone, 14 people died and 68 were injured. Within a day, the mayor was criticized for giving favored treatment to Manhattan at the expense of the other boroughs. Charges were made that a city worker solicited a bribe to clean streets in Queens. Over
9512-424: The mayor was booed; one woman screamed, "You should be ashamed of yourself." In Fresh Meadows , a woman told the mayor: "Get away, you bum." Later during his walk through Fresh Meadows, another woman called him "a wonderful man," prompting the mayor to respond: "And you're a wonderful woman, not like those fat Jewish broads up there," pointing to women in a nearby building who had criticized him. The blizzard, dubbed
9628-502: The mayor. The majority of agency commissioners and department heads report to one of the deputy mayors, giving the role a great deal of power within a mayoral administration. Deputy mayors do not have any right to succeed to the mayoralty in the case of vacancy or incapacity of the mayor. Under Eric Adams "The mayor has the power to appoint and remove the commissioners of more than 40 city agencies and members of City boards and commissions." These include: The mayor of New York City
9744-453: The mayor. With the schools shut down, police engaged in a slowdown, firefighters threatening job actions, the city awash in garbage, and racial and religious tensions breaking to the surface, Lindsay later called the last six months of 1968 "the worst of my public life." The summer of 1971 ushered in another devastating strike as over 8,000 workers belonging to AFSCME District Council 37 walked off their jobs for two days. The strikers included
9860-623: The nation "moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal" was consistent with his rhetoric. President Johnson ignored the report and rejected the Kerner Commission's recommendations. In April 1968, one month after the release of the Kerner report, rioting broke out in more than 100 cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. However, in New York City, Lindsay traveled directly into Harlem , telling Black residents that he regretted King's death and
9976-457: The neighborhoods where the decentralization was being tested, were fired from their jobs by the community-run school board. The UFT demanded the reinstatement of the dismissed teachers, citing that the teachers had been fired without due process . When their demands were ignored, the UFT called the first of three strikes, leading ultimately to a protracted citywide teachers' strike that stretched over
10092-465: The number of Black Republican voters as the blocking of the Bill by the Democrats in the Southern Caucus would become obvious. They, like Johnson, also saw the potential for dividing the Democratic party's Northern and Southern wings. This meant that the (on this issue) liberal but hardball Republican operators like the Vice President , Richard Nixon , who had a constitutional right to chair
10208-618: The operators of the city's drawbridges and sewage treatment plants . Drawbridges over the Harlem River were locked in the "up" position, barring automobile travel into Manhattan, and hundreds of thousands of gallons of raw sewage flowed into local waterways. Lindsay served on the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, known as the Kerner Commission , and was its vice chairman. This body
10324-522: The opponents or the supporters of the Civil Rights Act, including Douglas or Brownell . In his speech Russell drew out the implications of this, including the invocation of Section 1993 of Title 42 of the United States Code , a Reconstruction era law which wasn't mentioned in the bill and which authorized the President to enforce judicial decisions - which would include Brown v Board . This specter of military involvement in domestic politics became
10440-461: The people of the South the moral nature of the problem". Eisenhower responded, "I don't know what another speech would do about the thing right now." Disappointed, King sent another telegram to Eisenhower stating that the president's comments were "a profound disappointment to the millions of Americans of goodwill, north and south, who earnestly are looking to you for leadership and guidance in this period of inevitable social change". He tried to set up
10556-498: The play Equus . Lindsay also tried his hand at acting, appearing in Otto Preminger 's Rosebud ; the following year his novel, The Edge , was published (Lindsay had earlier authored two non-fiction memoirs): The New York Times , in its contemporary review of the novel, said it was "as dead-serious as a $ 100-a-plate dinner of gray meat and frozen candidates' smiles." Attempting a political comeback in 1980, Lindsay made
10672-490: The provisions in Title III. In a press conference, he referred to it as going "too far too fast in laws", and instead placed an emphasis on the voting rights provisions in Title IV. This diminished the already-waning support for the title among Republicans, many of whom opposed its expansion of federal power on conservative grounds in spite of their sympathy towards civil rights causes. The Anderson–Aiken amendment passed by
10788-451: The railroads were strong became less hostile to the amendment. On August 2, 1957, the Senate passed the jury trial amendment with majority support from Democratic members, both Northern and Southern. Following the vote, many Republicans were visible in their bitterness, having failed in an opportunity to spearhead the cause of civil rights against a deceitful, partisan Democratic effort. According to Johnson biographer Robert A. Caro : In
10904-488: The rest of the party's conservative wing. In the Democratic primary, the most conservative candidate, City Comptroller Mario Procaccino , defeated several more liberal contenders and won the nomination with only a plurality of the votes. "The more the Mario," he quipped. Procaccino, who ran to Lindsay's right, went on to coin the term " limousine liberal " to describe Lindsay and his wealthy Manhattan backers. Despite losing
11020-419: The rights of persons to vote for electors for president and members of Congress. The United States attorney general was allowed to institute actions, including injunctions and charges of contempt of court , with fines not to exceed $ 1,000 and six months imprisonment. Extensive safeguards for the rights of accused were provided by the statute. United States federal judges were allowed to hear cases related to
11136-422: The state and city in 1861, and played a major role in New York City politics into the 1960s and was a dominant player from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the era of Robert Wagner (1954–1965). Its last political leader was an African American man named J. Raymond Jones . The mayor of New York City may appoint several deputy mayors to help oversee major offices within the executive branch of
11252-450: The students but were themselves attacked, and some onlookers reported that the police stood by and did nothing. Although more than 70 people were injured, including four policemen, only six people were arrested. The following day, Lindsay severely criticized the police for their lack of action. Police Department labor leaders later accused Lindsay of "undermining the confidence of the public in its Police Department" by his statements and blamed
11368-593: The summer of 1963, parts of the civil rights movement collaborated on voter education and voter registration drives in Mississippi. During the 1964 Freedom Summer , hundreds of students from the North and West participated in voter drives and community organizing . Media coverage, especially of the violent backlash over the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner near Philadelphia, Mississippi , contributed to national support for civil rights legislation. After
11484-520: The supposed curse "a statistical fluke." Local tabloid newspapers often refer to the mayor as "Hizzoner", a corruption of the honorific style His Honor . Spin City , a 1990s TV sitcom , starred Michael J. Fox as a deputy mayor of New York under Barry Bostwick 's fictional Mayor Randall Winston. Several mayors have appeared in television and movies, as well as on Broadway , most notably in The Will Rogers Follies . In
11600-622: The wake of the vote, emotions spilled over. Richard Nixon could not contain his frustration and rage. When, as he was leaving the Chamber, reporters asked his reaction, the Vice President said, "This is one of the saddest days in the history of the Senate. It was a vote against the right to vote." Clarence Mitchell went to [William Knowland]'s office to discuss what to do now, and could hardly believe what he saw there. "That big, strong, brusque Knowland actually broke down and cried," Mitchell
11716-464: The wedding of Nancy Walker Bush (daughter of Connecticut 's Senator Prescott Bush and sister of future President George Herbert Walker Bush and aunt of George W. Bush & Jeb Bush ), where he was an usher and Harrison a bridesmaid . She was a graduate of Vassar College and a distant relative of William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison . They married in 1949. That same year Lindsay
11832-473: The worst New York City mayor of the 20th century, said "Lindsay wasn't incompetent or foolish or corrupt, but he was actively destructive". Journalist Steven Weisman observed "Lindsay's congressional career had taught him little of the need for subtle bureaucratic maneuvering, for understanding an opponent's self-interest, or for the great patience required in a sprawling government." Lindsay's budget aide Peter C. Goldmark, Jr. told historian Vincent Cannato that
11948-547: Was New York City's worsening problems, which Lindsay was accused of neglecting; a band of protesters from Forest Hills, Queens , who were opposed to his support for a low income housing project in their neighborhood, followed Lindsay around his aborted campaign itinerary to jeer and heckle him. His poor showing in Florida effectively doomed his candidacy. Shortly thereafter, influential Brooklyn Democratic Party chairman Meade Esposito called for Lindsay to end his campaign: "I think
12064-477: Was a developing leader in the Civil Rights Movement and spoke out against white supremacists . Segregationists had burned black churches, which were centers of education and organizing for voter registration, and physically attacked black activists, including women. King sent a telegram to Eisenhower to make a speech to the South and asked him to use "the weight of your great office to point out to
12180-474: Was a mistake. But I put 6,000 more cops on the streets. And that was no mistake. The school strike went on too long and we all made some mistakes. But I brought 225,000 more jobs to this town. And that was no mistake... And we did not have a Detroit, a Watts or Newark . And those were no mistakes. The things that go wrong are what make this the second toughest job in America. But the things that go right are those things that make me want it." The second opened with
12296-515: Was able to vanquish his opponents with support from three distinct groups. First were the city's minorities, mostly African Americans and Puerto Ricans, who were concentrated in Harlem , the South Bronx and various Brooklyn neighborhoods, including Bedford-Stuyvesant and Brownsville . Second were the white and economically secure residents of certain areas of Manhattan. Third were the whites in
12412-623: Was admitted to the bar, and rose to become a partner in his law firm four years later. They had three daughters and a son. Lindsay began gravitating toward politics as one of the founders of the Youth for Eisenhower club in 1951 and as president of the New York Young Republican Club in 1952. He went on to join the United States Department of Justice in 1955 as executive assistant to Attorney General Herbert Brownell . There he worked on civil liberties cases as well as
12528-400: Was already a federal statute that prosecuted citizens who denied or intimidated voters at voting booths under a fine and/or imprisonment but that the bill then under consideration could legally deny trial by jury to those that continued to do so. Democratic Representative Charles A. Boyle of Illinois , a member of the powerful Appropriations Subcommittee of Defense, pushed the bill through
12644-544: Was appointed in 1967 by President Johnson after riots in urban centers of the US, including Newark and Detroit. Lindsay maximized publicity and coverage of his activities on the commission, and while other commissioners made inconspicuous visits to riot-damaged sites, Lindsay would alert the press before his fact-finding missions. Nonetheless, he was especially influential in producing the Kerner Report; its dramatic language of
12760-479: Was changed from two to three on October 23, 2008, when the New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law. However, in 2010, a referendum reverting the limit to two terms passed overwhelmingly. The position of mayor of New York has been branded as the "second toughest job" in the United States of America, behind only the U.S. president. The current mayor
12876-454: Was renamed after Lindsay, to commemorate his support for a car-free Central Park. He was featured on a poster picture with Governor Nelson Rockefeller at the groundbreaking of the former World Trade Center in the city history section of the Museum of the City of New York at Fifth Avenue and 103rd Street. Mayor of New York City The mayor of New York City , officially mayor of
12992-466: Was reported that Governor Kathy Hochul was considering whether to use that process against Eric Adams after his indictment on federal corruption charges. Prior to 2024, the last New York governor to consider exercising this power was in 1932, when Franklin D. Roosevelt considered removing Jimmy Walker as mayor, who was accused of taking bribes from city contractors; however, Walker resigned before Roosevelt could remove him. The charter also provides
13108-529: Was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875 . The bill was passed by the 85th United States Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on September 9, 1957. The Supreme Court 's 1954 ruling in the case of Brown v. Board of Education brought the issue of school desegregation to the fore of public attention, as Southern Democratic leaders began
13224-494: Was to recall. Several conservative Republican senators who voted for the Anderson–Aiken amendment on small-government grounds opposed the jury trial amendment for its intent of weakening civil rights efforts. Idaho senator Henry Dworshak decried that it "practically scuttled any hope of getting an effective civil rights bill." Then-Democratic Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , an ardent segregationist , sustained
13340-435: Was very reassuring to people because it wasn't the first time they had seen him. He had gone there on a regular basis. That gave him credibility when it hit the fan." Lindsay showed his support for New York's African American community through his administration's sponsorship of the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival , which is documented in the 2021 music film, Summer of Soul . The host of the festival, Tony Lawrence, introduces
13456-409: Was working against poverty. He is credited with averting riots in the city with this direct response, even as other major cities burned. David Garth, who accompanied Lindsay that night, recalled: "There was a wall of people coming across 125th Street , going from west to east ... I thought we were dead. John raised his hands, said he was sorry. It was very quiet. My feeling was, his appearance there
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