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36-696: Bryan was born to James and Elizabeth (Neely) Bryan in Fayetteville, Tennessee . There, he attended the Fayetteville Military Academy and, after studying law, was admitted to the Tennessee Bar. Around 1833, he left Tennessee and moved to Arkansas , where he was an Indian trader. According to some sources, he and a business partner laid out Van Buren, Arkansas . Bryan visited the Dallas area in 1839, and in 1841, he established

72-534: A Dallas flood, he was very prominent in aiding those affected. He also chaired a citizens' meeting that pushed the Houston and Texas Central Railway to complete the railway through the city and presided at a rally that sought to get full political rights for all ex- Confederates . In 1871 and 1872, Bryan became one of the directors of the Dallas Bridge Company, which built the first iron bridge across

108-562: A brief military expedition against the Comanche Indians in 1860. Bryan joined Col. Nicholas H. Darnell 's Eighteenth Texas Cavalry regiment in the winter of 1861 and served with the unit until late 1862, when he was discharged due to his old age and poor health. He returned to Dallas in 1862 and became actively involved in community affairs. In 1863, Bryan was a trustee for the Dallas Male and Female Academy . In 1866, during

144-412: A building or serve as protection for an open terrace or a link between pavilions . They are different from green tunnels , with a green tunnel being a type of road under a canopy of trees. Depending on the context, the terms "pergola", " bower ", and " arbor " are often used interchangeably. An "arbor" is also regarded as being a wooden bench seat with a roof, usually enclosed by lattice panels forming

180-640: A framework for climbing plants; in evangelical Christianity , brush arbor revivals occur under such structures. A pergola, on the other hand, is a much larger and more open structure. Normally, a pergola does not include integral seating. Modern pergola structures can also include architectural or engineering structures having a pergola design, which are not used in gardens. California High-Speed Rail , for instance, uses large concrete pergolas to support high-speed rail guideways which cut over roadways or other rail tracks at shallow angles (unlike bridges or overcrossings which are usually nearly at right angles). (See

216-466: A permanent settlement, which eventually became the burgeoning city of Dallas. Bryan was significant to early Dallas — he served as the postmaster, a store owner, a ferry operator (he operated a ferry where Commerce Street crosses the Trinity River today), and his home served as the courthouse. In 1844, he persuaded J. P. Dumas to survey and plot the site of Dallas and possibly help him with

252-654: A structure on which to grow. In 1498, Leonardo da Vinci decorated the Sala delle Asse of the Castello Sforzesco in Milan to give the illusion of the great square and vaulted reception hall being within a pergola that was made up of the intertwined branches of sixteen huge mulberry trees. The novel project was commissioned by the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza . Pergolas are more permanent architectural features than

288-495: A weather-resistant wood, such as western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ) or, formerly, of coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ). They are painted, stained , or use wood treated with preservatives for outdoor use. For a low maintenance alternative to wood, the contemporary materials of vinyl, fiberglass, aluminum, and CPVC can be used. These materials do not require yearly paint or stain like a wooden pergola would, and their manufacture can make them even stronger and longer-lasting than

324-798: Is believed to be buried in an unmarked grave in the southeast quadrant of the Austin State Hospital Cemetery. In 2006, Bryan's descendants placed a headstone in the cemetery that reads "PVT 18 Texas CAV CSA Dec 24 1810 Sep 8 1877 Founder of Dallas Texas." In 1954, the James Butler Bonham chapter of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas erected a white granite marker honoring the Dallas founder in Pioneer Cemetery (Pioneer Plaza). A large marker bearing

360-629: Is buried in the Beeman family plot of his wife, Margaret, and other Beeman family members. This cemetery is somewhat hard to locate, but is located just behind a large Jewish Cemetery (Shearith Israel) on Dolphin Road just south of Military Parkway. The Bryan Pergola, standing on the Grassy Knoll in Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas, is named after John Neely Bryan (1810-1877), the recognized founder of

396-691: The Seminole Wars in 1818 and 1836, and for both Confederate and Federal troops during the Civil War . The Lincoln County Fair grounds are located in Fayetteville Tennessee. The Lincoln County Fair Association was issued its charter in 1906 and is a nonprofit organization with all profits going back into maintaining the fair grounds. In 1980, the fair became a district fair, serving five counties and paying over $ 10,000 in agriculture premiums. As far back as 1889, there are records for

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432-508: The green tunnels of late medieval and early Renaissance gardens that often were formed of springy withies —easily replaced shoots of willow or hazel —bound together at the heads to form a series of arches , then loosely woven with long slats on which climbers were grown, to make a passage that was both cool, shaded, and moderately dry in a shower. At the Medici villa , La Petraia , inner and outer curving segments of such green walks,

468-503: The harness racing that takes place still today at the fairgrounds. The racetrack was made of red clay until 1978 when it was converted to an all weather track by grading it and covering it in limestone dust. Other elements of the fair include a demolition derby , rides, food vendors, a cattle showing, pageants, art competition, and concerts. Bavarian-based Grammer AG operates a site in Fayetteville. It manufactures components for

504-619: The City of Dallas. Dallas Independent School District named John Neely Bryan Elementary after him. The concrete pergola upon which Abraham Zapruder was standing during the John F. Kennedy assassination as he made the Zapruder film was initially placed in Dealey Plaza in honor of Bryan, and is named for him. Fayetteville, Tennessee Fayetteville is the county seat and

540-590: The Stone Bridge, commonly known by the locals of Fayetteville as the “Old Stone Bridge”. It was in 1860 that John Markum and Patrick Flannery, the architects and contractors, began the building of the bridge. Consisting of six arches, the bridge was completed in January 1862 with a final cost of $ 40,000. In 1863, during the Civil War, the bridge was ordered burned by General William T. Sherman , but this order

576-740: The Trinity River. He also stood on the platform at the welcoming ceremonies for the Houston and Texas Central Railway when the first train pulled into town in mid-July 1872. By 1874, Bryan's mind was impaired, though it is not known precisely how. "I am the son of John Neely Bryan, now before the court," Edward T. Bryan testified on February 1, 1877. "My father is insane." He was admitted to the Texas State Lunatic Asylum in February 1877 and died there on September 8, 1877. He

612-606: The U.S. Army at the end of the Revolutionary War. The earliest white settler was Ezekiel Norris, who gave the one hundred acres upon which the city was built. In addition to Ezekiel Norris, other founding fathers of Fayetteville include: Alexander and Andrew Greer, William Edmonson, and Matthew Buchanan. In 1995, the International Gospel Hour radio broadcast, founded in Texarkana , Texas , by

648-590: The United States in 1806. The city was named for Fayetteville, North Carolina , where some of its earliest residents had lived before moving to Tennessee. The earlier town was named for Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette , a French general who fought for the United States during the American Revolution . Lincoln County was named for Major General Benjamin Lincoln , second in command of

684-473: The automotive industry. Pergola A pergola is most commonly an outdoor garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area of vertical posts or pillars that usually support crossbeams and a sturdy open lattice , often upon which woody vines are trained . The origin of the word is the Late Latin pergula , referring to a projecting eave. It also may be an extension of

720-403: The average family size was 2.81. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 25.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 70.8 males. The median income for a household in the city

756-426: The city. The population density was 952.2 inhabitants per square mile (367.6/km ). There were 3,370 housing units at an average density of 458.8 per square mile (177.1/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 71.39% White , 26.22% African American , 0.30% Native American , 0.30% Asian , 0.09% Pacific Islander , 0.27% from other races , and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of

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792-562: The clergyman V. E. Howard was transferred to the West Fayetteville Church of Christ in Fayetteville under the minister Winford Claiborne. Several devastating tornadoes of struck the city during its history. On February 29, 1952 , the town was hit by a catastrophic and violent F4 tornado that damaged or obliterated numerous homes, businesses, trees, power lines, vehicles, and other buildings. Two people were killed and 150 others were injured. The city

828-402: The company of the fifth Earl of Pembroke , Evelyn watched the coursing of hares from a "pergola" built on the downs near Salisbury for that purpose. The clearly artificial nature of the pergola made it fall from favor in the naturalistic gardening styles of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Yet handsome pergolas on brick and stone pillars with powerful cross-beams were a feature of

864-628: The current Colonial Revival-style building in 1970. The Camp Blount marker, erected in 1998, stands along Huntsville Highway (US-431) near the WalMart shopping center. The camp was located along the Elk River and was a meeting point for the Tennessee soldiers who were serving under General Andrew Jackson in the Creek War of 1813–1814. Camp Blount also was a meeting point for soldiers during

900-669: The first corn . In 1849, Bryan went to California during the gold rush but returned within a year. In January 1853, he was a delegate to the Texas State Democratic convention. In 1855, Bryan shot a man who had insulted his wife and fled to the Creek Nation . The man he shot made a full recovery, and Bryan certainly would've been informed, but still, Bryan did not return to Dallas for about six years. During that time, Bryan traveled to Colorado and California, probably looking for gold. He returned to Dallas in time for

936-480: The forerunners of pergolas, give structure to the pattern that can be viewed from the long terrace above it. The origin of the word is the Late Latin pergula , referring to a projecting eave . The English term was borrowed from Italian . The term was mentioned in an Italian context in 1645 by John Evelyn at the cloister of Trinità dei Monti in Rome He used the term in an English context in 1654 when, in

972-847: The gardens designed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll and epitomize their trademark of firm structure luxuriantly planted. A particularly extensive pergola is featured at the gardens of The Hill in Hampstead (London), designed by Thomas Mawson for his client W. H. Lever . Pergola in Wrocław was designed in 1911 and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006. Modern pergola design materials including wood, vinyl, fiberglass, aluminum, and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) rather than brick or stone pillars, are more affordable and are increasing in popularity. Wooden pergolas are made either from

1008-450: The high-speed rail pergola structure picture elsewhere in the article for an illustration.) Pergolas may link pavilions or extend from a building's door to an open garden feature such as an isolated terrace or pool. Freestanding pergolas, those not attached to a home or other structure, provide a sitting area that allows for breeze and light sun, but offer protection from the harsh glare of direct sunlight. Pergolas also give climbing plants

1044-707: The largest city in Lincoln County, Tennessee , United States. The city's population was 6,994 at the 2000 census, and 6,827 at the 2010 census. A census estimate from 2018 showed 7,017. Fayetteville is the largest city in Lincoln County. The city was established in 1809 by an Act of the Tennessee General Assembly . The act became effective on January 1, 1810. The lands that include Lincoln County and Fayetteville were originally part of Cherokee and Chickasaw land. They were ceded to

1080-520: The name "Bryan" and displaying two "Citizen of the Republic of Texas" medallions honoring John Neely Bryan and his wife stands in Riverside Cemetery at Wichita Falls, Texas . It overlooks the graves of Margaret Beeman Bryan (1825-1919), her son John Neely Bryan, Jr. (1846-1926), and other family members. A Texas Historical Marker, "Beeman Memorial Cemetery," located east of downtown Dallas just off of Dolphin Road, states that John Neely Bryan

1116-409: The population. There were 3,054 households, out of which 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 18.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and

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1152-596: The work. Bryan was instrumental in the organizing of Dallas County in 1846 and the election by voters of Dallas as its county seat in August 1850 (over the towns of Cedar Springs and Oak Cliff). When Dallas became the county seat, Bryan donated the land for the courthouse . In 1843, he married Margaret Beeman , a daughter of the Beeman family who settled in Dallas from Bird's Fort . The couple had five children. Another Beeman, John , arrived in Dallas in April 1842 and planted

1188-422: The year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfa " (Humid Subtropical Climate). Fayetteville's Trewartha climate classification is also subtropical ( Cf ). As of the 2020 United States census , there were 7,068 people, 3,092 households, and 1,548 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,994 people, 3,054 households, and 1,804 families residing in

1224-400: Was $ 23,830, and the median income for a family was $ 32,477. Males had a median income of $ 26,957 versus $ 22,382 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 18,391. About 15.1% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.8% of those under age 18 and 20.6% of those age 65 or over. One of the most famous landmarks of Fayetteville is the remains of

1260-491: Was also devastated by tornadoes on March 14, 1851; March 27, 1890 ; and April 29, 1909 An EF2 tornado on March 24, 2023 also followed a path similar to the 1952 tornado. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 7.3 square miles (19 km ), all land. The climate of Fayetteville is characterized by relatively warm temperatures and heavy rainfall throughout

1296-419: Was disobeyed because the river was easily forded at the bridge's base. The bridge stood until 1969, when it collapsed due to flooding. The first courthouse for Lincoln County, which was made of logs, was completed in 1815. It was used as local headquarters by Union troops during the Civil War . The building was replaced by an Italianate structure in 1874. This second courthouse was demolished and replaced by

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