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95-583: John Witherspoon (February 5, 1723 – November 15, 1794) was a Scottish-American Presbyterian minister, educator, farmer, slaveholder, and a Founding Father of the United States . Witherspoon embraced the concepts of Scottish common sense realism , and while president of the College of New Jersey (1768–1794; now Princeton University ) became an influential figure in the development of the United States' national character. Politically active, Witherspoon

190-424: A rear admiral and computer scientist , was the oldest officer and highest-ranking woman in the U.S. armed forces on her retirement at the age of 80 in 1986. Isabella Cannon , the former Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina , served as the first female mayor of a U.S. state capital. The Scottish-born Alexander Winton built one of the first American automobiles in 1896, and specialized in motor racing . He broke

285-596: A circumference of one metre, so they are models of the Earth at a scale of 1:40 million. In imperial units, many globes are made with a diameter of one  foot (about 30 cm), yielding a circumference of 3.14 feet (about 96 cm) and a scale of 1:42 million. Globes are also made in many other sizes. Some globes have surface texture showing topography or bathymetry . In these, elevations and depressions are purposely exaggerated, as they otherwise would be hardly visible. For example, one manufacturer produces

380-464: A committee on the abolition of slavery in the state, and brought in a report advising no action, on the ground that the law already forbade the importation of slaves and encouraged voluntary manumission. He suggested, however, that the state might enact a law that all slaves born after its passage should be free at a certain age—e.g., 28 years, as in Pennsylvania, although in his optimistic opinion

475-652: A common heritage. The majority of Scotch-Irish Americans originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland (see Plantation of Ulster ) and thence, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during the eighteenth century. The number of Scottish Americans is believed to be around 25 million, and celebrations of Scottish identity can be seen through Tartan Day parades, Burns Night celebrations, and Tartan Kirking ceremonies. Significant emigration from Scotland to America began in

570-898: A globe took place before the fifteenth century. The earliest extant terrestrial globe was made in 1492 by Martin Behaim (1459–1537) with help from the painter Georg Glockendon. Behaim was a German mapmaker, navigator, and merchant. Working in Nuremberg , Germany, he called his globe the "Nürnberg Terrestrial Globe." It is now known as the Erdapfel . Before constructing the globe, Behaim had traveled extensively. He sojourned in Lisbon from 1480, developing commercial interests and mingling with explorers and scientists. He began to construct his globe after his return to Nürnberg in 1490. China made many mapping advancements such as sophisticated land surveys and

665-465: A lesser extent, during the twentieth century, when Scottish heavy industry declined. This new wave peaked in the first decade of the twentieth century, contributing to a hard life for many who remained behind. Many qualified workers emigrated overseas, a part of which, established in Canada, later went on to the United States. In the nineteenth century, American authors and educators adopted Scotland as

760-536: A limited time by consent. The settled opinion among the American founding fathers, including Dr. Witherspoon, was that slavery would eventually disappear naturally within a generation. For this reason, Rev. Witherspoon advocated for "gradual emancipation" of slaves. In this connection it may be noted that in 1790 President Witherspoon, while a member of the New Jersey Legislature, was chairman of

855-442: A model for cultural independence. In the world of letters, Scottish literary icons James Macpherson , Robert Burns , Walter Scott , and Thomas Carlyle had a mass following in the United States, and Scottish Romanticism exerted a seminal influence on the development of American literature. The works of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne bear its powerful impression. Among the most notable Scottish American writers of

950-631: A number of notable Scottish Gaelic poets active in the United States since the eighteenth century, including Aonghas MacAoidh and Domhnall Aonghas Stiùbhart . One of the few relics of Gaelic literature composed in the United States is a lullaby composed by an anonymous woman in the Carolinas during the American Revolutionary War. It remains popular to this day in Scotland. More than 160,000 Scottish emigrants migrated to

1045-587: A response, was a form of musical worship initially developed for non-literate congregations and Africans in America were exposed to this by Scottish Gaelic settlers as well as immigrants of other origins. However, the theory that the African-American practice was influenced mainly by the Gaels has been criticized by ethnomusicologist Terry Miller, who notes that the practice of " lining out " hymns and psalms

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1140-822: A surviving celestial globe is part of a Hellenistic sculpture, called the Farnese Atlas , surviving in a 2nd-century AD Roman copy in the Naples Archaeological Museum , Italy. Early terrestrial globes depicting the entirety of the Old World were constructed in the Islamic world . During the Middle Ages in Christian Europe, while there are writings alluding to the idea that the earth was spherical, no known attempts at making

1235-535: A threat to the liberties of the colonies. Of particular interest to Witherspoon was the Crown's growing interference in the local and colonial affairs which previously had been the prerogatives and rights of the American authorities. When the Crown began to give additional authority to its appointed episcopacy over church affairs, British authorities hit a nerve in the Presbyterian Scot, who saw such events in

1330-409: A three dimensional raised relief globe with a 64 cm (25 in) diameter (equivalent to a 200 cm circumference, or approximately a scale of 1:20 million) showing the highest mountains as over 2.5 cm (1 in) tall, which is about 57 times higher than the correct scale of Mount Everest . Most modern globes are also imprinted with parallels and meridians , so that one can tell

1425-562: Is buried along Presidents Row in Princeton Cemetery . An inventory of Witherspoon's possessions taken at his death included "two slaves ... valued at a hundred dollars each". Witherspoon married Elizabeth Montgomery on 14 August 1748 documented in the old parish register in Beith , North Ayrshire . They were both from the parish. They had a total of 10 children, only five of whom survived to accompany their parents to America. James,

1520-619: Is scarce", he wrote. He also served twice in the New Jersey Legislature and strongly supported the adoption of the United States Constitution during the New Jersey ratification debates. In November 1777, as British forces neared, Witherspoon closed and evacuated the College of New Jersey. The main building, Nassau Hall , was badly damaged, and his papers and personal notes were lost. Witherspoon

1615-547: The Encarta encyclopedia and co-created the popular board game Cranium . Globe A globe shows details of its subject. A terrestrial globe shows landmasses and water bodies . It might show nations and major cities and the network of latitude and longitude lines . Some have raised relief to show mountains and other large landforms. A celestial globe shows notable stars, and may also show positions of other prominent astronomical objects. Typically, it will also divide

1710-534: The Cape Fear valley of North Carolina were centers of Loyalist resistance. A small force of Loyalist Highlanders fell at the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge in 1776. Scotch-Irish Patriots defeated Scottish American Loyalists in the Battle of Kings Mountain in 1780. Many Scottish American Loyalists, particularly Highlanders, emigrated to Canada after the war. Uncle Sam is the national personification of

1805-605: The Civil War , and a monument to their memory was erected in Edinburgh , Scotland, in 1893. Winfield Scott , Ulysses S. Grant , Joseph E. Johnston , Irvin McDowell , James B. McPherson , Jeb Stuart and John B. Gordon were of Scottish descent, George B. McClellan and Stonewall Jackson Scotch-Irish. Douglas MacArthur and George Marshall upheld the martial tradition in the twentieth century. Grace Murray Hopper ,

1900-654: The Enlightenment than to revealed Christianity. In his lectures on moral philosophy at Princeton, required of all juniors and seniors, Witherspoon argued for the revolutionary right of resistance and recommended checks and balances within government. He made a profound impression on his student James Madison, whose suggestions for the United States Constitution followed both Witherspoon's and Hume's ideas. The historian Douglass Adair writes, "The syllabus of Witherspoon's lectures . . . explains

1995-677: The Haddington Grammar School and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739. He remained at the university to study divinity. In 1764, he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree in divinity by the University of St Andrews . Witherspoon was a staunch Protestant, nationalist, and supporter of republicanism . Consequently, he was opposed to the Roman Catholic Legitimist Jacobite rising of 1745–46 . Following

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2090-464: The New World were a man named Haki and a woman named Hekja, slaves owned by Leif Eiriksson . The Scottish couple were runners who scouted for Thorfinn Karlsefni 's expedition in c. 1010, gathering wheat and the grapes for which Vinland was named. The controversial Zeno letters have been cited in support of a claim that Henry Sinclair, earl of Orkney , visited Nova Scotia in 1398. In

2185-692: The Presbyterian Church in the United States of America . John Witherspoon was born in Yester , Scotland, documented in the Old Parish Register as the eldest child of the Reverend James Alexander Witherspoon and Anne Walker, a descendant of John Welsh of Ayr and John Knox . This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation. He attended

2280-530: The Scottish Borders . His son Adam II and grandson Adam Abraham (b. Cumberland, England) left for the colonies in the 1730s settling in Pennsylvania. Other Scottish American moonwalkers were the fourth, Alan Bean , the fifth, Alan Shepard, the seventh, David Scott (also the first to drive on the Moon), and the eighth, James Irwin . Scottish Americans Howard Aiken and Grace Murray Hopper created

2375-633: The Scottish Enlightenment contributed to the intellectual ferment of the American Revolution . In 1740, the Glasgow philosopher Francis Hutcheson argued for a right of colonial resistance to tyranny. Scotland's leading thinkers of the revolutionary age, David Hume and Adam Smith , opposed the use of force against the rebellious colonies. According to the historian Arthur L. Herman : "Americans built their world around

2470-499: The TMA version of the Soyuz spacecraft replaced this instrument with a digital map . Traditionally, globes were manufactured by gluing a printed paper map onto a sphere, often made from wood. The most common type has long, thin gores (strips) of paper that narrow to a point at the poles, small disks cover over the inevitable irregularities at these points. The more gores there are,

2565-586: The United States , and sometimes more specifically of the American government , with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812 . The American icon Uncle Sam, who is known for embodying the American spirit, was based on a businessman from Troy, New York , Samuel Wilson , whose parents sailed to America from Greenock , Scotland , has been officially recognized as the original Uncle Sam. He provided

2660-572: The Virginia Resolution for Independence . In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence, according to tradition he replied that it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it." Witherspoon served in Congress from June 1777 until November 1784 and became one of its most influential members and a workhorse of prodigious energy. He served on over 100 committees, most notably

2755-571: The 1700s, accelerating after the Jacobite rising of 1745 , the steady degradation of clan structures, and the Highland Clearances . Even higher rates of emigration occurred after these times of social upheaval. In the 1920s, Scotland experienced a reduction in total population of 0.8%, totally absorbing the natural population increase of 7.2%: the U.S. and Canada were the most common destinations of these emigrants. Despite emphasis on

2850-697: The 1730s. Unlike their Lowland and Ulster counterparts, the Highlanders tended to cluster together in self-contained communities, where they maintained their distinctive cultural features such as the Gaelic language and piobaireachd music. Groups of Highlanders existed in coastal Georgia (mainly immigrants from Inverness-shire) and the Mohawk Valley in New York (from the West Highlands). By far

2945-442: The 2nd century Roman Empire . Flat maps are created using a map projection that inevitably introduces an increasing amount of distortion the larger the area that the map shows. A globe is the only representation of the Earth that does not distort either the shape or the size of large features – land masses, bodies of water, etc. The Earth's circumference is quite close to 40 million metres. Many globes are made with

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3040-457: The American colonies was finally regularized by the parliamentary Act of Union of Scotland and England in 1707. Population growth and the commercialization of agriculture in Scotland encouraged mass emigration to America after the French and Indian War , a conflict which had also seen the first use of Scottish Highland regiments as Indian fighters. More than 50,000 Scots, principally from

3135-694: The Church as an Evangelical opponent of the Moderate Party . During his two pastorates he wrote three well-known works on theology, notably the satire "Ecclesiastical Characteristics" (1753), which opposed the philosophical influence of Francis Hutcheson . At the urging of Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton , whom he met in Paisley , Witherspoon finally accepted their renewed invitation (having turned one down in 1766) to become president and head professor of

3230-459: The Earth from different orientations to help counter the north-up bias caused by conventional map presentation. Celestial globes show the apparent positions of the stars in the sky. They omit the Sun, Moon and planets because the positions of these bodies vary relative to those of the stars, but the ecliptic , along which the Sun moves, is indicated. In their most basic form celestial globes represent

3325-572: The Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk , he was briefly imprisoned at Doune Castle , which had a long-term effect on his health. He became a Church of Scotland ( Presbyterian ) minister at Beith , Ayrshire (1745–1758), where he married Elizabeth Montgomery of Craighouse. They had ten children, with five surviving to adulthood. From 1758 to 1768, he was minister of the Laigh Kirk, Paisley (Low Kirk). Witherspoon became prominent within

3420-502: The Princeton position. As the college's primary occupation at the time was training ministers, Witherspoon became a major leader of the early Presbyterian Church in America. He helped organize Nassau Presbyterian Church in Princeton, New Jersey. Nonetheless, Witherspoon transformed a college designed predominantly to train clergymen into a school that would equip the leaders of a new country. Students who later played prominent roles in

3515-693: The Scots-Irish (or Scotch-Irish) in North America, were descended from people originally from (mainly Lowland) Scotland, as well as the north of England and other regions, who colonized the province of Ulster in Ireland in the seventeenth century. After several generations, their descendants left for America, and struck out for the frontier, in particular the Appalachian mountains, providing an effective "buffer" for attacks from Native Americans. In

3610-475: The Scottish American communities in which they were embedded. Psalm-singing and gospel music have become central musical experiences for African American churchgoers and it has been posited that some elements of these styles were introduced, in these communities, by Scots. Psalm-singing, or " precenting the line " as it is technically known, in which the psalms are called out and the congregation sings

3705-895: The U.S., American statesmen of Scottish descent in the early Republic included Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton , Secretary of War Henry Knox , and President James Monroe . Andrew Jackson and James K. Polk were Scotch-Irish presidents and products of the frontier in the period of Westward expansion . Among the most famous Scottish American soldier frontiersmen was Sam Houston , founding father of Texas . Other Scotch-Irish presidents included James Buchanan , Chester Alan Arthur , William McKinley and Richard M. Nixon , Theodore Roosevelt (through his mother), Woodrow Wilson , Lyndon B. Johnson , and Ronald Reagan were of Scottish descent. By one estimate, 75% of U.S. presidents could claim some Scottish ancestry. Scottish Americans fought on both sides of

3800-488: The United States. American bluegrass and country music styles have some of their roots in the Appalachian ballad culture of Scotch-Irish Americans (predominantly originating from the "Border Ballad" tradition of southern Scotland and northern England). Fiddle tunes from the Scottish repertoire, as they developed in the eighteenth century, spread rapidly into British colonies. However, in many cases, this occurred through

3895-679: The abolition of slavery. However, in his "Lectures on Moral Philosophy", Dr. Witherspoon advocated for the humane treatment of laborers and servants (including slaves), stating: This relation is first generated by the difference which God hath permitted to take place between man and man. Some are superior to others in mental powers and intellectual improvement—some by the great increase of their property through their own, or their predecessors industry, and some make it their choice, finding they cannot live otherwise better, to let out their labor to others for hire. Let us shortly consider (1.) How far this subjection extends. (2.) The duties on each side. As to

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3990-471: The approximate coordinates of a specific location. Globes may also show the boundaries of countries and their names. Many terrestrial globes have one celestial feature marked on them: a diagram called the analemma , which shows the apparent motion of the Sun in the sky during a year. Globes generally show north at the top, but many globes allow the axis to be swiveled so that southern portions can be viewed conveniently. This capability also permits exploring

4085-493: The army with beef and pork in barrels during the War of 1812. The barrels were prominently labeled "U.S." for the United States, but it was jokingly said that the letters stood for "Uncle Sam." Soon, Uncle Sam was used as shorthand for the federal government. Trade with Scotland continued to flourish after U.S. independence. The tobacco trade was overtaken in the nineteenth century by the cotton trade, with Glasgow factories exporting

4180-417: The causes of an unjust war deserved to be made slaves; yet this could not be the case of all who fought on their side; besides the doing so in one instance would authorize the doing it in any other; and those who fought in defense of their country, when unjustly invaded, might be taken as well as others. The practice was also impolitic, as slaves never are so good or faithful servants, as those who become so for

4275-530: The celestial sphere into constellations . The word globe comes from the Latin word globus , meaning " sphere ". Globes have a long history. The first known mention of a globe is from Strabo , describing the Globe of Crates from about 150 BC. The oldest surviving terrestrial globe is the Erdapfel , made by Martin Behaim in 1492. The oldest surviving celestial globe sits atop the Farnese Atlas , carved in

4370-644: The colonial era, they were usually simply referred to as "Irish," with the "Scots-" or "Scotch-" prefixes becoming popular when the descendants of the Ulster emigrants wanted to differentiate themselves from the Catholic Irish who were flocking to many American cities in the nineteenth century. Unlike the Highlanders and Lowlanders, the Scots-Irish were usually patriots in the Revolution. They have been noted for their tenacity and their cultural contributions to

4465-555: The colonies was 250,888, of whom 223,071 (89%) were white and 3.0% were ethnically Scottish. Population estimates are as follows. The number of Americans of Scottish descent today is estimated to be 20 to 25 million (up to 8.3% of the total U.S. population). The majority of Scotch-Irish Americans originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland (see Plantation of Ulster ) and thence, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during

4560-789: The colony from Scotland, including prisoners taken in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . By the 1670s Glasgow was the main outlet for Virginian tobacco , in open defiance of English restrictions on colonial trade ; in return the colony received Scottish manufactured goods, emigrants and ideas. In the 1670s and 1680s Presbyterian Dissenters fled persecution by the Royalist privy council in Edinburgh to settle in South Carolina and New Jersey , where they maintained their distinctive religious culture. Trade between Scotland and

4655-465: The conversion of the young Virginian to the philosophy of the Enlightenment." Witherspoon accepted the impossibility of maintaining public morality or virtue in the citizenry without an effective religion. In this sense, the temporal principles of morality required a religious component which derived its authority from the spiritual. Therefore, public religion was a vital necessity in maintaining

4750-570: The descendants of emigrants, often Gaelic-speaking, from the Maritime Provinces of Canada , from the 1880s onward. Americans of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88.09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2001 Census. The states with the largest populations of either Scottish or Scotch Irish ancestral origin: The states with the top percentages of Scottish or Scotch-Irish residents: The metropolitan and micropolitan areas with

4845-481: The development of the moral sense, an ethical compass instilled by God in all human beings and developed through religious education (Reid) or civil sociability (Hutcheson). Witherspoon saw morality as having two distinct components: spiritual and temporal . Civil government owed more to the latter than the former in Witherspoon's Presbyterian doctrine. Thus, public morality owed more to the natural moral laws of

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4940-787: The early years of Spanish colonization of the Americas , a Scot named Tam Blake spent 20 years in Colombia and Mexico . He took part in the conquest of New Granada in 1532 with Alonso de Heredia . He arrived in Mexico in 1534–5, and joined Coronado 's 1540 expedition to the American Southwest . After the Union of the Crowns of Scotland and England in 1603, King James VI , a Scot, promoted joint expeditions overseas, and became

5035-432: The eighteenth century. In the 2000 census, 4.8 million Americans self-reported Scottish ancestry, 1.7% of the total U.S. population. Over 4.3 million self-reported Scotch-Irish ancestry, for a total of 9.2 million Americans self-reporting some kind of Scottish descent. Self-reported numbers are regarded by demographers as massive under-counts, because Scottish ancestry is known to be disproportionately under-reported among

5130-410: The eldest, graduated from Princeton in 1770 and joined the Continental Army as an aide to General Francis Nash , with the rank of major and was killed at the Battle of Germantown on October 4, 1777. The next oldest son, John, graduated from Princeton in 1779, practiced medicine in South Carolina, and was lost at sea in 1795. David, the youngest son, graduated the same year as his brother John, married

5225-453: The expansion and progression of the university, his ownership ties to the enslavement of Black people in America have caused for an internal Princeton petition to the CPUC Committee on Naming at Princeton University and President Eisgruber for the removal of his statue that currently stands in Firestone Plaza on campus. The statue was originally installed in 2001. As of Fall 2022, the petition has garnered over 250 signatures in support of removing

5320-427: The finished textiles back to the United States on an industrial scale. Emigration from Scotland peaked in the nineteenth century, when more than a million Scots left for the United States, taking advantage of the regular Atlantic steam-age shipping industry which was itself largely a Scottish creation, contributing to a revolution in transatlantic communication. Scottish emigration to the United States followed, to

5415-441: The first American in orbit, John Glenn , and the first man to fly free in space, Bruce McCandless II , were Scottish Americans. The first men on the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin , were also of Scottish descent; Armstrong wore a kilt in a parade through his ancestral home of Langholm in the Scottish Borders in 1972. Armstrong's ancestry can be traced back to his eighth paternal great-grandfather Adam Armstrong from

5510-565: The first automatic sequence computer in 1939. Hopper was also the co-inventor of the computer language COBOL . Ross Perot , another Scottish American entrepreneur, made his fortune from Electronic Data Systems , an outsourcing company he established in 1962. Software giant Microsoft was co-founded in 1975 by Bill Gates , who owed his start in part to his mother, the Scottish American businesswoman Mary Maxwell Gates , who helped her son to get his first software contract with IBM. Glasgow-born Microsoft employee Richard Tait helped develop

5605-457: The first it seems to be only that the master has a right to the labors and ingenuity of the servant for a limited time, or at most for life. He can have no right either to take away life, or to make it insupportable by excessive labor. The servant therefore retains all his other natural rights. The practice of ancient nations, of making their prisoners of war slaves, was altogether unjust and barbarous; for though we could suppose that those who were

5700-684: The first machine capable of flight, the Bell-Langley airplane , in 1903. Lockheed was started by two brothers, Allan and Malcolm Loughead , in 1926. Douglas was founded by Donald Wills Douglas Sr. in 1921; he launched the world's first commercial passenger plane, the DC-3 , in 1935. McDonnell Aircraft was founded by James Smith McDonnell , in 1939, and became famous for its military jets . In 1967, McDonnell and Douglas merged and jointly developed jet aircraft, missiles and spacecraft . Scottish Americans were pioneers in human spaceflight . The Mercury and Gemini capsules were built by McDonnell. The first American in space, Alan Shepard ,

5795-401: The founder of British America . The first permanent English settlement in the Americas, Jamestown , was thus named for a Scot. The earliest Scottish communities in America were formed by traders and planters rather than farmer settlers. The hub of Scottish commercial activity in the colonial period was Virginia . Regular contacts began with the transportation of indentured servants to

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5890-403: The frontier. Tobacco plantations and independent farms in the backcountry of Virginia, Maryland and the Carolinas had been financed with Scottish credit, and indebtedness was an additional incentive for separation. Most Scottish Americans had commercial ties with the old country or clan allegiances and stayed true to the Crown . The Scottish Highland communities of upstate New York and

5985-398: The invention of the magnetic compass. However, no record of terrestrial globes in China exists until a globe was introduced by the Persian astronomer, Jamal ad-Din , in 1276. Another early globe, the Hunt–Lenox Globe , ca. 1510, is thought to be the source of the phrase Hic Sunt Dracones , or " Here be dragons ". A similar grapefruit -sized globe made from two halves of an ostrich egg

6080-419: The largest Highland community was centered on the Cape Fear River , which saw a stream of immigrants from Argyllshire, and, later, other regions such as the Isle of Skye . Highland Scots were overwhelmingly loyalist in the Revolution. Distinctly Highland cultural traits persisted in the region until the 19th century, at which point they were assimilated into Anglo-American culture. The Ulster Scots , known as

6175-435: The less stretching and crumpling is required to make the paper map fit the sphere. This method of globe making was illustrated in 1802 in an engraving in The English Encyclopedia by George Kearsley. Modern globes are often made from thermoplastic . Flat, plastic disks are printed with a distorted map of one of the Earth's hemispheres . This is placed in a machine which molds the disk into a hemispherical shape. The hemisphere

6270-544: The library, and began purchasing scientific equipment including the Rittenhouse orrery , many maps, and a terrestrial globe . Witherspoon instituted numerous reforms, including modeling the syllabus and university structure after that used at the University of Edinburgh and other Scottish universities. He also firmed up entrance requirements, which helped the school compete with Harvard and Yale for scholars. Witherspoon personally taught courses in eloquence or belles lettres, chronology (history), and divinity. However, none

6365-430: The majority of mixed ancestry, and because areas where people reported "American" ancestry were the places where, historically, Scottish and Scotch-Irish Protestants settled in North America (that is: along the North American coast, Appalachia , and the Southeastern United States ). Scottish Americans descended from nineteenth-century Scottish emigrants tend to be concentrated in the West, while many in New England are

6460-417: The medium of print rather than aurally, explaining the presence of Highland-origin tunes in regions like Appalachia where there was essentially no Highland settlement. Outside of Gaelic-speaking communities, however, characteristic Highland musical idioms, such as the “Scotch-snap,” were flattened out and assimilated into anglophone musical styles. Some African American communities were influenced musically by

6555-399: The new nation's development included James Madison , Aaron Burr , Philip Freneau , William Bradford , and Hugh Henry Brackenridge . From among his students came 37 judges (three of whom became justices of the U.S. Supreme Court ); 10 Cabinet officers; 12 members of the Continental Congress , 28 U.S. Senators , and 49 U.S. Congressmen . Although Witherspoon can be heavily credited in

6650-452: The nineteenth century were Washington Irving , James Fenimore Cooper , Edgar Allan Poe and Herman Melville . Poet James Mackintosh Kennedy was called to Scotland to deliver the official poem for the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn in 1914. In the twentieth century, Margaret Mitchell 's Gone With the Wind exemplified popular literature. William Faulkner won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949. There have been

6745-469: The principles of Adam Smith and Thomas Reid , of individual interest governed by common sense and a limited need for government." John Witherspoon and James Wilson were the two Scots to sign the Declaration of Independence, and several other signers had ancestors there. Other Founding Father like James Madison had no ancestral connection but were imbued with ideas drawn from Scottish moral philosophy. Scottish Americans who made major contributions to

6840-427: The public morals. However, in this framework, non-Christian societies could have virtue, which, by his definition, could be found in natural law. Witherspoon, in accordance with the Scottish moral sense philosophy, taught that all human beings, Christian or otherwise, could be virtuous, but he was nonetheless committed to Christianity as the only route to personal salvation. Witherspoon owned slaves and lectured against

6935-648: The revolutionary war included Commodore John Paul Jones , the "Father of the American Navy", and Generals Henry Knox and William Alexander . Another person of note was a personal friend of George Washington, General Hugh Mercer , who fought for Charles Edward Stuart at the Battle of Culloden . The Scotch-Irish, who had already begun to settle beyond the Proclamation Line in the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys , were drawn into rebellion as war spread to

7030-715: The same lens as his Scottish Covenanters . Soon, Witherspoon came to support the American Revolution , joining the New Jersey Committee of Correspondence and Safety in early 1774. His 1776 sermon "The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men" was published in many editions, and he was elected to the Continental Congress as part of the New Jersey delegation. In Congress, he was appointed congressional chaplain, and in July 1776, he voted to adopt

7125-552: The sitting committees, the board of peace and the committee on public correspondence or common affairs. He spoke often in concurrence; helped draft the Articles of Confederation ; helped organize the executive departments; played a major role in shaping public policy; and drew up the instructions for the peace commissioners. He fought against the flood of paper money and opposed the issuance of bonds without provision for their amortization. "No business can be done, some say, because money

7220-545: The small Presbyterian College of New Jersey in Princeton. Thus, Witherspoon and his family emigrated to New Jersey in 1768. At the age of 45, he became the sixth president of the college, later known as Princeton University . Upon his arrival, Witherspoon found the school in debt, with weak instruction, and a library collection which clearly failed to meet student needs. He immediately began fund-raising—locally and back home in Scotland—added three hundred of his own books to

7315-519: The sons of William C Davidson (1846–1923) who was born and grew up in Angus, Scotland , and Margaret Adams McFarlane (1843–1933) of Scottish descent from the small Scottish settlement of Cambridge, Wisconsin . They raised five children together: Janet May, William A., Walter , Arthur and Elizabeth. Scottish Americans have made a major contribution to the U.S. aircraft industry . Alexander Graham Bell , in partnership with Samuel Pierpont Langley , built

7410-522: The stars as if the viewer were looking down upon the sky as a globe that surrounds the earth. The sphericity of the Earth was established by Greek astronomy in the 3rd century BC, and the earliest terrestrial globe appeared from that period. The earliest known example is the one constructed by Crates of Mallus in Cilicia (now Çukurova in modern-day Turkey), in the mid-2nd century BC. No terrestrial globes from Antiquity have survived. An example of

7505-473: The state of religion in the Scottish Kirk. Like Benedict Pictet (1655–1724), Witherspoon held firmly to the tenets of confessional Calvinism . And like Pictet, Witherspoon was eager to show that the truths of supernatural revelation could be squared with reason. His aim as a minister was to defend and articulate traditional Scottish Presbyterian theology, without altering or disguising it. Witherspoon

7600-477: The state of society in America and the progress of the idea of universal liberty gave little reason to believe that there would be any slaves at all in America in 28 years' time, and precipitation therefore might do more harm than good. Witherspoon was firmly grounded in the Reformed tradition of High to Late Orthodoxy, embedded in the transatlantic Evangelical Awakening of the eighteenth century, and frustrated by

7695-574: The statue on the basis that it is a distraction to the university's mission and makes community members uncomfortable because of Witherspoon's racist history. The petitions suggests replacing the statue with "an informational plaque which details both the positive and negative aspects of Witherspoon's legacy." Long wary of the power of the British Crown , Witherspoon saw the growing centralization of government, progressive ideology of colonial authorities, and establishment of episcopacy authority as

7790-511: The struggles and 'forced exile' of Jacobites and Highland clansmen in popular media, Scottish migration was mostly from the Lowland regions and its pressures included poverty and land clearance but also the variety of positive economic opportunities believed to be available. The table shows the ethnic Scottish population in the British colonies from 1700 to 1775. In 1700 the total population of

7885-620: The top percentage of Scottish or Scotch-Irish residents: As of 2020, the distribution of Scottish Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table. The first Scots in North America came with the Vikings . A Christian bard from the Hebrides accompanied Bjarni Herjolfsson on his voyage around Greenland in 985/6 which sighted the mainland to the west. The first Scots recorded as having set foot in

7980-664: The west coast, settled in the Thirteen Colonies between 1763 and 1776, the majority of these in their own communities in the South , especially North Carolina , although Scottish individuals and families also began to appear as professionals and artisans in every American town. Scots arriving in Florida and the Gulf Coast traded extensively with Native Americans . Highland Scots started arriving in North America in

8075-584: The widow of Abner Nash , and practiced law in New Bern, North Carolina . Anna, the eldest daughter, married the Reverend Samuel Smith on June 28, 1775. The Reverend Samuel Smith succeeded Dr. Witherspoon as president of Princeton in 1795. Frances, the youngest daughter, married Dr. David Ramsay , a delegate from South Carolina to the Continental Congress, on March 18, 1763. According to Herbert Hovenkamp, Witherspoon's most lasting contribution

8170-520: The world speed record in 1900. In 1903, he became the first man to drive across the United States. David Dunbar Buick , another Scottish emigrant, founded Buick in 1903. The Scottish-born William Blackie transformed the Caterpillar Tractor Company into a multinational corporation. Harley-Davidson Inc (formerly HDI ), often abbreviated "H-D" or "Harley", is an American motorcycle manufacturer. The Davidson brothers were

8265-697: Was a delegate from New Jersey to the Second Continental Congress and a signatory to the July 4, 1776, Declaration of Independence . He was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration. Later, he signed the Articles of Confederation and supported ratification of the Constitution of the United States . In 1789 he was convening moderator of the First General Assembly of

8360-732: Was a proponent of Christian values, his common sense approach to the public morality of civil magistrates was influenced by the ethics of Scottish philosophers Francis Hutcheson and Reid rather than Jonathan Edwards . In regard to civil magistrates, Witherspoon thus believed moral judgment should be pursued as a science. He held to old concepts from the Roman Republic of virtuous leadership by civil magistrates, but he also regularly recommended that his students read such modern philosophers as Machiavelli , Montesquieu , and David Hume , even though he disapproved of Hume's "infidel" stance on religion. Virtue, he argued, could be deduced through

8455-557: Was common all over Protestant Britain in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and that it is far more likely that Gospel music originated with English psalm singing. The first foreign tongue spoken by some slaves in America was Scottish Gaelic picked up from Gaelic-speaking immigrants from the Scottish Highlands and Western Isles. There are accounts of African Americans singing Gaelic songs and playing Scottish Gaelic music on bagpipes and fiddle. The civic tradition of

8550-565: Was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1789 Scottish Americans Scottish Americans or Scots Americans ( Scottish Gaelic : Ameireaganaich Albannach ; Scots : Scots-American ) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland . Scottish Americans are closely related to Scotch-Irish Americans , descendants of Ulster Scots , and communities emphasize and celebrate

8645-575: Was found in 2012 and is believed to date from 1504. It may be the oldest globe to show the New World . Stefaan Missine, who analyzed the globe for the Washington Map Society journal Portolan , said it was "part of an important European collection for decades." After a year of research in which he consulted many experts, Missine concluded the Hunt–Lenox Globe was a copper cast of the egg globe. A facsimile globe showing America

8740-682: Was made by Martin Waldseemüller in 1507. Another "remarkably modern-looking" terrestrial globe of the Earth was constructed by Taqi al-Din at the Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din during the 1570s. The world's first seamless celestial globe was built by Mughal scientists under the patronage of Jahangir . Globus IMP , electro-mechanical devices including five-inch globes have been used in Soviet and Russian spacecraft from 1961 to 2002 as navigation instruments. In 2001,

8835-465: Was more important than moral philosophy (a required course). An advocate of natural law within a Christian and republican cosmology, Witherspoon considered moral philosophy vital for ministers, lawyers, and those holding positions in government ( magistrates ). Firm but good-humored in his leadership, Witherspoon was very popular among both faculty and students. Witherspoon had been a prominent evangelical Presbyterian minister in Scotland before accepting

8930-515: Was responsible for its reconstruction after the war, which caused him great personal and financial difficulty. In 1780 he was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Somerset County . At age 68, he married a 24-year-old widow, with whom he had two more children. Witherspoon suffered eye injuries and was blind by 1792. He died in 1794 on his farm Tusculum , just outside Princeton, and

9025-469: Was the initiation of the Scottish common sense realism , which he had learned by reading Thomas Reid and two of his expounders Dugald Stewart and James Beattie . At the College of New Jersey, Witherspoon revised the moral philosophy curriculum, strengthened the college's commitment to natural philosophy, and positioned Princeton in the larger transatlantic world of the republic of letters. Witherspoon

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