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57-495: Senator Hiram Johnson sponsored the Act that included a passage that forbade loans to nations in default on their debts. On May 5, 1934, Attorney General Cummings rendered an opinion on the meaning of the terms "default" and "partial default" used in the Act. He held that Czechoslovakia , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , Great Britain and Canada were not in default, despite the fact only Canada had paid its debts, and Soviet Russia

114-399: A criminal defense lawyer, while becoming active in reform politics. He attracted statewide attention in 1908 when he assisted District Attorney Francis J. Heney in the prosecution of Abe Ruef and Mayor Eugene Schmitz for graft. After Heney was shot in the courtroom during an attempted assassination, Johnson took the lead for the prosecution and won the case . In 1910, Johnson won

171-610: A state railroad commission. On taking office, Johnson paroled Chris Evans , convicted as the Southern Pacific train bandit, but required that he leave California. Although initially opposed to the bill, Johnson gave in to political pressure and supported the California Alien Land Law of 1913 , which prevented Asian immigrants from owning land in the state (they were already excluded from naturalized citizenship because of their race). In 1912, Johnson

228-424: A statement of intent and evidence that the statement actually reflected the views of several of the legislators who voted for the bill (as opposed to just one). The most sought-after legislative committee appointments are to governance and finance, business and professions, and health. These are sometimes called "juice" committees, because membership in these committees often aids the campaign fundraising efforts of

285-611: Is named in his honor. California State Legislature 38°34′36″N 121°29′36″W  /  38.576572°N 121.493411°W  / 38.576572; -121.493411 The California State Legislature is the bicameral state legislature of the U.S. state of California , consisting of the California State Assembly ( lower house with 80 members) and the California State Senate ( upper house with 40 members). Both houses of

342-511: The 1910 California gubernatorial election with the backing of the progressive Lincoln–Roosevelt League . He instituted several progressive reforms , establishing a railroad commission and introducing aspects of direct democracy , such as the power to recall state officials. Having joined with Theodore Roosevelt and other progressives to form the Progressive Party, Johnson won the party's 1912 vice-presidential nomination. In one of

399-801: The California State Capitol in Sacramento. Members of the Assembly are elected from 80 districts and serve two-year terms . All 80 Assembly seats are subject to election every two years. Members of the Senate are elected from 40 districts and serve four-year terms . Every two years, one half of the Senate (20 seats) is subject to election, with odd-numbered districts up for election during presidential elections , and even-numbered districts up for election during midterm elections . Term limits were initially established in 1990 following

456-693: The Chi Phi Fraternity . After his admission to the bar in 1888, Johnson practiced in Sacramento with his brother Albert as the firm of Johnson & Johnson. When the State Bar of California was organized in 1927, William H. Waste , the Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court , was given license number one and Johnson received number two. Both his son, Hiram Jr. and grandson, Hiram III, were later members of

513-457: The public schools of Sacramento and was 16 when he graduated from Sacramento High School in 1882 as the class valedictorian. Too young to begin attending college, Johnson worked as a shorthand reporter and stenographer in his father's law office and attended Heald's Business College . He studied law at the University of California, Berkeley from 1884 to 1886, where he was a member of

570-614: The 1924 Republican nomination against President Calvin Coolidge ; his campaign was derailed after he lost the California primary. Johnson declined to challenge Herbert Hoover for the 1928 presidential nomination, instead choosing to seek re-election to the Senate. In the 1932 United States presidential election , Johnson broke with President Hoover. He was one of the most prominent Republicans to support Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt . During Roosevelt's first term, Johnson supported

627-518: The 1990s. Since 1993, the Legislature has hosted a web or FTP site in one form or another. The current website contains the text of all statutes, all bills, the text of all versions of the bills, all the committee analyses of bills, all the votes on bills in committee or on the floor, and veto messages from the governor. Before then, committees occasionally published reports for significant bills, but most bills were not important enough to justify

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684-463: The 2017–2018 session to require a vote. Across the country, pocket veto powers are not uncommon in legislatures; in Colorado, the power was notably repealed in a citizen initiative constitutional amendment in 1988 driven by various reform groups. A bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law . An Assembly Bill (AB) is one introduced in the Assembly; a Senate Bill (SB), in

741-545: The Assembly are two years. New legislators convene each new two-year session, to organize, in the Assembly and Senate chambers, respectively, at noon on the first Monday in December following the election. After the organizational meeting, both houses are in recess until the first Monday in January, except when the first Monday is January 1 or January 1 is a Sunday, in which case they meet the following Wednesday. Aside from

798-478: The California Channel and local Public-access television cable TV . Due to the expense and the obvious political downside , California did not keep verbatim records of actual speeches made by members of the Assembly and Senate until the video feed began. As a result, reconstructing legislative intent outside of an act 's preamble is extremely difficult in California for legislation passed before

855-496: The California State Bar. In addition to practicing law, Johnson was active in politics as a Republican, including supporting his father's campaigns. In 1899, Johnson backed the mayoral campaign of George H. Clark. Clark won, and when he took office in 1900, he named Johnson as city attorney. In 1902, Johnson moved to San Francisco , where he quickly developed a reputation as a fearless litigator, primarily as

912-581: The California State Legislature. The Assembly consists of 62 Democrats and 17 Republicans , while the Senate is composed of 31 Democrats and 9 Republicans. Except for a brief period from 1995 to 1996, the Assembly has been in Democratic hands since the 1970 election. The Senate has been under Democratic control since 1970, except for a brief period from 1973 to 1975. Article IV of the 1849 California Constitution prescribed that

969-623: The Committees on Cuban Relations (Sixty-sixth Congress), Patents (Sixty-seventh Congress), Immigration (Sixty-eighth through Seventy-first Congresses), Territories and Insular Possessions (Sixty-eighth Congress), and Commerce (Seventy-first and Seventy-second Congresses). In the Senate, Johnson helped push through the Immigration Act of 1924 , having worked with Valentine S. McClatchy and other anti-Japanese lobbyists to prohibit Japanese and other East Asian immigrants from entering

1026-824: The Golden State. Then it was put on the ballot for ratification. A coalition of insurance companies took out an ad in The Chronicle, warning it "would spell social ruin to the United States." Every voter in the state, as recounted in a recent issue of the New Yorker, "received in the mail a pamphlet with a picture of the Kaiser and the words 'Born in Germany. Do you want it in California?'" The ballot measure failed, 27%-73%. In 1916, Johnson ran successfully for

1083-606: The Legislature convene at the California State Capitol in Sacramento . The California State Legislature is one of ten full-time state legislatures in the United States . The houses are distinguished by the colors of the carpet and trim of each house: the Senate uses red and the Assembly uses green, inspired by the United Kingdom 's House of Lords and House of Commons respectively. The Democratic Party currently holds veto-proof supermajorities in both houses of

1140-558: The Republican presidential nomination in 1920 and 1924 . Although he supported Democratic nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election and many of the New Deal programs, by November 1936 he had become hostile to Roosevelt, whom he viewed as a potential dictator. He remained in the Senate until his death in 1945. Hiram Johnson was born in Sacramento on September 2, 1866. His father, Grove Lawrence Johnson ,

1197-632: The Senate Foreign Relations Committee, made by British scholar Isaiah Berlin for his Foreign Office , stated that Johnson: In 1945, Johnson was absent when the vote took place for ratification of the United Nations Charter , but made it known that he would have voted against this outcome. Senators Henrik Shipstead and William Langer were the only ones to cast votes opposing ratification. Following Theodore Roosevelt's death in January 1919, Johnson

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1254-419: The Senate. Bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house. For example, AB 16 refers to the 16th bill introduced in the Assembly. The numbering starts afresh each session. There may be one or more "extraordinary" sessions. The bill numbering starts again for each of these. For example, the third bill introduced in the Assembly for the second extraordinary session is ABX2 3. The name of

1311-625: The State Senate. The proceedings of the California State Legislature are briefly summarized in regularly published journals, which show votes and who proposed or withdrew what. Reports produced by California executive agencies, as well as the Legislature, were published in the Appendices to the Journals from 1849 to 1970. Since the 1990s, the legislature has provided a live video feed for its sessions, and has been broadcast state-wide on

1368-517: The U.S. Senate, defeating conservative Democrat George S. Patton Sr. and took office on March 16, 1917. Johnson was elected as a staunch opponent of American entry into World War I , but voted in favor of war after his election. He allegedly said, "The first casualty when war comes is truth." However, this quote may be apocryphal. He voted against the League of Nations during his first term. During his Senate career, Johnson served as chairman of

1425-495: The United States. In the early 1920s, the motion picture industry sought to establish a self-regulatory process to fend off official censorship. Senator Johnson was among three candidates identified to head a new group, alongside Herbert Hoover and Will H. Hays . Hays, who had managed President Harding's 1920 campaign, was ultimately named to head the new Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America in early 1922. As Senator, Johnson proved extremely popular. In 1934, he

1482-771: The army. Hiram Jr. was a veteran of World War I , and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Army Air Corps while stationed at Fort Mason in San Francisco during World War II . Archie Johnson was a major of field artillery corps and was wounded in action during the First World War. Having served in the Senate for almost thirty years, Johnson died of a cerebral thrombosis at the Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland , on August 6, 1945,

1539-504: The author, the legislator who introduced the bill, becomes part of the title of the bill. The legislative procedure , is divided into distinct stages: From December 4, 2023, members of the California State Legislature receive an annual salary of $ 128,215. The Assembly Speaker, Senate President pro tempore, and minority floor leaders receive salaries of $ 147,446. Majority floor leaders and second ranking minority leaders receive salaries of $ 137,832. As of 2023, California legislators are paid

1596-440: The best third-party performances in U.S. history, the ticket finished second nationally in the popular and electoral votes. Johnson was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1916, becoming a leader of the chamber's Progressive Republicans. He made his biggest mark in the Senate as an early voice for isolationism but voted for U.S. entry into World War I . He opposed U.S. participation in the League of Nations . He unsuccessfully sought

1653-405: The broader membership. In California, as of 2019 this was governed by Senate Rule 28 which requires 21 members and Assembly Rule 96(a) which requires 41 members; the procedure was notably used in 1998. In 2019, a rule change in the Assembly allowed committee chairs to avoid considering bills, which effectively kills the proposal. A proposed amendment to the constitution (ACA-23 ) was proposed for

1710-415: The committee members because powerful lobbying groups want to donate to members of these committees. The legislature can " pocket veto " laws by avoiding consideration and thus avoiding a vote. The Appropriations "Suspense File", which was created in the mid-1980s, is a popular way to avoid a vote. When a committee refuses to vote a bill out of committee, a discharge petition can typically be passed by

1767-478: The driving force behind the direct democratic process for removal of elected officials was revisited in the media and by the general public during the successful 2003 California recall election of Democratic governor Gray Davis . Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger , the eventual winner, referred to Johnson's progressive legacy in his campaign speeches. Johnson's stature in fostering the California recall and ballot initiative direct democratic processes again surfaced in

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1824-457: The expense of printing and distributing a report to archives and law libraries across the state. For bills lacking such a formal committee report, the only way to discover legislative intent is to access the state archives in Sacramento and manually review the files of relevant legislators, legislative committees, and the Governor's Office from the relevant time period, in the hope of finding

1881-521: The government and to make the public service of the State responsive solely to the people." Committed to "arm the people to protect themselves" against such abuses, Johnson proposed amending the state Constitution with "the initiative, the referendum and the recall." All three of these progressive reforms were enacted during his governorship, forever guaranteeing Johnson's stature as the preeminent progressive reformer of California politics. His contribution as

1938-548: The gubernatorial election as a member of the Lincoln–Roosevelt League , a Progressive Republican movement, running on a platform opposed to the Southern Pacific Railroad . During his campaign, he toured the state in an open automobile, covering thousands of miles and visiting small communities throughout California that were inaccessible by rail. Johnson helped establish rules that made voting and

1995-418: The initiative, the referendum and the recall are the panacea for all our political ills," Johnson extolled in his 1911 inaugural address, "they do give to the electorate the power of action when desired, and they do place in the hands of the people the means by which they may protect themselves." Johnson was also instrumental in reining in the power of the Southern Pacific Railroad through the establishment of

2052-474: The legislative power of the state is invested in an Assembly and a Senate which was to be designated as the Legislature of the State of California. Sessions were required to be annual and began on the first Monday of the January after the previous election unless if the Governor called an extraordinary session by proclamation . The terms of Assembly members lasted for one year while the terms of Senators lasted for two years. The 1849 Constitution did not prescribe

2109-410: The legislature from establishing a corporation with a special act (similar to a private bill ), Section 34 prohibited the legislature from granting a charter "for banking purposes" while Section 35 required the legislature to enact a statute which prohibited any person or corporation from "..exercising the privileges of banking or creating paper to circulate as money", and Section 38 required all votes in

2166-413: The legislature to be conducted via voice vote. In its original form, Article IV of the 1879 California Constitution structured the legislature in a similar way to the 1849 Constitution. However, the 1879 Constitution explicitly stated that the Senate has 40 members and that the Assembly has 80 members. The constitution also explicitly provides that Senators terms are four years and the terms of members of

2223-475: The longest serving Republican senator and the longest serving male senator from California. The Hiram Johnson papers, consisting primarily of hundreds of letters that Johnson wrote to his two sons over the course of decades, and that his son, Hiram Jr. donated in 1955, reside at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley . Hiram Johnson High School in Sacramento, California

2280-578: The media during the unsuccessful 2021 California recall election of Democratic governor Gavin Newsom . On August 25, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger and his wife, Maria Shriver , announced that Johnson would be one of 13 inducted into the California Hall of Fame that year. Johnson held the record as California's longest-serving United States Senator for over 75 years, until it was broken by Democrat Dianne Feinstein on March 28, 2021. He remains

2337-481: The passage of Proposition 140. In June 2012, voters approved Proposition 28, which limits legislators to a maximum of 12 years, without regard to whether they serve those years in the State Assembly or the State Senate. Legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012, are restricted by the previous term limits, approved in 1990, which limited legislators to three terms in the State Assembly and two terms in

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2394-418: The political process easier. For example, he established rules to facilitate recalls. This measure was used to remove Governor Gray Davis from office in 2003 and to enable an unsuccessful effort to remove Governor Gavin Newsom in 2021. In office, Johnson was a populist who promoted a number of democratic reforms: the election of U.S. Senators by direct popular vote rather than the state legislature (which

2451-794: The president's New Deal economic recovery package and frequently " crossed the floor " to aid the Democrats. By late 1936, he was convinced that Roosevelt was a dangerous would-be dictator. Although in poor health, Johnson attacked Roosevelt and the New Deal following the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 , the president's " court-packing " attempt. In January 1886, Johnson married Minne L. McNeal (1869–1947). The couple had two sons: Hiram W. "Jack" Johnson Jr. (1886–1959), and Archibald "Archie" McNeal Johnson (1890–1933). Both sons practiced law in California and served in

2508-632: The recess, the legislature is in session year-round. Since California was given official statehood by the U.S. on September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 , the state capital was variously San Jose (1850–1851), Vallejo (1852–1853) and Benicia (1853–1854), until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854. The first Californian State House was originally a hotel in San Jose owned by businessman Pierre "Don Pedro" Sainsevain and his associates. The State Legislature currently meets in

2565-536: The same day as the US- conducted atomic bombing of Hiroshima . He had been in failing health for several months. He was interred in a mausoleum at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California and his remains are interred with those of his wife, Minne, and two sons. During his first term gubernatorial inaugural address on January 3, 1911, Johnson declared that his first duty was "to eliminate every private interest from

2622-761: The second highest salary of any state. Senators receive per diem of $ 211 and Assembly members receive per diem of $ 214. The Neighborhood Legislature Reform Act In July 23, 2015, then former Republican presidential primary candidate John Cox submitted a ballot measure named "The Neighborhood Legislature Reform Act" which proposed that the Legislature's districts be subdivided into "neighborhood districts" of approximately 5000 people within each Assembly district and 10000 people within each Senate district. The representatives of these "neighborhood districts" within each district would then elect 40 Senate members and 80 Assembly members by majority vote. It has been argued that while this proposal would make it easier for citizens to get

2679-471: The size of either house, but it did require that the Senate was to be composed of no less than one third but no more than one half of the number of members in the Assembly, with half of the Senators being up for election each year while requiring the legislature to fix the number of Senators and Assemblymembers, with there to be no less than 24 and no more than 36 members in the Assembly until the population of

2736-425: The state reached 100,000 residents, upon which the number of members in the Assembly was to be no less than 36 and no more than 80. Legislative districts were to be apportioned among the "several counties and districts" according to the white population of said areas. Section 25 imposed a single-subject rule on legislative bills, Section 26 prohibited the legislature from granting a divorce , Section 31 prohibited

2793-459: The strongest for any third party in American history. Johnson was re-elected governor of California in 1914 as the Progressive Party candidate, gaining nearly twice the votes of his Republican opponent John D. Fredericks . In 1917, as one of his final acts as governor before ascending to the U.S. Senate, Johnson signed Senate Constitutional Amendment 26, providing health insurance for all in

2850-424: Was a founder of the national Progressive Party and ran as the party's vice presidential candidate, sharing a ticket with former President Theodore Roosevelt . Roosevelt and Johnson narrowly carried California but finished second nationally behind the Democratic ticket of Woodrow Wilson and Thomas R. Marshall . Their second-place finish, ahead of incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft , remains among

2907-430: Was a leading critic of the foreign policy of both Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Johnson was born in 1866 and worked as a stenographer and reporter before embarking on a legal career in his hometown of Sacramento . After he moved to San Francisco , he worked as an assistant district attorney and gained statewide renown for his prosecutions of public corruption. On the back of this popularity, Johnson won

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2964-415: Was an American attorney and politician who served as the 23rd governor of California from 1911 to 1917 and represented California in the U.S. Senate for five terms from 1917 to 1945. Johnson achieved national prominence in the early 20th century as a leading progressive and ran for vice president on Theodore Roosevelt 's Progressive ticket in the 1912 presidential election . As a U.S. senator, Johnson

3021-639: Was an attorney and Republican U.S. Representative and a member of the California State Legislature whose career was marred by accusations of election fraud and graft. His mother, Mabel Ann "Annie" Williamson De Montfredy, was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution based on her descent from Pierre Van Cortlandt and Philip Van Cortlandt . Johnson had one brother and three sisters. Johnson attended

3078-458: Was in default. The Act is again relevant now if Venezuela withdraws from the IMF and World Bank (as it says it is doing) and is in default in payment of its obligations "to the United States." This United States federal legislation article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hiram Johnson Hiram Warren Johnson (September 2, 1866 – August 6, 1945)

3135-499: Was later ratified nationwide by a constitutional amendment), cross-filing , initiative , referendum , and recall elections . Johnson's reforms gave California a degree of direct democracy unmatched by any other U.S. state at the time. When he took office, amid rampant corruption, the Southern Pacific Railroad held so much power it was known as the fourth branch of government. "While I do not by any means believe

3192-509: Was re-elected with 94.5 percent of the popular vote; he was nominated by both the Republican and Democratic parties and his only opponent was Socialist George Ross Kirkpatrick . Johnson was a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee continuously for 25 years, from the 66th Congress (1919–21) through the 78th Congress (1943–44) and one of its longest serving members. In 1943, a confidential analysis of

3249-454: Was the most prominent leader in the surviving progressive movement; the Progressive Party of 1912 was dead. In 1920, he ran for the Republican nomination for president but was defeated by conservative Senator Warren Harding . Johnson did not get the support of Roosevelt's family, who instead supported Roosevelt's long-time friend Leonard Wood . At the convention, Johnson was asked to serve as Harding's running mate but he declined. Johnson sought

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