68°N 20°E / 68°N 20°E / 68; 20
121-875: A joik or yoik (anglicised, where the latter spelling in English conforms with the pronunciation; also named luohti , vuolle , vuelie , or juoiggus in the Sámi languages ) is a traditional form of song in Sámi music performed by the Sámi people of Sapmi in Northern Europe . A performer of joik is called a joikaaja (in Finnish), a joiker (in Norwegian, and anglicised) or jojkare (in Swedish). Originally, joik referred to only one of several Sami singing styles, but in English
242-437: A flower, but depicts the flower itself). Traditionally, joiks have short lyrics or no lyrics at all. However, there are other forms of joik (in the expanded sense of the word) that have a more epic type of lyrics. Joik is traditionally chanted a cappella , but in modern times may be accompanied by a drum (though not a Sami drum , which is used for ceremonial purposes only) or other musical instruments . The tonality of joik
363-595: A joik of the Aurora , and that the Sami do not talk much about them. Joiking encompasses different styles: Leuʹdd , known from the Skolt Sámi tradition is not a variant of joik, but a rather different kind of singing. Some of the Sami people's traditional Noaidi beliefs and practices shared important features with those of some Siberian cultures . Some of their joiks were sung during shamanistic rites, and this memory
484-432: A particle depends on the particle's pitch angle : the angle between its direction of motion and the local magnetic field. An aurora is created by processes that decrease the pitch angle of many individual electrons, freeing them from the magnetic trap and causing them to hit the atmosphere. In the case of diffuse auroras, the electron pitch angles are altered by their interaction with various plasma waves . Each interaction
605-452: A region of greater field strength nearer to the atmosphere. Thus, it is possible for some particles to return, or mirror, if the angle becomes 90° before entering the atmosphere to collide with the denser molecules there. Other particles that do not mirror enter the atmosphere and contribute to the auroral display over a range of altitudes. Other types of auroras have been observed from space; for example, "poleward arcs" stretching sunward across
726-413: A result, it became easier for Sami artistes and producers to gain funding for their projects, with over 40 albums and cassettes of Sami and joik music released in that period. Sources of funding included not only private investors, but also the Norwegian and Swedish culture boards. This led to an unprecedented commercialization of Sami music, as well as the performance of joiking, which was a crucial focus of
847-457: A revival and growing appeal of infusing traditional Sami musical practices with modern-day music. In addition, the 1970s proved to be a fruitful period for the Sami people and joik music in particular, with what academics have coined the "joik renaissance". Specifically, the emergence of Sami-owned record company, Jårgalæddji, in Norway, that resulted from a collaboration between Sami musicians. As
968-563: A song predominantly sung in Norwegian and interwoven with joiking in its chorus. Subsequently, this song has been occasionally used as a game chant by Norwegian football fans, as well as British fans from the Accrington Stanley F.C. Furthermore, an uncredited sample of this song was featured in the 2011 science-fiction horror film The Thing . The Norwegian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019, " Spirit in
1089-513: A southward component of the IMF, which can then directly connect to the high latitude geomagnetic field lines. The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is mainly from the magnetotail toward Earth, around Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side. In addition to moving perpendicular to Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travels down along Earth's magnetic field lines, gains additional energy and loses it to
1210-479: A total ban against music other than [church] hymns in the churches in Kautokeino and Maze . The proposal was shot down, but many still wonder why joiking in church is such a controversial issue". Despite this suppression, joiking was strongly rooted in the culture and its tradition was maintained. Joiking is still practiced and is used as a source of inspiration. Recently, joiks are sung in two different styles:
1331-449: A traditional style, known as the "mumbling" style; and a modern style sung mostly by young people, and used as an element in contemporary Sami music. The joik is a unique form of cultural expression for the Sami people in Sápmi . This type of song can be deeply personal or spiritual in nature, often dedicated to a human being, an animal, or a landscape as a personal signature. Improvisation
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#17327824091111452-501: A velocity typically around 400 km/s, a density of around 5 ions/cm and a magnetic field intensity of around 2–5 nT (for comparison, Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). During magnetic storms , in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger. Joan Feynman deduced in the 1970s that the long-term averages of solar wind speed correlated with geomagnetic activity. Her work resulted from data collected by
1573-535: A year. These factors combined can lead to minor cyclical changes in the detailed way that the IMF links to the magnetosphere. In turn, this affects the average probability of opening a door through which energy from the solar wind can reach Earth's inner magnetosphere and thereby enhance auroras. Recent evidence in 2021 has shown that individual separate substorms may in fact be correlated networked communities. Just as there are many types of aurora, there are many different mechanisms that accelerate auroral particles into
1694-696: Is Bådåddjo or Bodø. The current county governor is Mariette Korsrud from the Norwegian Labour Party . The southernmost parts of Norwegian Sapmi lie in Trøndelag county (mostly the northern part of the county). The administrative centre is Steinkjer . The largest city in Trøndelag is Trondheim . Trondheim is outside Sápmi but is well known for being the site of the first international Sami conference in February 1917. The county governor
1815-534: Is Frank Jenssen from the Conservative Party . Lapland is a large northwestern province of Sweden , wholly within Sápmi. The traditional provinces of Sweden are cultural and historical entities; for administrative and political purposes they were replaced by the counties of Sweden (län) in 1634. Five counties are wholly or partially within Sápmi. Län is formally governed by the landshövding , who
1936-506: Is Lake Inari in Finnish Lapland. The extreme northeastern section lies within the tundra region, but it does not have permafrost . In the 19th century, scientific expeditions to Sápmi were undertaken, for instance by Jöns Svanberg . The climate is subarctic / tundra and vegetation is sparse, except in the densely forested southern portion. The mountainous west coast has significantly milder winters and more precipitation than
2057-652: Is a Saami Council based on Saami organisations. This council also organises interstate cooperation between the Saami, and also often represents the Saami in international fora such as the Barents Region . This organisation is older than the Parliamentary Council, but not connected to the parliaments except that some of the NGOs double as party lists in Sami parliament elections. The Russian side of Sápmi
2178-407: Is an area of fjords , deep valleys, glaciers and mountains, the highest point being Mount Kebnekaise (2,111 m [6,926 ft]). The Swedish part of Sápmi is characterized by great rivers running from the northwest to the southeast. From the former Norwegian county of Troms and Finnmark and eastward, the terrain is that of a low plateau with many marshes and lakes, the largest of which
2299-400: Is an envoy of the government and runs the government-appointed länsstyrelse that coordinates administration with national political goals for the county. Much of county politics is run by the county council or landsting , which is elected by the inhabitants of the county; but the counties' top positions are still determined by those who win the general elections of Sweden. Norrbotten County
2420-457: Is based on the Western dialect. It is difficult to give estimates of inhabitants since Sápmi is not precisely defined. It is also difficult to account for the distribution of ethnic groups as many people have double or multiple ethnic identities—both seeing themselves as members of the majority population and being part of one or more minority groups. Different criteria are set when calculating
2541-400: Is called the "auroral oval". The oval is displaced by the solar wind, pushing it about 15° away from the geomagnetic pole (not the geographic pole) in the noon direction and 23° away in the midnight direction. The peak equatorward extent of the oval is displaced slightly from geographic midnight. It is centered about 3–5° nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward
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#17327824091112662-503: Is conserved also in a folklore text (a shaman story). As in various cultures of Northern Asia , mimicking sounds from nature can also be present. Even though joiking is a traditional form of singing, it has found its way into modern-day pop culture through adaptation and commercialization by various artists. One notable example is the 1980 Norwegian entry " Sámiid ædnan " for the Eurovision Song Contest , which features
2783-423: Is considered one of the centres of Sámi culture, and because of that, it is also widely known as the "capital of Sámi culture ". Sápmi (and corresponding terms in other Sami languages) refers to both the Sami land and the Sami people. The word "Sámi" is the accusative-genitive form of the noun "Sápmi"—making the name's ( Sámi olbmot ) meaning "people of Sápmi". The origin of the word is speculated to be related to
2904-616: Is elected by a general vote which all registered Sámi citizens of Sweden may attend. The current president is Lars-Anders Baer. Voting for elections to the Sámi Parliament of Finland is restricted to inhabitants of the Sámi Domicile Area . The Parliament is in Inari ( Inari Sami : Aanaar ), and its current president is Tuomas Aslak Juuso . In Russia, there is no Sámi Parliament. Two Sámi organisations are members of
3025-443: Is essentially wave-particle scattering ; the electron energy after interacting with the wave is similar to its energy before interaction, but the direction of motion is altered. If the final direction of motion after scattering is close to the field line (specifically, if it falls within the loss cone ) then the electron will hit the atmosphere. Diffuse auroras are caused by the collective effect of many such scattered electrons hitting
3146-444: Is generally accompanied by decreasing peak emission heights of about 8 km for blue and green emissions and above average solar wind speeds ( c. 500 km/s ). In addition, the aurora and associated currents produce a strong radio emission around 150 kHz known as auroral kilometric radiation (AKR), discovered in 1972. Ionospheric absorption makes AKR only observable from space. X-ray emissions, originating from
3267-520: Is induced within the conductor. The strength of the current depends on a) the rate of relative motion, b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion. Dynamos make use of this basic process ("the dynamo effect "), any and all conductors, solid or otherwise are so affected, including plasmas and other fluids. The IMF originates on
3388-502: Is known as either "Sapmi" or "Sameland". In older Swedish, it was known as " Lappmarken " or "Lappland". Norwegian Sápmi was historically called Finnmǫrk , a name used for the modern county Finnmark that covers key parts of historical Sápmi. Some English language sources have transferred Lapland (or Lappland) to areas in Norway notably in the context of tourism marketing. Originally these names referred to all of Sápmi, but subsequently became applied to areas exclusively inhabited by
3509-484: Is more effectively transferred by the temporary magnetic connection between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere. Unsurprisingly this process is known as magnetic reconnection . As already mentioned, it happens most readily when the interplanetary field is directed southward, in a similar direction to the geomagnetic field in the inner regions of both the north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole . Auroras are more frequent and brighter during
3630-570: Is mostly pentatonic , but joikers are at liberty to use any tones they please. In northern Sami areas, most joiks are personal, that is, tied to a specific person. A joik is often made for a person at the time he or she is born. British actress Joanna Lumley experienced several joiks during her travel program Joanna Lumley in the Land of the Northern Lights , joining a northern Sami elder. Lumley learned that there appeared not to be
3751-528: Is mostly covered by Sápmi, although the lower Tornedalen region is often excluded. The administrative centre is Luleå in the Julev Sami area (Norrbotten includes North, Julev and Bithun areas). Current landshövding is Per-Ola Eriksson of the Centre Party . Sápmi covers the interior majority of Västerbotten County , which are Ubmeje and South Sami regions. The administrative centre is Umeå , and
Joik - Misplaced Pages Continue
3872-446: Is not unusual. Each joik is meant to reflect a person or place. The Sami verb for presenting a joik (e.g. Northern Sami juoigat ) is a transitive verb , which is often interpreted as indicating that a joik is not a song about the person or place, but that the joiker is attempting to evoke or depict that person or place through song – one joiks one's friend, not about one's friend (similarly to how one doesn't paint or depict about
3993-407: Is regularly derived from ground data and serves as a general measure of auroral activity. Kristian Birkeland deduced that the currents flowed in the east–west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named "auroral electrojets" (see also Birkeland currents ). Ionosphere can contribute to the formation of auroral arcs via
4114-544: Is the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sámi people . Sápmi includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia , also known as the " Cap of the North ". The region stretches over four countries: Norway , Sweden , Finland , and Russia . To the north, it is bounded by the Barents Sea , Norwegian Sea , and White Sea . Lapland ( / ˈ l æ p l æ n d / ) has been a historical term for areas inhabited by
4235-631: Is visible from areas around the Arctic such as Alaska , Canada , Iceland , Greenland , the Faroe Islands , Scandinavia , Finland , Scotland , and Russia . A geomagnetic storm causes the auroral ovals (north and south) to expand, bringing the aurora to lower latitudes. On rare occasions, the aurora borealis can be seen as far south as the Mediterranean and the southern states of the US while
4356-522: Is why there is a color differential with altitude; at high altitudes oxygen red dominates, then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/purple/red, then finally nitrogen blue/purple/red when collisions prevent oxygen from emitting anything. Green is the most common colour. Then comes pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, then yellow (a mixture of red and green), and finally, pure blue. Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from
4477-465: Is within Murmansk Oblast . Oblasts are governed by popularly elected parliaments and formally headed by governors. The governors are nominated by the president of Russia and accepted or rejected by the local parliaments. However, should the parliament refuse to accept the president's nominee, the president is entitled to dissolve parliament and call local elections. Murmansk Oblast covers
4598-472: The Arctic Circle . Its administrative centre is the rural locality of Laplandsky Zapovednik . First established between 1930-1951 and reestablished in 1957, the reserve protects an area of 2,784 km (1,075 sq mi) to the northwest of Lake Imandra , including 86 km of inland water. The counties of Norway are governed by popularly elected assemblies , headed by county mayors. Formally,
4719-481: The Explorer 33 spacecraft. The solar wind and magnetosphere consist of plasma (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known (since Michael Faraday 's work around 1830) that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by ), rather than along , the lines of the magnetic field, an electric current
4840-581: The Julev Sami language, one of the more widely used Sami languages. These correspond to the regions marked 3 through 5 on the map below. South Sápmi consists of the areas south of Saltfjellet and corresponding areas in Sweden and is home to the southern languages. In this area, Sami culture is mostly visible inland and on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and the languages are spoken by few. Corresponds to
4961-572: The Kola peninsula and the Lake Inari region and is home to the eastern Sami languages. While being the most heavily populated part of Sápmi, this is also the region where the Indigenous population and their culture are weakest. Corresponds to the regions marked 6 through 9 on the map below. Central Sápmi consists of the western part of Finland's Sami Domicile Area, the parts of Norway north of
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5082-604: The Saltfjellet mountains and areas on the Swedish side corresponding to this. Central Sápmi is the region where Sami culture is strongest and home to North Sami—the most widely used Sami language. In the southernmost part of this subregion, however, Sami culture is rather weak—this is where the moribund Bithun Sami language is used. The areas around the Tysfjorden fjord in Norway and the river Lule in Sweden are home to
5203-464: The Sami Parliament of Norway and Finnmark's county council. The two institutions appoint leaders of the board alternately. The administrative centre of Finnmárku (Finnmark) is Čáhcesuolu or Vadsø, in the far east of the county. The current county governor is Runar Sjåstad from the Norwegian Labour Party . Romsa (or Troms) county is southwest of Finnmárku. Its administrative centre is
5324-728: The Sami native region of Finnish Lapland many of whom are Sami. Norway, Finland and Sweden all have Sámi Parliaments that to varying degrees are involved in governing the region—though mostly they only have authority over the matters of the Sámi citizens of the states in which they are situated. Every Norwegian citizen registered as a Sámi has the right to vote in the elections for the Sámi Parliament of Norway . Elections are held every four years by direct vote from seven constituencies covering all of Norway (six of which are in Sápmi) and run parallel to
5445-467: The feedback instability under high ionospheric resistance conditions, observed at night time and in dark Winter hemisphere. Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind , a flow of magnetized hot plasma (a gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree temperature of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona . The solar wind reaches Earth with
5566-411: The mesosphere in presence of electron precipitation . Horse-collar auroras (HCA) are auroral features in which the auroral ellipse shifts poleward during the dawn and dusk portions and the polar cap becomes teardrop-shaped. They form during periods when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is permanently northward, when the IMF clock angle is small. Their formation is associated with the closure of
5687-513: The 17th century, Johannes Schefferus assumed the etymology of the term "Lapland" to be related to the Swedish word for "running", löpa (cognate with English , to leap ). The terms "Lapp" and "Lappland" are now regarded as outdated or offensive by many Sami people, who prefer the area's name in their language " Sápmi ", because over time the term "Lapp" has acquired the pejorative connotation of "silly", "uneducated", "backwards", etc. in
5808-409: The 1960s by many research teams using rockets and satellites to traverse the auroral zone. The main findings have been that auroral arcs and other bright forms are due to electrons that have been accelerated during the final few 10,000 km or so of their plunge into the atmosphere. These electrons often, but not always, exhibit a peak in their energy distribution, and are preferentially aligned along
5929-676: The Baltic word *žēmē , meaning "land". Also " Häme ", the Finnish name for Tavastia , a historical province of Finland, is thought to have the same origin, and the same word is at least speculated to be the origin of " Suomi ", the Finnish name for Finland . Sápmi is the name in Northern Sami, the most widely spoken of the Sami languages. In other languages, it the following terms are used: In modern Swedish and Norwegian , Sápmi
6050-524: The Jårgalæddji. While the bankruptcy of this record company in the mid-1980s led to a slowdown in production of Sami and joik albums, such growth led to a resurgence of interest in traditional Sami culture and music. Other artists who are famous for their interpretations of joik include Mari Boine , Jon Henrik Fjällgren and the band Korpiklaani , who have combined joiks with various other styles such as jazz, metal and rock. In particular, Fjallgren won
6171-657: The Kola Peninsula and is home to Murmansk, the largest city north of the Arctic Circle and in the Sápmi. It is subdivided into several districts , of which the geographically largest is Lovozersky District . This is also part of Russia where the Sami population is most numerous and visible. The Lapland Nature Reserve ( Russian : Лапландский заповедник , Laplandskiy zapovednik) is a Russian zapovednik (strict nature reserve) in Murmansk Oblast, above
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#17327824091116292-466: The Sami based on the older term "Lapp" for its inhabitants, a term which is now considered outdated or pejorative. Norwegian Sápmi was historically called Finnmǫrk , a name used for the county Finnmark . Sápmi overlaps with several other national, cultural and administrative regions. In practice, most of the Sámi population is concentrated in a few traditional areas in the northernmost part of Sápmi, such as Kautokeino and Karasjok . Culturally, Inari
6413-494: The Sami community. The traditional art form is significant in both the joik and song competition of the Grand Prix. In the joik component, contestants, usually dressed in traditional Sami clothing, perform joiks that are specifically prepared for the competition, without any accompanying instruments. The succeeding song component features participants who often incorporate elements of joiking into their pop entries, which suggests
6534-463: The Sami. " Lappland " (Laponia) became the name of Sweden's northernmost province ( landskap ) which in 1809 was split into one part that remained Swedish and one part falling under Finland (which became part of the Russian Empire ). "Lappland" survives as the name of both Sweden's northernmost province and Finland's , also containing part of the historical province of Ostrobothnia . In
6655-569: The Sky ", also has lines of joik in the chorus, and includes a joik solo. Through its inclusion in other popular films, the Sami culture and joiking in particular has managed to achieve national acclaim. Of particular note is Disney's Frozen and its sequel Frozen 2 , which are heavily inspired by Scandinavian and Sami culture. This is evident in its use of typical elements of the Sami people, including reindeer herding and outfit styles. Furthermore, South Sami musician and joiker Frode Fjellheim composed
6776-406: The Sun were rising from an unusual direction. Auroras also occur poleward of the auroral zone as either diffuse patches or arcs, which can be subvisual. Auroras are occasionally seen in latitudes below the auroral zone, when a geomagnetic storm temporarily enlarges the auroral oval. Large geomagnetic storms are most common during the peak of the 11-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after
6897-524: The Sun, linked to the sunspots , and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun angles them at Earth by about 45 degrees forming a spiral in the ecliptic plane, known as the Parker spiral . The field lines passing Earth are therefore usually linked to those near the western edge ("limb") of
7018-608: The Swedish Talang 2014 competition, a reality talent show, through his moving rendition of traditional joik songs. He subsequently released a debut studio album in 2014, Goeksegh , which features multiple joik tracks such as "Daniel’s Joik", "The Reindeer Herder’s Joik", and "Nejla’s Joik", and took part several times in Melodifestivalen , Sweden's Eurovision selection, with joik songs. Sapmi Sápmi ( from Northern Sami : [ˈsapmi] )
7139-542: The Sámi Parliament of Sweden joined two years later. Each parliament sends seven representatives, and observers are sent from the Sámi organisations of Russia and the Sámi Council. The Sámi Parliamentary Council discuss cross-border cooperation, hands out the annual Gollegiella language development award, and represents the Sámi people abroad. In addition to the parliaments and their common council, there
7260-423: The atmosphere in the auroral zones. The cusps of the magnetosphere, separating geomagnetic field lines that close through Earth from those that close remotely allow a small amount of solar wind to directly reach the top of the atmosphere, producing an auroral glow. On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms . Two of
7381-508: The atmosphere. Electron aurora in Earth's auroral zone (i.e. commonly visible aurora) can be split into two main categories with different immediate causes: diffuse and discrete aurora. Diffuse aurora appear relatively structureless to an observer on the ground, with indistinct edges and amorphous forms. Discrete aurora are structured into distinct features with well-defined edges such as arcs, rays and coronas; they also tend to be much brighter than
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#17327824091117502-447: The atmosphere. Proton auroras are usually observed at lower latitudes. Bright auroras are generally associated with Birkeland currents (Schield et al., 1969; Zmuda and Armstrong, 1973 ), which flow down into the ionosphere on one side of the pole and out on the other. In between, some of the current connects directly through the ionospheric E layer (125 km); the rest ("region 2") detours, leaving again through field lines closer to
7623-439: The atmosphere. The process is mediated by the plasma waves, which become stronger during periods of high geomagnetic activity , leading to increased diffuse aurora at those times. In the case of discrete auroras, the trapped electrons are accelerated toward Earth by electric fields that form at an altitude of about 4000–12000 km in the "auroral acceleration region". The electric fields point away from Earth (i.e. upward) along
7744-590: The aurora australis can be seen as far north as New Caledonia and the Pilbara region in Western Australia . During the Carrington Event , the greatest geomagnetic storm ever observed, auroras were seen even in the tropics. Auroras seen within the auroral oval may be directly overhead. From farther away, they illuminate the poleward horizon as a greenish glow, or sometimes a faint red, as if
7865-518: The auroral oval to active displays along the darkside and after 1–3 hours they gradually change back. Changes in auroras over time are commonly visualized using keograms . At shorter time scales, auroras can change their appearances and intensity, sometimes so slowly as to be difficult to notice, and at other times rapidly down to the sub-second scale. The phenomenon of pulsating auroras is an example of intensity variations over short timescales, typically with periods of 2–20 seconds. This type of aurora
7986-412: The background magnetic field (comparable to the electron inertial length or ion gyroradius ), Alfvén waves develop a significant electric field parallel to the background magnetic field. This electric field can accelerate electrons to keV energies, significant to produce auroral arcs. If the electrons have a speed close to that of the wave's phase velocity, they are accelerated in a manner analogous to
8107-566: The centre party Centerpartiet . Aurora An aurora ( pl. aurorae or auroras ), also commonly known as the northern lights ( aurora borealis ) or southern lights ( aurora australis ), is a natural light display in Earth 's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic ). Auroras display dynamic patterns of brilliant lights that appear as curtains, rays, spirals, or dynamic flickers covering
8228-571: The city after which the county is named, Romsa or Tromsø. Romsa is North Norway's biggest city and Sápmi's biggest city after Murmansk . The current fylkesordfører is Terje Olsen from the Conservative Party . A similar solution to the Finnmark Estate, Hålogalandsallmenningen , has been proposed for Romsa County and its southern neighbour Nordlánda . Nordland covers a long strip of coast that includes both North Sami, Julev Sami, Bithun Sami, and South Sami areas. Its administrative centre
8349-465: The collision of particles precipitated into the atmosphere. Both incoming electrons and protons may be involved. Excitation energy is lost within the atmosphere by the emission of a photon, or by collision with another atom or molecule: Oxygen is unusual in terms of its return to ground state: it can take 0.7 seconds to emit the 557.7 nm green light and up to two minutes for the red 630.0 nm emission. Collisions with other atoms or molecules absorb
8470-533: The counties are headed by county governors , but in practice, these have limited influence today. The largest of Norway's landscapes, Finnmárku ( Northern Sami ) or Finnmark ( Norwegian ) county, is in Sápmi and has a special form of autonomy: 95% (about 46,000 km [18,000 sq mi]) of the area is owned by the Finnmark Estate . The board of the Estate consists of many representatives from
8591-419: The current landshövding is Chris Heister from the conservative Moderate Party . Västernorrland County is an old part of Sapmi and still is. There are a lot of Sami on the coast of the Baltic Sea ( Gulf of Bothnia ). Jämtland County is sometimes considered a part of the Sápmi cultural region and is a South Sami county. The administrative centre is Östersund . Current landshövding is Jöran Hägglund from
8712-468: The currents are the direct result of electron acceleration into the atmosphere by wave/particle interactions. Ionospheric resistance has a complex nature, and leads to a secondary Hall current flow. By a strange twist of physics, the magnetic disturbance on the ground due to the main current almost cancels out, so most of the observed effect of auroras is due to a secondary current, the auroral electrojet . An auroral electrojet index (measured in nanotesla)
8833-416: The diffuse aurora. In both cases, the electrons that eventually cause the aurora start out as electrons trapped by the magnetic field in Earth's magnetosphere . These trapped particles bounce back and forth along magnetic field lines and are prevented from hitting the atmosphere by the magnetic mirror formed by the increasing magnetic field strength closer to Earth. The magnetic mirror's ability to trap
8954-404: The dune aurora phenomenon was discovered by Finnish citizen scientists . It consists of regularly-spaced, parallel stripes of brighter emission in the green diffuse aurora which give the impression of sand dunes. The phenomenon is believed to be caused by the modulation of atomic oxygen density by a large-scale atmospheric wave travelling horizontally in a waveguide through an inversion layer in
9075-594: The effect is known as the aurora borealis or the northern lights. The southern counterpart, the aurora australis or the southern lights, has features almost identical to the aurora borealis and changes simultaneously with changes in the northern auroral zone. The aurora australis is visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica , the Southern Cone , South Africa , Australasia and under exceptional circumstances as far north as Uruguay . The aurora borealis
9196-458: The electric field increases the kinetic energy of all of the electrons transiting downward through the acceleration region by the same amount. This accelerates electrons starting from the magnetosphere with initially low energies (tens of eV or less) to energies required to create an aurora (100s of eV or greater), allowing that large source of particles to contribute to creating auroral light. The accelerated electrons carry an electric current along
9317-409: The entire sky. Auroras are the result of disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere caused by the solar wind . Major disturbances result from enhancements in the speed of the solar wind from coronal holes and coronal mass ejections . These disturbances alter the trajectories of charged particles in the magnetospheric plasma . These particles, mainly electrons and protons , precipitate into
9438-454: The equator and closing through the "partial ring current" carried by magnetically trapped plasma. The ionosphere is an ohmic conductor , so some consider that such currents require a driving voltage, which an, as yet unspecified, dynamo mechanism can supply. Electric field probes in orbit above the polar cap suggest voltages of the order of 40,000 volts, rising up to more than 200,000 volts during intense magnetic storms. In another interpretation,
9559-464: The equator when the magnetic pole in question is in between the observer and the Sun , which is called magnetic midnight . Early evidence for a geomagnetic connection comes from the statistics of auroral observations. Elias Loomis (1860), and later Hermann Fritz (1881) and Sophus Tromholt (1881) in more detail, established that the aurora appeared mainly in the auroral zone. In northern latitudes ,
9680-490: The excitation energy and prevent emission; this process is called collisional quenching . Because the highest parts of the atmosphere contain a higher percentage of oxygen and lower particle densities, such collisions are rare enough to allow time for oxygen to emit red light. Collisions become more frequent progressing down into the atmosphere due to increasing density, so that red emissions do not have time to happen, and eventually, even green light emissions are prevented. This
9801-504: The first flakes falling to the ground in September. Snow cover lasts about two-thirds of the year and may persist past the last flake and even the last frost. Even without permafrost or a legit tundra climate, much of Sápmi is arctic moorland with stunted, scattered trees. Reindeers , wolves , bears, and birds are the main forms of animal life, in addition to a myriad of insects in the short summer. Sea and river fisheries abound in
9922-465: The five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the Moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification. Geomagnetic storms that ignite auroras may occur more often during the months around the equinoxes . It is not well understood, but geomagnetic storms may vary with Earth's seasons. Two factors to consider are the tilt of both
10043-607: The general Norwegian parliamentary elections. This is the Sámi Parliament with the most influence over any part of Sápmi, as it is involved in the autonomy established by the Finnmark Act . The parliament is in the village of Kárášjohka and its current president is Silje Karine Muotka from the Norwegian Sámi Association . The Sámi Parliament of Sweden , situated in Kiruna ( Northern Sami : Giron ),
10164-434: The ground, while extending at times to more than 1,000 km (620 mi). According to Clark (2007), there are five main forms that can be seen from the ground, from least to most visible: Brekke (1994) also described some auroras as "curtains". The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds within the arcs. Arcs can fragment or break up into separate, at times rapidly changing, often rayed features that may fill
10285-430: The intense phase of the solar cycle when coronal mass ejections increase the intensity of the solar wind. Earth's magnetosphere is shaped by the impact of the solar wind on Earth's magnetic field. This forms an obstacle to the flow, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re), producing a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream. The width of
10406-401: The interaction of the solar wind with Earth's magnetosphere . The varying intensity of the solar wind produces effects of different magnitudes but includes one or more of the following physical scenarios. The details of these phenomena are not fully understood. However, it is clear that the prime source of auroral particles is the solar wind feeding the magnetosphere, the reservoir containing
10527-475: The large areas east of the mountain chain. North of the Arctic Circle polar nights characterize the winter season and the midnight sun the summer season—both phenomena are longer the further north you go. Traditionally, the Sami divide the year into eight seasons instead of four. In Inari, the climate is warm-end subarctic, with summer highs of 18 °C (64 °F), and winter lows of −15 °C (5 °F). The average winter sees 131 days of snowfall, with
10648-700: The local Sámi. A suggestion to have the Russian Federation pick representatives for the Parliament was voted down with a clear majority. The Congress also chose a Council of Representatives that was to work for the establishment of a parliament and otherwise represent the Russian Sámi. It is headed by Valentina Sovkina . On 2 March 2000, the Sámi parliaments of Norway and Finland founded the Sámi Parliamentary Council, and
10769-762: The local direction of the magnetic field. Electrons mainly responsible for diffuse and pulsating auroras have, in contrast, a smoothly falling energy distribution, and an angular (pitch-angle) distribution favouring directions perpendicular to the local magnetic field. Pulsations were discovered to originate at or close to the equatorial crossing point of auroral zone magnetic field lines. Protons are also associated with auroras, both discrete and diffuse. Auroras result from emissions of photons in Earth's upper atmosphere , above 80 km (50 mi), from ionized nitrogen atoms regaining an electron, and oxygen atoms and nitrogen based molecules returning from an excited state to ground state . They are ionized or excited by
10890-426: The magnetic field line. Electrons moving downward through these fields gain a substantial amount of energy (on the order of a few keV ) in the direction along the magnetic field line toward Earth. This field-aligned acceleration decreases the pitch angle for all of the electrons passing through the region, causing many of them to hit the upper atmosphere. In contrast to the scattering process leading to diffuse auroras,
11011-432: The magnetic field lines (a Birkeland current ). Since the electric field points in the same direction as the current, there is a net conversion of electromagnetic energy into particle energy in the auroral acceleration region (an electric load ). The energy to power this load is eventually supplied by the magnetized solar wind flowing around the obstacle of Earth's magnetic field, although exactly how that power flows through
11132-422: The magnetic flux at the top of the dayside magnetosphere by the double lobe reconnection (DLR). There are approximately 8 HCA events per month, with no seasonal dependence, and that the IMF must be within 30 degrees of northwards. Conjugate auroras are nearly exact mirror-image auroras found at conjugate points in the northern and southern hemispheres on the same geomagnetic field lines. These generally happen at
11253-413: The magnetosphere abreast of Earth is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re). The high latitude magnetosphere is filled with plasma as the solar wind passes Earth. The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with additional turbulence, density, and speed in the solar wind. This flow is favoured by
11374-490: The magnetosphere is still an active area of research. While the energy to power the aurora is ultimately derived from the solar wind, the electrons themselves do not travel directly from the solar wind into Earth's auroral zone; magnetic field lines from these regions do not connect to the solar wind, so there is no direct access for solar wind electrons. Some auroral features are also created by electrons accelerated by dispersive Alfvén waves . At small wavelengths transverse to
11495-462: The major languages of the Scandinavian countries that include Sapmi. In older Norwegian, Sápmi was known as "Finnmork" or "Finnmark"; which is now the name of Norway's northernmost county . Northern Norway and Murmansk Oblast are sometimes marketed as Norwegian Lapland and Russian Lapland , respectively. The largest part of Sápmi lies north of the Arctic Circle . The western portion
11616-544: The national umbrella organisation of Indigenous peoples, the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON), and represent the Russian Sámi in the Sámi Council. RAIPON is represented in Russia's Public Chamber by Pavel Sulyandziga . On 14 December 2008, the first Congress of the Russian Sámi took place. The Conference decided to demand the formation of a Russian Sámi Parliament, to be elected by
11737-573: The number of Sámi, but the number is generally between 80,000 and 100,000. Many live in areas outside Sápmi such as Oulu , Oslo , Stockholm and Helsinki . Some Sámi people have migrated to places outside the Sápmi vernacular region, such as Canada and the United States. Groups of Sámi people have settled in the northern parts of Minnesota . The Sami are a small minorities in the Russian part of Sápmi. As of 2016, 13,226 people inhabited
11858-628: The opening track of Frozen , titled "Vuelie", which is an adaptation of his original track "Eatnemen Vuelie (Song of the Earth)". This growing adaptation of Sami elements, in particular joiking, points towards a gradual revitalization of the culture. Joiking is also an important element of the Sami Grand Prix , an annual music competition modeled after the Eurovision Song Contest. This competition draws contestants from Norway, Sweden and Finland, with strong representation from minorities belonging to
11979-510: The opposite order. Until about 1963, it was thought that these changes are due to the rotation of the Earth under a pattern fixed with respect to the Sun. Later, it was found by comparing all-sky films of auroras from different places (collected during the International Geophysical Year ) that they often undergo global changes in a process called auroral substorm . They change in a few minutes from quiet arcs all along
12100-461: The other and be understood by all. Today, however, many of the languages are moribund and thus there are "gaps" in the original continuum. On the map to the right numbers indicate Sámi languages. Of these languages, Northern Sámi is by far the most vital; whereas Ume Sámi and Pite Sámi are critically endangered. Kemi Sámi and Ter Sámi are extinct. North Sami is subdivided into three main dialects: West, East, and Coast. The written standard
12221-481: The otherwise dark sky (e.g., "rosy-fingered dawn"). The words borealis and australis are derived from the names of the ancient gods of the north wind ( Boreas ) and the south wind ( Auster ) in Greco-Roman mythology . Auroras are most commonly observed in the "auroral zone", a band approximately 6° (~660 km) wide in latitude centered on 67° north and south. The region that currently displays an aurora
12342-456: The particles associated with auroras, have also been detected. Aurora noise , similar to a crackling noise, begins about 70 m (230 ft) above Earth's surface and is caused by charged particles in an inversion layer of the atmosphere formed during a cold night. The charged particles discharge when particles from the Sun hit the inversion layer, creating the noise. In 2016, more than fifty citizen science observations described what
12463-662: The past, the origins of joik are not documented. According to oral traditions, the fairies and elves of the arctic lands gave joiks to the Sámi People. Just Qvigstad, who recorded the Sami oral tradition, has documented this legend in several works. Music researchers believe joik is one of the oldest continuous musical traditions in Europe. During the Christianization of the Sami, joiking was condemned as sinful. The assimilation policies ( Norwegianization and similar) and
12584-414: The peak. An electron spirals (gyrates) about a field line at an angle that is determined by its velocity vectors, parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the local geomagnetic field vector B. This angle is known as the "pitch angle" of the particle. The distance, or radius, of the electron from the field line at any time is known as its Larmor radius. The pitch angle increases as the electron travels to
12705-455: The polar cap, the related "theta aurora", and "dayside arcs" near noon. These are relatively infrequent and poorly understood. Other interesting effects occur such as pulsating aurora, "black aurora" and their rarer companion "anti-black aurora" and subvisual red arcs. In addition to all these, a weak glow (often deep red) observed around the two polar cusps, the field lines separating the ones that close through Earth from those that are swept into
12826-593: The radiation zones and temporarily magnetically trapped particles confined by the geomagnetic field, coupled with particle acceleration processes. The immediate cause of the ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents leading to auroral emissions was discovered in 1960, when a pioneering rocket flight from Fort Churchill in Canada revealed a flux of electrons entering the atmosphere from above. Since then an extensive collection of measurements has been acquired painstakingly and with steadily improving resolution since
12947-505: The region's main minority languages and its oldest attested languages. They belong to the Uralic language family and are most closely related to the Finnic languages. Many Sami languages are mutually unintelligible, but the languages originally formed a dialect continuum stretching southwest and northeast, so that a message could hypothetically be passed between Sami speakers from one end to
13068-596: The region. Steamers are operated on some of the lakes, and many ports are ice-free throughout the year. All ports along the Norwegian Sea in the west and the Barents Sea in the northeast to Murmansk are ice-free all year. The Gulf of Bothnia usually freezes over in winter. The ocean floor to the north and west of Sápmi has deposits of petroleum and natural gas. Sápmi contains valuable mineral deposits, particularly iron ore in Sweden, copper in Norway, and nickel and apatite in Russia. East Sápmi consists of
13189-545: The regions marked 1 and 2 on the map below to the southeast of region 1 in Sweden. The inner parts of Sápmi are often referred to as Lappi . The name is also found on the Russian side as Laplandige (the name of a natural reservation) and the Norwegian landscape of Finnmark is sometimes titled the "Norwegian Lapland", especially by the travel industry. Lappi- appears as a common component of place names throughout central and southern Finland as well; in many cases, it probably refers to earlier Sami presence, though in some cases
13310-431: The ribbon). The processes that cause STEVE are also associated with a picket-fence aurora, although the latter can be seen without STEVE. It is an aurora because it is caused by precipitation of electrons in the atmosphere but it appears outside the auroral oval, closer to the equator than typical auroras. When the picket-fence aurora appears with STEVE, it is below. First reported in 2020, and confirmed in 2021,
13431-416: The solar and Earth's axis to the ecliptic plane. As Earth orbits throughout a year, it experiences an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from different latitudes of the Sun, which is tilted at 8 degrees. Similarly, the 23-degree tilt of Earth's axis about which the geomagnetic pole rotates with a diurnal variation changes the daily average angle that the geomagnetic field presents to the incident IMF throughout
13552-523: The tail and close remotely. Early work on the imaging of the auroras was done in 1949 by the University of Saskatchewan using the SCR-270 radar. The altitudes where auroral emissions occur were revealed by Carl Størmer and his colleagues, who used cameras to triangulate more than 12,000 auroras. They discovered that most of the light is produced between 90 and 150 km (56 and 93 mi) above
13673-409: The time of the equinoxes , when there is little difference in the orientation of the north and south geomagnetic poles to the sun. Attempts were made to image conjugate auroras by aircraft from Alaska and New Zealand in 1967, 1968, 1970, and 1971, with some success. A full understanding of the physical processes which lead to different types of auroras is still incomplete, but the basic cause involves
13794-407: The underlying meaning may be mere "periphery" or "outlying district". Finally, Sápmi may also be subdivided into cultural regions according to the state's borders, which affects daily life for people no matter their ethnicity. These regions are commonly referred to as "sides" by Sami, for example, "the Norwegian side" ( norgga bealli ) or "the Finnish side" ( suoma bealli ). The Saamic languages are
13915-543: The upper atmosphere ( thermosphere / exosphere ). The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit light of varying colour and complexity. The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles. Most of the planets in the Solar System , some natural satellites , brown dwarfs , and even comets also host auroras. The term aurora borealis
14036-431: The views of churches and ecclesiastical movements on joiking as sin have played important roles in its devaluation. One of the reasons that joiking was controversial may be its association with Noaidi (Sámi shamans) and pre-Christian mythology rituals, with joiking said to resemble magic spells. In the 1950s, it was forbidden to use joiking in Sami area schools. In 2014, a parish council discussed "if they should implement
14157-406: The visible Sun at any time. The solar wind and the magnetosphere, being two electrically conducting fluids in relative motion, should be able in principle to generate electric currents by dynamo action and impart energy from the flow of the solar wind. However, this process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct readily along magnetic field lines, but less readily perpendicular to them. Energy
14278-506: The whole sky. These are also known as discrete auroras , which are at times bright enough to read a newspaper by at night. These forms are consistent with auroras being shaped by Earth's magnetic field. The appearances of arcs, rays, curtains, and coronas are determined by the shapes of the luminous parts of the atmosphere and a viewer's position . Auroras change with time. Over the night they begin with glows and progress toward coronas, although they may not reach them. They tend to fade in
14399-411: The word is often used to refer to all types of traditional Sami singing. As an art form, each joik is meant to reflect or evoke a person, animal, or place. The sound of joik is comparable to the traditional chanting of some Native American cultures. Joik shares some features with the shamanistic cultures of Siberia, which mimic the sounds of nature. As the Sami culture had no written language in
14520-599: Was coined by Galileo in 1619, from the Roman Aurora, goddess of the dawn , and the Greek Boreas, god of the cold north wind . The word aurora is derived from the name of the Roman goddess of the dawn, Aurora , who travelled from east to west announcing the coming of the Sun . Ancient Greek poets used the corresponding name " Eos " metaphorically to refer to dawn, often mentioning its play of colours across
14641-424: Was to them an unknown type of aurora which they named " STEVE ", for "Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement". STEVE is not an aurora but is caused by a 25 km (16 mi) wide ribbon of hot plasma at an altitude of 450 km (280 mi), with a temperature of 3,000 °C (3,270 K; 5,430 °F) and flowing at a speed of 6 km/s (3.7 mi/s) (compared to 10 m/s (33 ft/s) outside
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