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60-731: The paper was founded in 1904 as the Joliet Herald . In 1913, its founder, Ira Clifton Copley , purchased the Joliet News , a paper that had been founded in 1877. In 1915, the two papers were merged producing the Herald-News . In 2000, Copley Press sold the publication to Hollinger International (later the Sun-Times Media Group ). In 2013, Sun-Times sold the Herald News to Shaw Media , parent company of

120-648: A blast furnace . The carbon monoxide produced by combustion of coke reduces iron oxide ( hematite ) to produce iron : Coke is commonly used as fuel for blacksmithing . Coke was used in Australia in the 1960s and early 1970s for house heating, and was incentivized for home use in the UK (so as to displace coal) after the 1956 Clean Air Act, which was passed in response to the Great Smog of London in 1952. Since smoke -producing constituents are driven off during

180-478: A blast of hot air, instead of cold air, in the smelting furnace was first introduced by Neilson in Scotland in 1828. The hearth process of making coke from coal is a very lengthy process. A fire brick chamber shaped like a dome is used, commonly known as a beehive oven. It is typically about 4 meters (13 ft) wide and 2.5 meters (8 ft) high. The roof has a hole for charging the coal or other kindling from

240-403: A mixture of coke and peat . Coke may be used to make synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen . Finely ground bituminous coal, known in this application as sea coal, is a constituent of foundry sand . While the molten metal is in the mould , the coal burns slowly, releasing reducing gases at pressure, and so preventing the metal from penetrating the pores of the sand. It

300-456: A more practical oven for converting coal into coke. Wilkinson improved the process by building the coal heaps around a low central chimney built of loose bricks and with openings for the combustion gases to enter, resulting in a higher yield of better coke. With greater skill in the firing, covering and quenching of the heaps, yields were increased from about 33% to 65% by the middle of the 19th century. The Scottish iron industry expanded rapidly in

360-499: A patent was granted to Thomas Proctor and William Peterson for making iron and steel and melting lead with "earth-coal, sea-coal, turf, and peat". The patent contains a distinct allusion to the preparation of coal by "cooking". In 1590, a patent was granted to the Dean of York to "purify pit-coal and free it from its offensive smell". In 1620, a patent was granted to a company composed of William St. John and other knights, mentioning

420-510: A top-quality fuel, coking poisoned the surrounding landscape. After 1900, the serious environmental damage of beehive coking attracted national notice, although the damage had plagued the district for decades. "The smoke and gas from some ovens destroy all vegetation around the small mining communities", noted W. J. Lauck of the U.S. Immigration Commission in 1911. Passing through the region on train, University of Wisconsin president Charles Van Hise saw "long rows of beehive ovens from which flame

480-405: Is direct reduced iron , where any carbonaceous fuel can be used to make sponge or pelletised iron. To lessen carbon dioxide emissions hydrogen can be used as the reducing agent and biomass or waste as the source of carbon. Historically, charcoal has been used as an alternative to coke in a blast furnace, with the resultant iron being known as charcoal iron . Many historical sources dating to

540-467: Is a grey, hard, and porous coal-based fuel with a high carbon content. It is made by heating coal or petroleum in the absence of air. Coke is an important industrial product, used mainly in iron ore smelting , but also as a fuel in stoves and forges . The unqualified term "coke" usually refers to the product derived from low-ash and low-sulphur bituminous coal by a process called coking . A similar product called petroleum coke , or pet coke,

600-765: Is also contained in 'mould wash', a paste or liquid with the same function applied to the mould before casting. Sea coal can be mixed with the clay lining (the "bod") used for the bottom of a cupola furnace . When heated, the coal decomposes and the bod becomes slightly friable, easing the process of breaking open holes for tapping the molten metal. Wastewater from coking is highly toxic and carcinogenic. It contains phenolic, aromatic, heterocyclic, and polycyclic organics, and inorganics including cyanides, sulfides, ammonium and ammonia. Various methods for its treatment have been studied in recent years. The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium can remove up to 80% of phenols from coking waste water. Before bituminous coal

660-511: Is different from thermal coal, but arises from the same basic coal-forming process. Coking coal has different macerals from thermal coal, i.e. different forms of the compressed and fossilized vegetative matter that compose the coal. The different macerals arise from different mixtures of the plant species, and variations of the conditions under which the coal has formed. Coking coal is graded according to its ash percentage-by-weight after burning: The "hearth" process of coke-making, using lump coal,

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720-413: Is discharged manually through the side door. When the oven is used on a continuous basis, the walls and roof retain enough heat to initiate carbonization of the next charge. When coal was burned in a coke oven, the impurities of the coal that were not driven off as gases accumulated in the oven as slag – effectively a conglomeration of the removed impurities. Since this slag was not the desired product, it

780-532: Is generally considered that levels of 26–29% of volatile matter in the coal blend are good for coking purposes. Thus, different types of coal are proportionally blended to reach acceptable levels of volatility before the coking process begins. If the range of coal types is too great, the resulting coke is of widely varying strength and ash content, and is usually unsaleable, although in some cases it may be sold as an ordinary heating fuel. As coke has already lost its volatile matter, it cannot be coked again. Coking coal

840-497: Is obtained from crude petroleum in petroleum refineries . Coke may also be formed naturally by geologic processes. It is the residue of a destructive distillation process. The industrial production of coke from coal is called coking. The coal is baked in an airless kiln , a "coke furnace" or "coking oven", at temperatures as high as 2,000 °C (3,600 °F) but usually around 1,000–1,100 °C (1,800–2,000 °F). This process vaporises or decomposes organic substances in

900-674: Is still the major newspaper in Springfield.) In 1928, Copley consolidated the San Diego Union and San Diego Tribune into The San Diego Union-Tribune . Later that year, Senator George W. Norris accused Copley Press of receiving money from public utility companies. Copley initially denied owning any power company stock, but subsequently, testifying before the Federal Trade Commission in June 1929, disavowed

960-729: Is the namesake of the Old Copley Hospital in Aurora, IL, built in 1880, originally named the City Hospital of Aurora. It was re-named in 1937 Copley Memorial Hospital when Mr. Copley donated $ 2 million toward an expansion. A new hospital was built in 1995 about 3 miles southwest of the old hospital and was named the Rush–Copley Medical Center . His adopted sons James S. and William went on to notable careers in business and art, respectively. Ira Clifton Copley

1020-435: Is to achieve a blend of coal that when processed will produce a coke of appropriate strength (generally measured by coke strength after reaction ), while losing an appropriate amount of mass. Other blending considerations include ensuring the coke will not swell too much during production and destroy the coke oven through excessive wall pressures. The greater the volatile matter in coal, the more by-product can be produced. It

1080-409: Is used as coking coal, it must meet a set of criteria determined by particular coal assay techniques. The bulk specific gravity of coke is typically around 0.77. It is highly porous . Both the chemical composition and physical properties are important to the usefulness of coke in blast furnaces. In terms of composition, low ash and sulphur content are desirable. Other important characteristics are

1140-617: The Northwest Herald . The Herald-News is printed early at one of its parent-company's facilities in Chicago, driven to Northwest Indiana and distributed based on delivery region. This article about an Illinois newspaper is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ira Clifton Copley Ira Clifton Copley (October 25, 1864 – November 2, 1947) was an American publisher, politician, and utility tycoon . From 1911 to 1923, he served 6 consecutive terms in

1200-554: The U.S. House of Representatives Born in rural Knox County, Illinois , Copley's family moved to Aurora when Copley was 2 so he could be treated for scarlet fever . After graduating from Yale College and the Union College of Law in Chicago, Copley assumed management of the Aurora Gas Light Company. He successfully guided the company into a regional utilities giant, eventually merging his assets into

1260-585: The Rush–Copley Medical Center . Copley died on November 2, 1947, and was buried in Spring Lake Cemetery in Aurora. Bishop William W. Horstick proceeded over the service. Copley still managed seventeen newspapers at the time of his death. His former residence in Aurora, the Col. Ira C. Copley Mansion , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Coke (fuel) Coke

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1320-568: The United States House of Representatives . He successfully defeated his Democratic opponent. He was re-elected two years later. In 1914, Copley aligned with Theodore Roosevelt 's Progressive (Bull Moose) Party and was one of five Representatives elected from the party. With the party disintegrating by the end of his term, Copley, returned to the Republican Party in 1916. He represented his district until 1922, when he

1380-503: The coppicing of forests became unable to meet the demand, the substitution of coke for charcoal became common in Great Britain, and coke was manufactured by burning coal in heaps on the ground so that only the outer layer burned, leaving the interior of the pile in a carbonized state. In the late 18th century, brick beehive ovens were developed, which allowed more control over the burning process. In 1768, John Wilkinson built

1440-417: The legal limit for coke oven emissions exposure in the workplace as 0.150 mg/m benzene -soluble fraction over an eight-hour workday. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.2 mg/m benzene -soluble fraction over an eight-hour workday. Coke can be used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in

1500-469: The " cracking " process is also a form of coke. Petroleum coke has many uses besides being a fuel, such as the manufacture of dry cells and of electrolytic and welding electrodes . Gas works manufacturing syngas also produce coke as an end product, called gas house coke. Fluid coking is a process which converts heavy residual crude into lighter products such as naphtha , kerosene , heating oil , and hydrocarbon gases. The "fluid" term refers to

1560-470: The 4th century describe the production of coke in ancient China . The Chinese first used coke for heating and cooking no later than the 9th century. By the first decades of the 11th century, Chinese ironworkers in the Yellow River valley began to fuel their furnaces with coke, solving their fuel problem in that tree-sparse region. By 1078 CE, the implementation of coke as a replacement to charcoal in

1620-707: The Illinois League of Republican Clubs in 1896, declining re-election in 1898. He was appointed to the Illinois Park Commission in 1894, serving four years. Copley was an aide, also known as an Illinois Colonel, to Governor Charles S. Deneen during his eight-year term starting in 1905. Copley was tasked with constructing a new Illinois State Penitentiary in 1909, which he oversaw until 1926. In 1910, he campaigned for Howard M. Snapp 's former seat in Illinois's 11th congressional district of

1680-553: The M10, M25, and M40 test crush indexes, which convey the strength of coke during transportation into the blast furnaces; depending on the blast furnace's size, finely crushed coke pieces must not be allowed into the furnace because they would impede the flow of gas through the charge of iron and coke. A related characteristic is the Coke Strength After Reaction (CSR) index; it represents coke's ability to withstand

1740-601: The Rochester and Pittsburgh Coal and Iron Company constructed the world's longest string of coke ovens in Walston, Pennsylvania , with 475 ovens over a length of 2 km (1.25 miles). Their output reached 22,000 tons per month. The Minersville Coke Ovens in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania , were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. Between 1870 and 1905, the number of beehive ovens in

1800-661: The US increased from approximately 200 to nearly 31,000, which produced nearly 18,000,000 tons of coke in the Pittsburgh area alone. One observer boasted that if loaded into a train, "the year's production would make up a train so long that the engine in front of it would go to San Francisco and come back to Connellsville before the caboose had gotten started out of the Connellsville yards!" The number of beehive ovens in Pittsburgh peaked in 1910 at almost 48,000. Although it made

1860-576: The Western Utility Corporation, Copley purchased twenty-four newspapers in Southern California for $ 7.5 million. He managed these publishing holdings as Copley Press, Inc. and was its first president, serving until 1942. He integrated his Illinois publishing interests into the company in 1939. Copley focused on cities that had only one publisher, with the exception his San Diego, California , holdings purchased from

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1920-399: The Western Utility Corporation, which he sold in 1926. Copley purchased his first newspaper in 1905, eventually amassing over two dozen papers as Copley Press . He was a Republican and was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1911, where he served until 1923. From 1915 to 1917, he represented his district as a Progressive . Copley was defeated in a primary in 1922. He

1980-676: The board of directors of the Aurora Public Library in 1890. From 1892 to 1897, he served on the board of trustees of the Jennings Seminary. He joined Freemasonry in 1889 and the Knights of Pythias in 1890. In his free time, he enjoyed traveling. Copley donated over $ 2 million to the Aurora City Hospital in 1937 to fund a new campus; originally dedicated as Copley Memorial Hospital, it is now known as

2040-515: The coal, driving off water and other volatile and liquid products such as coal gas and coal tar . Coke is the non-volatile residue of the decomposition, the cemented-together carbon and mineral residue of the original coal particles in the form of a hard and somewhat glassy solid. Additional byproducts of the coking are coal tar pitch , ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S), pyridine , hydrogen cyanide and carbon based material. Some facilities have "by-product" coking ovens in which

2100-405: The coal. Carbonization starts and produces volatile matter, which burns inside the partially closed side door. Carbonization proceeds from top to bottom and is completed in two to three days. The heat required for the process is supplied by the burning volatile matter, so no by-products are recovered. The exhaust gases are allowed to escape to the atmosphere. The hot coke is quenched with water, and

2160-498: The coke was used instead of coal in cooking ranges and to provide heat in domestic premises before the advent of central heating . In the US, the first use of coke in an iron furnace occurred around 1817 at Isaac Meason's Plumsock puddling furnace and rolling mill in Fayette County , Pennsylvania . In the late 19th century, the coalfields of western Pennsylvania provided a rich source of raw material for coking. In 1885,

2220-649: The coking of coal, coke forms a desirable fuel for stoves and furnaces in which conditions are not suitable for the complete burning of bituminous coal itself. Coke may be combusted producing little or no smoke, while bituminous coal would produce much smoke. Coke was widely used as a smokeless fuel substitute for coal in domestic heating following the creation of " smokeless zones " in the United Kingdom. Highland Park distillery in Orkney roasts malted barley for use in their Scotch whisky in kilns burning

2280-536: The creation of what by the end of the 17th century was called pale ale . In 1709, Abraham Darby I established a coke-fired blast furnace to produce cast iron . Coke's superior crushing strength allowed blast furnaces to become taller and larger. The ensuing availability of inexpensive iron was one of the factors leading to the Industrial Revolution . Before this time, iron-making used large quantities of charcoal, produced by burning wood. As

2340-489: The estate of John D. Spreckels . Unlike his contemporaries, Copley took little interest in the politics of his papers and insisted that local managers write impartially. Copley enlisted as a private, Company "B" 3rd Regiment in the Illinois National Guard in 1880. He was promoted to captain of Company "I" in 1893, then the next year was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel & Inspector of Rifle Practice for

2400-553: The fact that solid coke particles behave as a fluid solid in the continuous fluid coking process versus the older batch delayed-coking process where a solid mass of coke builds up in the coke drum over time. Due to a lack of oil or high-quality coals in East Germany , scientists developed a process to turn low-quality lignite into coke called high temperature lignite coke . Scrap steel can be recycled in an electric arc furnace ; and an alternative to making iron by smelting

2460-589: The full brigade. He served in this capacity until 1899. Despite political independence in his papers, Copley led an active political life. In 1894, he was named a member of the Illinois Republican State Central Committee , the state Republican Party organization, where he served for four years. He was the organization's Chairman of the Finance Committee for two of those years. He was also elected President of

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2520-600: The operation for the next twenty years. In 1914, he organized a coal and coke company, then consolidated the two organizations in the Western Utility Corporation in 1921. He sold his interest in the company to investment firms Rollins & Sons and Fitkin & Co. in 1926. At the same time as his rising success as an industrialist, Copley took an interest in publishing. He purchased the Aurora Beacon in 1905 and later purchased papers in Elgin and Joliet . After selling

2580-460: The previous statement and showed that he was in the process of selling the last of $ 8.8 million in public utility stock he had held. Copley married Edith Straker in March 1892. They adopted two sons: James Strohn , who became president of Copley Press in 1947, and William Nelson , who became a prominent artist. Edith died in 1929; in 1931, Copley married Chloe (née Warley) Davidson. He was named to

2640-533: The production of iron in China dramatically increased the industry to 125,000 tons per year. The iron was used for the creation of tools, weapons, chains for suspension bridges, and Buddhist statues. China is the largest producer and exporter of coke today. China produces 60% of the world's coke. Concerns about air pollution have motivated technological changes in the coke industry by elimination of outdated coking technologies that are not energy-efficient. In 1589,

2700-724: The requirements of the iron industry in Britain were about 1,000,000 tons per year in the early 1850s, rising to about 7,000,000 tons by 1880. Of these, about 5,000,000 tons were produced in Durham county, 1,000,000 tons in the South Wales coalfield, and 1,000,000 tons in Yorkshire and Derbyshire. In the first years of steam locomotives , coke was the normal fuel. This resulted from an early piece of environmental legislation; any proposed locomotive had to "consume its own smoke". This

2760-430: The rest of his life. In the meantime, his father became a prominent Aurora citizen, managing the Aurora Gas Light Company. Copley graduated from high school in 1881, then attended Jennings Seminary. Graduating in 1883, he then matriculated at Yale College , where he graduated in 1887. He then studied law for two years at the Union College of Law , but dropped out before graduating. By this time, his father's gas company

2820-624: The same time. That effort failed, and the two newspapers engaged in nearly 15 years of circulation battles, with the Register focused on city circulation and the Journal seeking subscribers throughout the Springfield area. In 1942, however, Copley tried again to buy the Register. This time, he was successful, although he also promised that the Register could keep its independent editorial voice. The two papers were merged in 1974 into The State Journal-Register . (The SJ-R, now owned by GateHouse Media,

2880-537: The second quarter of the 19th century, through the adoption of the hot-blast process in its coalfields. In 1802, a battery of beehive ovens was set up near Sheffield , to coke the Silkstone coal seam for use in crucible steel melting. By 1870, there were 14,000 beehive ovens in operation on the West Durham coalfields , producing 4,000,000 long tons of coke per year. As a measure of the expansion of coke making,

2940-422: The top. A discharging hole is provided in the circumference of the lower part of the wall. In a coke oven battery, a number of ovens are built in a row with common walls between neighboring ovens. A battery consisted of a great many ovens, sometimes hundreds, in a row. Coal is introduced from the top to produce an even layer of about 60 to 90 centimeters (24 to 35 in) deep. Air is supplied initially, to ignite

3000-401: The use of coke in smelting ores and manufacturing metals. In 1627, a patent was granted to Sir John Hacket and Octavius de Strada for a method of rendering sea-coal and pit-coal as useful as charcoal for burning in houses, without offense by smell of smoke. In 1603, Hugh Plat suggested that coal might be charred in a manner analogous to the way charcoal is produced from wood. This process

3060-610: The violent conditions inside the blast furnace before turning into fine particles. Pieces of coke are denoted with the following terminology: "bell coke" (30 - 80 mm), "nut coke" (10 - 30 mm), "coke breeze" (< 10 mm). The water content in coke is practically zero at the end of the coking process, but it is often water quenched so that it can be transported to the blast furnaces. The porous structure of coke absorbs some water, usually 3–6% of its mass. In more modern coke plants an advanced method of coke cooling uses air quenching. The solid residue remaining from refinement of petroleum by

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3120-519: The volatile decomposition products are collected, purified and separated for use in other industries, as fuel or chemical feedstocks . Otherwise the volatile byproducts are burned to heat the coking ovens. This is an older method, but is still being used for new construction. Bituminous coal must meet a set of criteria for use as coking coal , determined by particular coal assay techniques. These include moisture content, ash content, sulphur content, volatile content, tar , and plasticity . The goal

3180-423: Was akin to that of charcoal-burning; instead of a heap of prepared wood, covered with twigs, leaves and earth, there was a heap of coal, covered with coke dust. The hearth process continued to be used in many areas during the first half of the 19th century, but two events greatly lessened its importance. These were the invention of the hot blast in iron-smelting and the introduction of the beehive coke oven. The use of

3240-500: Was born on October 25, 1864, in Copley Township, Knox County, Illinois , south of Altona . He was the son of Ellen Madeleine (née Whiting) and farmer Ira Birdsall Copley, for whom the township was named. At the age of two, Copley contracted scarlet fever , prompting his family to move east to Aurora, Illinois to see an eye specialist. Copley regained his sight around the age of six, though he struggled with vision problems for

3300-545: Was defeated in a primary election by Frank R. Reid . His uncle Richard H. Whiting had also served in the House of Representatives (1875–1877). Copley continued his publishing aspirations after leaving Congress, purchasing Springfield's Illinois State Journal in 1927, favoring its pro-Republican stance. Copley attempted to buy the Illinois State Register , the Journal's Democratic-oriented competitor, at

3360-459: Was given off was stored in gas holders , to be used domestically and industrially for cooking, heating and lighting. The gas was commonly known as " town gas " since underground networks of pipes ran through most towns. It was replaced by " natural gas " (initially from the North Sea oil and gas fields) in the decade after 1967. Other byproducts of coke production included tar and ammonia, while

3420-541: Was initially just discarded. Later, however, coke oven slag was found to be useful, and has since been used as an ingredient in brick-making, mixed cement, granule-covered shingles, and even as a fertilizer. People can be exposed to coke oven emissions in the workplace by inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. For the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set

3480-464: Was not employed until 1642, when coke was used for roasting malt in Derbyshire ; previously, brewers had used wood, as uncoked coal cannot be used in brewing because its sulphurous fumes would impart a foul taste to the beer . It was considered an improvement in quality, and brought about an "alteration which all England admired"—the coke process allowed for a lighter roast of the malt, leading to

3540-513: Was not technically possible to achieve until the firebox arch came into use, but burning coke, with its low smoke emissions, was considered to meet the requirement. This rule was quietly dropped, and cheaper coal became the normal fuel, as railways gained acceptance among the public. The smoke plume produced by a travelling locomotive seems now to be a mark of a steam railway, and so preserved for posterity. So-called "gas works" produced coke by heating coal in enclosed chambers. The flammable gas that

3600-556: Was struggling. Although he had recently been admitted to the bar in Illinois, Copley decided to return to Aurora to assume management. Copley shifted the focus of the company from illumination to selling gas as a fuel. The company saw great success and Copley used the profits to purchase competing gas companies. In 1905, he merged his companies into the Western United Gas & Electric Company. Copley would continue to expand

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