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71-464: Jolof (French: Djolof or Diolof ) may refer to either of Jolof Empire , a West African successor state to the Mali Empire in modern Senegal from the 14th to 16th centuries Kingdom of Jolof , a rump survival of the earlier empire from the 16th to the 19th centuries See also [ edit ] Jollof rice Topics referred to by

142-538: A 15th-century Venetian navigator, slave trader, and chronicler, mistakenly distinguished between the "Sereri" (Serer people) and the "Barbacini" , which seems to indicate that he was referring to two different people when in fact, the Kingdom of Sine was a Serer Kingdom where the "King of Sine" ("Barbacini") i.e., Maad a Sinig took residence. Alvise Cadamosto never set foot in Serer country. Everything he wrote about

213-847: A Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh fleeing with his family from Kaabu following a battle in 1335 which he calls the Battle of Troubang. The Senegalese historians and authors Babacar Sedikh Diouf and Biram Ngom notes that, the Guelowar dynasty who originated from Kaabu , offshoots of the Ñaanco dynasty of Kaabu, had a form of dynastic struggle in Kaabu, culminating in the Guelowars' migration to Serer territory—seeking refuge in Sine. The Serer, who had suffered religious and ethnic persecution several centuries earlier (and long after that ), resulting in

284-659: A better life. The inhabitants of Sine (the "Sine-Sine" ) rarely migrated. Some of the king's government (or the political structure of Sine) include: the Lamanes (provincial chiefs and title holders, not to be confused with the ancient Serer Lamanes ); the heir apparents such as the Buumi , Thilas and Loul (in that order); the Great Farba Kaba (chief of the army); the Farba Binda (minister of finance,

355-611: A case brought before him or the complainant was not satisfied with the judgment and needed their dispute to be decided by the Great Council of Lamans. This Council would elect one of their own as head of the Council. During the Guelowars' arrival in Sine, it was Lamaan Jame Ngom of Faajaal, a member of the Ngom family who was the figure head. He was the one who crowned Maysa Wali, the first Guelowar to rule in Serer country, and spoke

426-496: A conflict of succession. The Mandinka term "troubang" mean "genocide" ; "to wipe out"; or "to annihilate" a family, clan, or people. In essence, alluding to the defeat (whether through war or conflict) of the Guelowars by the reigning Ñaanco dynasty of Kaabu and/or were forced to leave—which historians pretty much agree on, culminating in the refuge status of the former. Serer oral history says that after Maysa Wali assimilated into Serer culture and served as legal advisor to

497-521: A corruption of the Serer title "Lamaan, which was the term used for the heads of lineages and communal territories", and suggests that the Serer lamans were probably at the forefront of resisting Islamization. Following their persecution, the Serers of Takrur who were Seex (or Seh) speaking people, a Serer language which the Fula language is most closely related to, headed south to join their Serer relatives in

568-650: A developed hierarchical system involving different classes of royal and non-royal nobles, free men, occupational castes, and slaves. Occupational castes included blacksmiths, jewelers, tanners, tailors, musicians, and griots . Smiths were important to the society for their ability to make weapons of war as well as their trusted status for mediating disputes fairly. Griots were employed by every important family as chroniclers and advisors, without whom much of early Jolof history would be unknown. Jolof's nobility were nominally animists , but some combined this with Islam . However, Islam had not dominated Wolof society until about

639-455: A dispute over a wood near a prominent lake (in some versions, it is a dispute over a catch of fish). This almost led to bloodshed, but it was stopped by the mysterious appearance of a stranger from the lake. The stranger divided the wood fairly and disappeared, leaving the people in awe. The people then feigned a second dispute and kidnapped the stranger when he returned. They offered him the kingship of their land. When these events were reported to

710-738: A group in precolonial times, saw the entire Senegambia region as their home, as noted by the Tanzanian historian and author Godfrey Mwakikagile , who writes: In the 11th century, the native Serers of ancient Takrur (successor of the Ghana Empire ) were persecuted by the Muslims for refusing to abandon Serer religion in favour of Islam. In 1030, the usurper War Jabi invited the Muslim Almoravid Abdullah ibn Yasin to Takrur and converted to Islam. By 1035, he forced

781-534: A relatively unimportant father. His marriage, they claim, with a princess and priestess of Baol propped up his legitimacy as well as helping him conquer Saloum. The precolonial kingdoms of modern Senegal, whether they are Serer Kingdoms, Wolof, Fula, Mandinka, Jola, Toucouleur, etc., do not have a history of producing kings or queens born out of wedlock. The reverse is true amongst many of Europe's royal families, which have produced many "royal bastards" throughout European dynastic history. Portuguese explorers in

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852-508: A severe defeat, and he was killed in that battle. The rulers of Sine retained their title ( Maad a Sinig ) throughout the colonial period and did not lose official recognition until 1969 after the death of Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (the last absolute monarch of Sine, reigned: 1924 – 1969). In 2019, the Serer people of Sine decided to reinstate their monarchy, and Maad a Sinig Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf (commonly known as Maa Sinig Niokhobaye Diouf Fat Diène or Niokhobaye Fat Diéne Diouf)

923-522: A stranger of noble origins." The legend of Ndiadiane Ndiaye has many variations in detail, but these share some important commonalities. It begins when his father dies and his mother remarries with a slave. This match so enfuriated Ndiaye that he jumped into the Senegal River and began an aquatic life. He made his way downstream to Waalo . At this time, the area was divided into villages ruled by separate Lamanes , some of whom were engaged in

994-464: A vassal of the Jolof Empire. It is for this reason that scholars agree that the Jolof Empire was not an empire founded by conquest, but through a voluntary confederacy of states. Serer oral tradition says that Sine never paid tribute to Ndiadiane Ndiaye nor any of his descendants, that the Jolof Empire never subjugated the kingdom, and Ndiadiane Ndiaye himself (a Serer ) received his name from

1065-424: A very autocratic government where personal armies and wealth often superseded constitutional values. The Jolof Empire included five coastal kingdoms from north to south: Waalo , Kayor , Baol , Sine and Saloum . All of these states were tributary to the land-locked state of Jolof. Each was governed by a ruler were chosen by their respective nobles. Each had practical autonomy but was expected to cooperate with

1136-431: Is a difference between lamans pre-Guelowar and lamans post Guelowar. The former had real powers and wealth, were heads of their states, and were the guardians custodians of Serer spirituality (A ƭat Roog) . The latter kept their wealth and titles but were merely provincial chiefs. However, due to their connection to Serer religion , they did maintain some power, and could dethrone a reigning monarch if threatened. Some of

1207-464: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jolof Empire Wolof oral traditions relate that the Wolof were the earliest inhabitants of the region that became Jolof, which was named after a local chief Jolof Mbengue. The empire consisted mostly of Wolof, Serer and Fula from north of the Senegal River . The region was ruled by Lamanes of

1278-523: Is one of the totems of the Cengandum. The totem of the Wagadous is the mbose tree ( gardenia ternifolia ) whose genesis is found in the Serer creation narrative and Ndut classical teachings . For more on that, see Serer maternal clans and Serer creation myth . The lamanic families did maintain their lands, wealth and titles, though they did lose power with the establishment of a new order. There

1349-509: The Bour on important matters, and send regular tribute to Jolof. This did not always happen, however, and wars between the constituent kingdoms were common; provinces could gain or lose degrees of independence, or move from one king's control to another. Kingdom of Sine The Kingdom of Sine (or Siin in Serer , variations: Sin or Siine ) was a post-classical Serer kingdom along

1420-734: The Joof , Ngom, and later the Njie family, especially in Baol , amongst other notable families and long before the Faal dynasty of Cayor and Baol in the 16th century—who succeeded the Joof, Ngom and Njie patriclans. The patriarch of the Faal paternal dynasty of Cayor and Baol, Damel – Teigne Amari Ngoneh Sobel Faal was the maternal grandson of Lingeer Sobel Joof (mother of Lingeer Ngoneh Sobel Njie, Amari's mother). The Princess Sobel Joof originated from

1491-510: The Kingdom of Saloum were absorbed in the late 14th century at the earliest. This completed the core constituent states of the Jolof confederacy: Cayor , Baol and Waalo , and the Serer states of Sine and Saloum . Beginning in the 1440s, Portuguese ships began to visit the coast, initially looking to capture slaves but soon shifting to trade. The Jolof expansion may have been assisted by

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1562-524: The Timeline of Serer history and Serer ancient history , see those articles. At the time of the Serer lamans, Sine was not called Sine. Instead, the Sine was divided into seven lamanic states ruled by lamans, namely: Njafaj; Ña-UI; Joral; Ngohe-Pofin; Hiréna (west of Sine at the Petite Côte ); and Singandum — which covers the two banks of the Sine valley. Charles Becker and Victor Martin's paper on

1633-505: The laman council of electors . He was chosen by the lamans and people to rule. He served as King of Sine from c. 1350-1370. Almost a decade after his coronation, Maysa Wali elected the legendary Ndiadiane Ndiaye (Serer proper: Njaajaan Njaay ) in c. 1360 as first Emperor of the Jolof Empire . He was the first king of modern Senegal to voluntarily gave his allegiance to Ndiadiane Ndiaye and asked others to do so, thereby making Sine

1704-590: The 14th century (c. 1335). The Wagadous continued to rule in Baol as the reigning maternal dynasty in that country, although they did receive competition from other emerging matriclans vying for power, and by the time the Damel - Teigne Lat Sukabe Ngoneh Jaye Faal came on the throne in the 18th century, they completely lost power. Lat Sukabe enforced his own matriclan ( Geej ). In the Sine (and later in Saloum), their demise

1775-490: The 15th century referred to Sine as the kingdom of Barbaçim , a corruption of 'Bur-ba-Sine' ( Wolof for 'King of Sine'), and its people as Barbacins (a term frequently extended by early writers to Serer people generally, while others insisted that Serreos and Barbacins were completely distinct peoples.) Old European maps frequently denote the Saloum River as the "River of Barbacins/Barbecins". Alvise Cadamosto ,

1846-553: The 19th century, when the empire had long been reduced to a rump state in the form of the Kingdom of Jolof . Throughout the different classes, intermarriage was rarely allowed. Women could not marry upwards, and their children did not inherit the father's superior status. However, women had some influence and role in government. The Lingeer was head of all women and very influential in state politics. She owned several villages that cultivated farms and paid tribute directly to her. There were also other female chiefs whose main task

1917-486: The 19th century. Mbegane Ndour was the king of Sine around the turn of the 16th century (approx. 1495-1514 ). Lilyan Kesteloot and Anja Veirman advanced the claim that, Mbegane defeated the Takruri marabout Moussa Eli Bana Sall, who at that time reigned over Saloum , by poisoning him with a viper. The authors then went on to claim that, Mbegane Ndour was born of the matrilineal royal clan, but out of wedlock and with

1988-524: The Gambia, including Niumi , Badibu, Nyani , and Wuli , as the Mali Empire declined. Jolof would also expand its control over the gold trade, conquering Gajaaga and subsequently Bambuk , although Jean Boulègue argues of such conquest being very unlikely. Control over the kingdoms of the Gambia also gave the Buurba some access to the growing commerce there. Upon Buurba Biram Njeme Eler 's death,

2059-593: The Joof royal family of Lambaye (the precolonial capital of Baol), and was of Wagadou matrilineage, and so was her grandson Amari. She was a descendant of Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof via the Yungari Ndaah Joof branch. The Faal family simply continued the old dynasty through marriage. The collapse of the Lamanic Era, and to a greater extent the Wagadou Era, coincided with the arrival of the Guelowars in

2130-611: The King of Oussouye (Maan Sibiloumbaye Diédhiou) to help effect economic and cultural development, as well as bring about peace in Casamance , following decades long of the Casamance conflict —which has plagued the Gambia , Senegal , and Guinea-Bissau since 1982. Since 2023, he has been vocal in calling for a peaceful transition of political power in preparation for Senegal's 2024 Presidential Elections. The Serer Kingdom of Saloum also reinstated their monarchy in 2017 culminating in

2201-516: The Kingdom of Sine is unclear, but in the 13th or 14th century Mandinka migrants entered the area from the southeast. They were led by a matrilinial clan known as the Gelwar . Near Niakhar they encountered the Serer, who had already established a system of lamanic authorities, and joined to create a Gelwaar-led state with its capital at or near a Serer lamanic estate at Mbissel . Father Henry Gravrand reports an oral tradition that one Maad

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2272-589: The Mbengue, Diaw and Ngom families. They were related to early rulers of neighboring kingdoms such as Baol . Jolof was a vassal of the Mali Empire for much of its early history. It remained within that empire's sphere of influence until the latter half of the 14th century. Traditional accounts among the Wolof agree that the founder of the state was the possibly mythical Ndiadiane Ndiaye (also spelled Njaajaan Njaay or Njai). Sallah writes: "Some say that Njajan

2343-463: The Muslims. The introduction of Islam in Takrur led to "the Serer exodus" from Takrur, later the region of Fouta. In the writings of early Arab sources such as Al Bakri–relating to Takrur, the terms lamlam, lemlem, or damdam became associated with "non-believers" of Islam in the region. According to historians and authors Ibrahima Thiaw (2013) and Abdoulaye Bara Diop (1968), these words may have been

2414-540: The Portuguese, who took him to Lisbon . There he exchanged gifts with King John II and was baptized. Faced with the opportunity to put a Christian ally on the throne, John II sent an expeditionary force under a Portuguese commander to put the prince back on the throne of Jolof. The objective was to put him on the throne and a fort at the mouth of the Senegal River. Neither goal was achieved. A dispute between

2485-576: The Senegambia region in his paper "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays Sereer" (1993), historian and author Professor Charles Becker writes that: According to historian David Galvan, "The oral historical record, written accounts by early Arab and European explorers, and physical anthropological evidence suggest that the various Serer peoples migrated south from the Futa Tooro region (Senegal River valley) beginning around

2556-520: The Serer Mbosseh (or Mboosé) tradition and pangool . The Mbosseh is one of the Serer holy festivals . The Serer community Kaolack , what was historically part of the Kingdom of Saloum , have their own way of celebrating the Mbosseh, and believed it to be the mythical protector of their town. The Wagadous have close ties to the Cengandum and Kagaw. A type of serpent called cocom in Serer,

2627-598: The Serer actually came from his Wolof interpreters. Like most of their subjects in the 19th century, the Serer Kings of Sine and Saloum continued to follow Serer religion . On 18 July 1867, the prolific 19th century Sengalese Muslim cleric, jihadist, and slave trader Maba Diakhou Bâ was defeated at The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune fighting against the King of Sine Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene fa Maak Joof —when he tried to launch jihad in Sine, but failed. Maba and his allied forces namely Jolof and Cayor suffered

2698-579: The Serer exodus from the north ( Takrur ) in the 11th century, agreed to grant them asylum, an asylum sanctioned by the Council of Great Lamans (the Serer landowning class). Through marriage, the Serer–Guelowar alliance was born—where Serer men from the noble families of Sine and later Saloum, married Guelowar women and the offsprings of those unions ruled as kings, and the children of such unions and their descendants identifying themselves as Serer, spoke

2769-461: The Serer language, followed Serer religion and customs, and saw themselves as Serer. On the subject of Maysa Wali, the first Guelowar to rule in Serer country, Diouf writes: Charles Becker notes that Gravrand had not recognised that this is actually a description of the 1867 (or 1865) Battle of Kansala although he agrees that the migration of the Guelowar can probably be explained by a war or

2840-474: The Serer title laman (Seereer proper: laamaan , abbreviated to the Serer vocable lam — meaning to inherit ). They were: These leaders had successors after Maissa Wali (the first Guelowar king) ascended the throne. However, their power and influence waned. The Wagadous were a 9th century maternal dynasty of Soninke origin, and offshoots of the Ghana Empire that ruled much of Senegal including Takrur by marrying into Serer lamanic families, notably

2911-407: The commander and the prince resulted in the former accusing the bumi of treachery and killing him. In the early 16th century, the Jolof Empire was still very powerful, and capable of fielding 100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. But succession disputes were not the only thing tearing it apart. The Atlantic Trade trade, for instance, had brought extra wealth to the empire, but with Jelen's failure

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2982-477: The contentious coronation of King of Saloum Thierno Coumba Daga Ndao on 21 May 2017 at Kahone (the precolonial capital of Saloum). He is the maternal uncle of the current King of Sine Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf. The economic base of Sine was agriculture and fishing. Millet and other crops were grown. Sine was very reluctant to grow groundnut for the French market, in spite of French colonial directives. It

3053-507: The eleventh century, when Islam first came across the Sahara." Over generations these people, possibly Pulaar speaking herders originally, migrated through Wolof areas and entered the Siin and Saluum river valleys. This lengthy period of Wolof-Serer contact has left us unsure of the origins of shared "terminology, institutions, political structures, and practices." The actual foundation of

3124-497: The empire was associated with the growth of Wolof power at the expense of the ancient Sudanese state of Takrur, and that this was essentially a fourteenth-century development." Ogot proposes that the Jolof became permanently independent during a succession dispute in 1360 between two rival lineages within the Mali Empire . There is no consensus among scholars, however. The earliest centuries of Jolof's history are known only through oral histories, but few details have survived. During

3195-403: The first place. But now conflict was spreading to Jolof's northern territories. In 1513, Koli Tenguella led a strong force of Fulani and Mandinka into Futa Toro , seizing it from the Jolof and setting up his dynasty , and also destroying Namandirou . In 1520 the Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum in the south broke away. In 1549, Kayor successfully broke from the Jolof Empire under

3266-626: The leadership of the crown prince Amari Ngoone Sobel Fall by defeating Jolof at the Battle of Danki . The battle caused a ripple effect resulting in Waalo and Baol also leaving the empire. By 1600, the Jolof Empire was effectively over. Kayor invaded its southern neighbor, Bawol, and began forming a personal union of its own. Jolof was reduced to a kingdom; nevertheless, the title of Burba remained associated with imperial prestige and commanded nominal respect from its ancient vassals. Jolof society harbored

3337-505: The mouth of Maysa Waly. The historian Sylviane Diouf states that "Each vassal kingdom—Walo, Takrur, Kayor, Baol, Sine, Salum, Wuli, and Niani—recognized the hegemony of Jolof and paid tribute." The Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum were the first to leave the Jolof Empire, at least twenty-nine years before the famous Battle of Danki in 1549, the battle which saw the other kingdoms gained their independence from Jolof. The Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum also survived up to 1969 whilst

3408-512: The natives of Takrur to convert to Islam but the Serer natives refused to submit to Islam. The Serer lamans in particular, who were the guardians of Serer spirituality, leaders and the landowning class, put up a strong resistance against the allied Muslim forces (the Black African tribes who converted to Islam and their Arabo-Berber allies) partly to preserve their religion, but also to preserve their assets and power. They were defeated by

3479-423: The north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal . The inhabitants are called Siin-Siin or Sine-Sine (a Serer plural form or Serer- demonym , e.g. Bawol-Bawol and Saloum-Saloum / Saluum-Saluum , inhabitants of Baol and Saloum respectively). The history of Sine, which has been inhabited by the Serer people for centuries, can be divided into three main Serer historic periods (see below). For

3550-470: The notable Serer lamanic families included the Sarr family, the Joof family , the Ngom family, etc. These lamanic families formed a great council (the Great Council of Lamans ) to settle disputes. It was similar to a higher court where the lamans sat to hear or disputes brought in front of them so they could pass judgement. It was the last resort if a laman from another part of Serer country could not decide on

3621-533: The other Kingdoms such as Waalo , Jolof , Cayor , Baol , etc., fell in the 19th century. Futa Toro collapsed following the Futa Revolution of 1776 caused by Islamist who ousted their Animist Denianke dynasty. Although Futa tried to re-establish itself post 1776 under the banner of Islamism and Islamic jihads, it collapsed again when it was incorporated into the French colonial empire in the second half of

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3692-458: The proclamation words or crowning speech to him so he could repeat it during his coronation ceremony. Lamaan Jame Ngom was renowned for organising Serer wrestling tournaments in his country (Faajaal). It was through those tournaments that the patriarch of the Faye family , the "great Serer wrestler" Boukar Djillakh Faye demonstrated his skills and was given the hand of a princess in marriage. It

3763-465: The purchase of horses from these traders. At this time, Jolof was at the height of its power. Buurba Biram Njeme Eler , or possibly Cukli Njiklaan , conquered Namandirou in approximately the 1450s, then extended extended his authority over Takrur . Eler moved the capital from Njiayeen Sabur to Thieung. He was also likely responsible for subduing the Mandinka states on the northern bank of

3834-425: The relatively dry period (c. 1100–1500) the Jolof empire expanded soutwards and westwards, progressively 'Wolofizing' the ruling classes. The smaller states thus incorporated into the empire. The states of Cayor and Baol , which were founded around the same time as Jolof, were absorbed early on. Many of the earliest buurbas came from maternal lineages native to Baol. The Kingdom of Sine and an early form of

3905-399: The royal family became more consumed by succession disputes. Once appointed, officeholders went through elaborate rituals to both familiarize themselves with their new duties and elevate them to a divine status. From then on, they were expected to lead their states to greatness or risk being declared unfavored by the gods and being deposed. The stresses of this political structure resulted in

3976-505: The ruler of the Kingdom of Sine , Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali , also a great magician, he is reported to have exclaimed "Ndiadiane Ndiaye" in his native Serer language in amazement. He then suggested that all rulers between the Senegal River and the Gambia River voluntarily submit to this man, which they did. Attempting to date Ndiadiane Ndiaye and the establishment of the Jolof Empire, John Donnelly Fage suggests, "the rise of

4047-409: The rulers of the vassal states on the coast got the lion's share of the benefits, which eventually allowed them to eclipse and undermine the emperor. Jolof was located far from the coast, and had no direct access to maritime trade. There was also the matter of external forces, such as the breakup of the Mali Empire . Mali's slipping grip on its far-flung empire had allowed Jolof to become an empire in

4118-453: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jolof . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolof&oldid=1255328320 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text Short description

4189-410: The settlement of Sine prior to the Guelowar period (c. 1350 – 3 August 1969, and from 8 February 2019 – present, following the coronation of the current King of Sine Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf ), posits that, Sine had about sixty villages and all these villages were governed by the lamans. Niokhobaye Diouf notes that, just before the Guelowar's arrival in Sine, there were three notable rulers using

4260-453: The south. The Serer exodus from Takrur only affected the Serers of Takrur, not the entire Serer group which is very diverse and spread throughout the region. Ancient Takrur was part of Serer country. Although Takrur (later the Fouta region) became Islamic, it losts its Serer identity following the Serer exodus. In summarizing the influence of Serer culture, history , religion and tradition on

4331-494: The succession was disputed between his son, Bokar Bige, and his nephew Tase Daagulen . The latter was eventually victorious, with the help of Brak Cukuli Mbooj of Waalo . This conflict was, in a way, a contest between a patrilineal inheritance system (father-son) and a matrilineal one (uncle-nephew), as Biram Eler and Tase Daagulen were both members of the Jonai matrilineage. Between roughly 1455 and 1489, five buurba s would claim

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4402-450: The throne, sowing chaos and civil war. In the 1480s, Jelen , the buumi or prince, was ruling the empire in the name of his brother Birayma Kuran Kan , known in Portuguese sources as Bur Birao. Tempted by the Portuguese trade, he moved the seat of government to the coast to take advantage of the new economic opportunities. Other princes, opposed to this policy, deposed and murdered the buurba in 1489. Jelen escaped and sought refuge with

4473-492: The throne. Since Sine is now part of independent Senegal, Niokhobaye Diouf is a constitutional monarch with no official powers, compared to his predecessors. His role is simply ceremonial and diplomatic. He does however, have great influence in the and has been able utilise his influence on the President of Senegal (notably Macky Sall ), and the old pleasant cousinship between the Serer and Jola people by liaising with

4544-461: Was a result of the Guelowar's arrival where Serer lamanic families formed marriage alliance with the Guelowars. The Wagadous are still found in Serer country, though they have lost their power and dominance post-Guelowar. They now tend to form alliances with the matriclans Jafun , as well as the Cegandum and Kagaw , two of the oldest Serer matriclans. The Cengandum (or Jegandoum) are linked to

4615-490: Was crowned King of Sine ( Maad a Sinig ) on 8 February 2019 at Diakhao , the precolonial capital of Sine. He belongs the Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof via the branch of Maad a Sinig Semou Maak Joof, and a member of the Guelowar matrilineage through his mother Lingeer Fatou Diène. On 8 February 2020, fifty-one years after the death of the former King, Mahecor Joof, Niokhobaye Diouf celebrated his first anniversary on

4686-623: Was during the Guelowar Era when Sine was named "Sine", named after Sine-o-Méo Manneh (Serer proper: Siin o Meo Maane), sister of Maysa Wali Manneh (the one who named it after his sister ). The Serer ethnic group are very diverse, and include the Serer Seex (pronounced Seh or Seeh ); subgroups of the Seex with their various dialects of Serer proper; and the Cangin speaking Serers ; who as

4757-441: Was judging cases involving women. In the empire's most northern state of Walo, women could aspire to the office of Bur and rule the state. Isolated from the main maritime and trans-Saharan trade routes, the economy of Jolof proper was relatively simple. Moor or Jula merchants were the main carriers of trade, which was organized around weekly markets and consisted mostly of millet, salt, beans, cattle and other essentials. Coinage

4828-409: Was later adopted, succession struggles in the late 19th century between the royal houses hampered production. However, the Kingdom of Sine was less susceptible to hunger and indebtedness, a legacy which continued right up to the last absolute monarch of Sine – Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof . It was very common for people from other states to migrate to the Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum in search of

4899-417: Was less dependent on groundnut than other states. Deeply rooted in Serer conservatism and Serer religion , for several decades during the 19th century, the Serer farmers refused to grow it or when they did, they ensured that their farming cycle was not only limited to groundnut production. Their religious philosophy of preserving the ecosystem affected groundnut production in Sine. Even after mass production

4970-493: Was not used, but iron bars and cloth served as universal means of exchange. The ruler of Jolof was known as the Bour ba or Buurba , who was selected by a college of electors that included the rulers of the five main constituent kingdoms. Although nominally the head of the entire empire, the Buurba directly controlled a relatively small portion of Jolof; Lamanes held a lot of power, and became progressively more independent as

5041-613: Was the son of Abu Darday, an Almoravid conqueror who came from Mecca to preach Islam in Senegal ;... Some say that Ndiadiane Ndiaye was a mysterious person of Fulani origin. Others say he was a Serer prince." In general, Ndiaye is given an Almoravid Islamic lineage and a link on his mother's side to the state of Takrur . James Searing adds that "In all versions of the myth, Njaajaan Njaay speaks his first words in Pulaar rather than Wolof , emphasizing once again his character as

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