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52-654: Joseph Constant Eugène "Joop" Haex (24 November 1911 – 14 April 2002) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Christian Historical Union (CHU) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), an army officer and lieutenant general of the Royal Netherlands Army he served during World War II and the post-war years. This article about a Dutch politician is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Christian Historical Union An important inspiration for

104-575: A coalition cabinet of the same parties, now joined by the moderate Democratic Socialists '70 , which broke away from the PvdA. The cabinet fell after one year. In the 1972 election campaign , the CHU lost three seats, and was left with seven. Furthermore, CHU was blocked from the newly formed cabinet by the PvdA and its allies, which cooperated with the KVP and ARP. Meanwhile, a process of merger had started between

156-476: A minister. After the 1933 election , in which the party lost one seat, another coalition cabinet led by Colijn was formed, which was joined by members of the liberal Free-thinking Democratic League and the Liberal State Party . The CHU supplied only one minister and a further CHU member was appointed minister during the cabinet's term, who left after a cabinet crisis. During the 1930s, a group of

208-686: A pillar, the CHU appealed to unaffiliated conservative Protestants. The party did own its own newspaper, De Nederlander . The CHU had a separate party organisation for women, Centrale van Christelijk Historische Vrouwengroepen . The electorate of the CHU has seen three decisive shifts, especially in its relation with the ARP, the other Protestant party. Although dates are given here, the changes were gradual General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations The General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations ( Dutch : Algemeene Bond van Roomsch-Katholieke Kiesverenigingen ), informally called

260-513: The 1959 election (in which the party lost one seat), the De Quay cabinet is formed by KVP, ARP, CHU and VVD. The CHU still supplied two ministers. After the 1963 elections , in which the CHU gained one seat, the cabinet continued. In 1965 this cabinet fell, and a new cabinet was formed, without the CHU and the VVD, but with the PvdA. This cabinet fell after one year. In the 1967 election campaign ,

312-769: The Christian Democratic faction . The party had weak ties to many Protestant organisations, such as the Dutch Reformed Church , the Protestant broadcaster NCRV , the employers' organisation NCW , the trade union CNV and the Christian Farmers' Organisation. Together these organisations formed the Protestant pillar , over which the Anti-Revolutionary Party had far more control than the CHU. Rather than use

364-737: The General League ( Dutch : Algemeene Bond ), was a Catholic political party in the Netherlands . It existed from 1904 to 1926, when it was succeeded by the Roman Catholic State Party . It is one of the ancestors of today's Christian Democratic Appeal . During the 19th century, Catholics were a disadvantaged minority in the Netherlands. They enjoyed considerable independence in the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg , where they formed 90% of

416-650: The Roman Catholic People's Party , was founded by former members of the General League and was oriented towards Catholic workers. In 1923, 10 Catholic MPs caused the fall of the second Ruijs de Beerenbrouck cabinet by voting against the budget of the Ministry for the Navy. Ruijs de Beerenbrouck continued with a new cabinet. In 1925, the orthodox Protestant MP Gerrit Hendrik Kersten caused the fall of

468-491: The Second World War , prominent CHU politicians wanted to end the pillarisation of Dutch politics. Some wanted to unite the CHU with the ARP, others, like Piet Lieftinck , joined the new social democratic Labour Party (PvdA). Between 1945 and 1948, the CHU was marginalised politically as the re-founded Catholic People's Party (KVP) rejected cooperation with the confessional parties in favour of cooperation with

520-597: The first Colijn cabinet . Kersten had proposed every year for the Dutch representative at the Holy See to be abolished. Each year, the conservative Protestant CHU, which was in government with the General League, had supported the proposal. Now, the socialist and liberal opposition supported the proposal as well, which was unacceptable for the Catholic ministers, and their departure caused the cabinet to fall. Those events and

572-653: The suffrage . While Kuyper supported this, conservative parliamentarians led by Alexander de Savornin Lohman opposed it. After the 1894 election , they formed their own parliamentary group, mostly comprising members with an aristocratic background and who had not followed Kuyper in the Dutch Reformed Church split. When reunification turned out to be impossible, they formed the Free Anti Revolutionary Party (VAR) in 1897. Around

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624-635: The ARP worked together with Roman Catholics as the coalition , with the goal of equal funding for religious schools (the School struggle ). After the 1888 election and 1888 formation , this tactic resulted in the Mackay cabinet , comprising Anti-revolutionaries and Catholics. This cabinet managed to partially fund religious schools. Meanwhile, divisions emerged within the ARP, becoming increasingly clear over time. Many anti-revolutionary parliamentarians valued their independence from their electorate, leading to

676-405: The ARP, CHU and KVP declared that they would continue to govern together. The CHU lost one seat but still supplied two ministers in the new KVP-ARP-CHU-VVD coalition De Jong cabinet . During this period the differences between the ARP and CHU became more pronounced, with the ARP becoming more progressive and the CHU remaining more conservative. In the 1971 election the party lost 3 seats. It joined

728-614: The ARP, CHU and the Catholic RKSP won fifty seats. The CHU started to cooperate fully in the confessional coalition. They formed a cabinet led by the Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck . The CHU provided only one minister (De Visser became minister of Education, Arts and Sciences ) and two non-partisan sympathisers of the CHU were appointed. During the cabinet's term one CHU member, Dirk Jan de Geer and another CHU sympathiser were appointed as ministers, while

780-422: The CHU was Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801-1876), who coined the terms 'anti-revolutionary' and 'Christian-historical'. In 1879, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) was founded as mass party for Protestants led by Abraham Kuyper . Unlike previous anti-revolutionary politicians such as Groen van Prinsterer, Kuyper was convinced God's will could be translated to politics. As part of Kuyper's antithesis ,

832-759: The Christian Historical Party merged with the Frisian League to found the Christian Historical Union. The two merges resulted in a party manifesto , which was a combination of the constitutional views of the VAR and religious views of the other two, although it would emphasize the broader Protestant character the CHP advocated. Under influence of the Frisian League, it became more of a testimonial party . Later in 1912, members of

884-459: The General League's results in elections to the House of Representatives and Senate , as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter , the chair of the parliamentary party, and the lijsttrekker, the party's top candidate in a general election; these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. It is also possible that the party leader was a cabinet member, if the General League

936-539: The Holy See , (a symbolic motion to show their opposition to the Pope) which was supported by the CHU. In 1925, the left-liberal Free-thinking Democratic League and socialist Social Democratic Workers' Party supported this motion because they saw it as an opportunity to bring about the downfall of the cabinet and form a progressive coalition after the election. After lengthy formation talks an extra-parliamentary cabinet

988-483: The KVP, ARP and CHU, under pressure of poor election results. In 1974, they founded a federation called the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). In the 1977 election , they campaigned together under the name of the CDA. The power of the CHU current within the CDA is relatively small. Although there are some prominent CDA politicians with a background in the CHU, the better organised KVP and ARP are far stronger currents within

1040-400: The PvdA. Some prominent progressive CHU-members left the CHU to join this new PvdA. It was kept out of the progressive Schermerhorn–Drees cabinet . In the 1946 elections , it kept its eight seats, which it also had before the war. The CHU was also kept out of the first Beel cabinet which also just consisted of the KVP and PvdA. After the 1948 election (in which the party won one seat), it

1092-592: The SDAP and the three confessional parties. De Geer, as a reliable, respected administrator, led this cabinet. During World War II , De Geer's position became less tenable, as he attempted to negotiate a peace with the Germans against the will of the government. When the Dutch government went into exile he was replaced by ARP-member Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy and the CHU provided one minister in these cabinets in exile. After

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1144-601: The Second World War and befriended with the queen , was considered reasonably progressive on social issues (decolonisation of the Dutch Indies, women emancipation, housing, prison reforms, welfare), as was her colleague, the unionist, Henk Kikkert (welfare, housing). The party had a federal organisation with strong local branches and an independent parliamentary party, without party discipline . It has been classified as an elite party . The party published

1196-405: The VVD was replaced by the ARP, while the CHU retained two ministers. In the 1956 election , the party retained the same percentage of vote, but due to the expansion of parliament it gets 13 seats (out of 150). A new cabinet was formed with the same composition and the CHU retained its two ministers. In 1959 the cabinet fell prematurely. A caretaker cabinet was formed by ARP, KVP and CHU. After

1248-574: The case of the CPN, and the decolonisation of the Dutch East Indies in the case of the ARP. The CHU endorsed both these policies, creating considerable conflict internally. The CHU parliamentary group in the Senate voted for the independence of Indonesia. The CHU provided one minister, which was expanded to two after a 1951 cabinet crisis. After the 1952 election , a new cabinet was formed and

1300-491: The counterpart of the ARP : Generally the political course of the party can be seen as (soft) conservative and Christian democratic . It saw the government as the servant of God and emphasised the special role of the Netherlands, with its history of Protestantism. The CHU had relatively constant positions on several issues: Although most CHU members of parliament were conservatives, some others were more moderate and belonged to

1352-465: The economy, while denouncing socialism . As a Catholic party, it advocated equal finances for religious and public schools . Furthermore, the party supported religious freedom for Catholics in the Northern provinces, such as the right to hold religious demonstrations. It wanted a separate envoy at the Holy See and a strong Catholic mission in the Dutch East Indies . As a Catholic social party, it

1404-461: The formation of a new party in 1896. All Catholic candidates then rallied around one programme, written by Schaepman. The programme was inspired by the encyclical Rerum novarum , which advocated social Catholic politics. From 1897, Catholic MPs began to meet regularly. Finally, on 15 October 1904, the General League was founded as a federation of district and provincial Catholic electoral associations and parliamentarians. The 1905 general election

1456-533: The formation of two distinct factions within the parliamentary group. The 1886 Dutch Reformed Church split , instigated by Kuyper, resulted in the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands in 1892. Some viewed the collaboration with the Catholics as a betrayal of the nation's Protestant identity. The direct cause of a break was a proposal in 1892 by liberal minister Johannes Tak van Poortvliet to expand

1508-489: The largest party, and its alliance with the ARP and CHU won a considerable majority. For the first time in Dutch political history, a Catholic, Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck , became Prime Minister . That responsibility put considerable pressure on the party. In 1919, Henri van Groenendael was removed from the party ranks due to his sympathy for the Limburgurgish separatist movement. In 1922 another Catholic party,

1560-566: The late 1880s, the Catholics became disillusioned with the liberals because, although they supported the freedom of religion, they refused to finance Catholic, or otherwise religious, schools. That became an important issue that united the Catholics. In 1888 the Catholic parliamentary party switched its allegiances to the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party and became part of the first Coalition cabinet, led by Aeneas Mackay Jr. . The new cabinet also jump started

1612-648: The magazine "C.H. Nederlander" ("Christian Historical Dutchman"). Its youth organisation was the Christelijk-Historische Jongeren Organisatie (English: Christian Historical Youth Organisation Anti-Revolutionary Youth Studyclubs). Its scientific institute was the De Savornin Lohman foundation. Internationally, the CHU was a relatively isolated party. In the European Parliament , its members sat in

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1664-399: The party's younger members, including Piet Lieftinck began to develop support for state intervention in the economy and form a Christian basis for this intervention on basis of the work of the theologian Karl Barth . In the 1937 election the party lost two additional seats, leaving eight. The party continued to govern in an ARP-RKSP-CHU coalition. In 1939, a national cabinet was formed with

1716-453: The party. The CHU derived its name "Christian Historical Union" from its combination of conservatism, the orientation to that which has historically grown with Protestant Christianity . The label conservative was already taken by a parliamentary group of monarchists and colonialists , who fell from favour during the late 19th century. In its early years, the terms anti-revolutionary and Christian-historical were used interchangeably. With

1768-683: The population. In the north, however, Catholics were not allowed to organise religious rallies and demonstrations. Until 1848, the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church was forbidden in the Netherlands. A mix of Protestantism and nationalism, inspired by the struggle for independence against the Catholic Spanish, was a reason. Until the 1880s, the most important ally of the Catholics were the liberals , who advocated freedom of religion. Catholics supported several liberal governments but were divided between two groups: those for

1820-439: The pressure of governing accelerated the General League's change to a tightly-organised mass party. In 1926, it formed a new party, the Roman Catholic State Party , which was the continuation of the General League with a stronger organisation. The name "League" conveyed three things: its federative nature, as it was a federal league of electoral associations, its Roman Catholic ideology, and its opposition to partisan politics – it

1872-399: The progressive Herman Schaepman and those for the conservative Bernardus Marie Bahlmann . The progressives favoured a corporatist economy and extension of suffrage, but the conservatives, who represented business interests, opposed both. Meanwhile, the organisation of the Catholics was concentrated on the district or province. The Brabant electoral associations were exceptionally strong. In

1924-716: The same time, two other Reformed parties had been founded. In 1896, the Christian Historical Voters' League (CHP) was founded and in 1898 the Frisian League . Both rejected the secular state , emphasizing respectively the Protestant character and Dutch Reformed character of the nation. In 1903, the VAR merged with the Christian Historical Voters' League to form the Christian Historical Party . In 1908,

1976-522: The small National Historical Party also joined the CHU. Between 1908 and 1913, the CHU supported a minority confessional cabinet of ARP and the Catholic General League . In the 1909 election the party won 10 seats, two more than the CHP and Frisian League had won in 1905. In the 1913 election the party stayed stable. Between 1913 and 1918 the country was governed by an extra parliamentary cabinet formed by liberals. Its main goal

2028-594: The social wing of the party. The more socially oriented MP's were: Johan Reinhardt Snoeck Henkemans (1862–1945), Jan Rudolph Slotemaker de Bruïne (1869–1941), Frida Katz (1885–1963), Jouke Bakker (1873–1956), Piet Lieftinck (1902–1989), Henk Kikkert (1912–1988), Cor van Mastrigt (1909–1997), jkvr. Bob Wttewaall van Stoetwegen (1901–1986), Arnold Tilanus (1910–1996), Coos Huijsen (*1939), Ernst van Eeghen (1920–2007), Wim Deetman (*1945) and Nellien de Ruiter (1926–2000). The highly popular Jkvr. Bob Wttewaall van Stoetwegen, long-time member of parliament after

2080-420: The split between the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the CHU the terms began to gain their own separate meanings. Furthermore, the party styled itself a loose union of individual MPs and municipal caucuses and therefore used the term Union instead of party. The CHU lacked a coherent political ideology as it was formed by politicians who emphasised their own independent position. Furthermore, many times it served as

2132-444: The two CHU-sympathisers stepped down. In the 1922 election , the party won four seats. The cabinet of Ruys de Beerenbrouck continued to govern; the CHU supplied two ministers and one non-partisan CHU-sympathiser is appointed. During the term one CHU minister, minister of finance De Geer, stepped down, after the budget of the ministry of the Navy had been rejected. In the 1925 election the party remained stable at 11 seats. A party which

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2184-551: Was a general league. The long name was not abbreviated in an acronym, but just as General League. Before the foundation of the Roman Catholic State Party in 1926 the party was also generally known under that name. The General League was a Catholic party, which explicitly based itself on the papal encyclical Rerum novarum . In this encyclical Pope Leo XIII expressed the principles of Catholic social teaching. It called for stronger government intervention in

2236-465: Was a staunch proponent of a corporatist economy, where employers' organisations , unions , and the state work together for the common good. It supported the implementation of a system of social security , protection to develop national industry, and the improvement of the position of workers. It advocated householder franchise in which only heads of families could vote. After World War I it advocated increased spending on defense. This table shows

2288-487: Was allied to the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party and Christian Historical Union , in alliance called the Coalition . Their shared issue was the equal financing for religious schools by the government. The relationship with the ARP, which also supported the extension of suffrage and recognised the Catholic religion, was considerably better than with the CHU, which opposed the extension of suffrage and sought to minimise

2340-460: Was closely related to the CHU, the HGS , an orthodox version of the CHU, also won one seat. Another RKSP-ARP-CHU cabinet was formed, now led by Hendrikus Colijn ; the CHU supplied two ministers. In 1925, the cabinet fell prematurely because of a motion supported by the CHU parliamentary party. Each year the anti-Papist Reformed Political Party would propose a motion to remove the Dutch representative at

2392-576: Was dependent on the party's parliamentary party. The General League had close links to many other Catholic institutions such as the Roman Catholic Church , and together they formed the Catholic pillar . These organisations included a Catholic labour union , the Catholic employers' organisation , the Catholic farmers' organisation, Catholic Hospitals united in the Yellow-White Cross, and Catholic Schools. The General League

2444-425: Was formed, led by De Geer of the CHU, with one other CHU member appointed and one further CHU member joining during the cabinet's lifetime. De Geer was chosen because he was a reliable administrator and a less divisive figure. In the 1929 election the party remained stable at 11 seats. It cooperated in a new coalition cabinet led by Ruys de Beerenbrouck, supplying two ministers, with one CHU-sympathiser also serving as

2496-480: Was invited to join the cabinet again. It joined the broad basis cabinet Drees–Van Schaik cabinet which combined the KVP, PvdA, CHU and the conservative liberal VVD, that is every major party except for the Communist Party of the Netherlands and the Anti-Revolutionary Party . These parties were excluded because they opposed the major reforms the cabinets were implementing, including the welfare state , in

2548-411: Was part of the governing coalition. The "highest ranking" minister is listed. The General League was supported by Catholics of all classes. In North Brabant and Limburg , it often got more than 90% of the vote, and was comfortably in control of the provincial and municipal councils . The party was a loose league of electoral associations, with little party discipline . The weak party organisation

2600-457: Was preparing an important constitutional revision to solve the two most pressing political issues of the past three decades: suffrage and equal financing for religious schools. All parties were involved in the process, and in 1917, the changes were implemented. Then, the General League grew in power. In the 1918 general election , the first held under proportional representation, the League became

2652-486: Was the first election contested by the League. It retained the same number of seats as previously held by Catholic candidates: 25 (out of 100). That number remained remarkably stable in subsequent elections. The party governed between 1908 and 1913 together with the ARP and the Protestant CHU, in the cabinet led by Theo Heemskerk . Between 1913 and 1918, the party was out of power by a liberal minority cabinet, which

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2704-399: Was to implement a constitutional reform combining both male universal suffrage and equal payment for religious schools. At the end of the cabinets term, two CHU ministers joined the cabinet, as they were relatively neutral politicians. In the 1918 elections , in which male universal suffrage and proportional representation were used for the first time, the party lost three seats. Together

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