113-563: The Jordan School is a historic school building at 35 Wood Street in Lewiston, Maine . Built in 1902, it is an important local example of Italian Renaissance architecture, designed by the architect William R. Miller . It served as the city's first purpose-built high school, and has been converted to residential use. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The former Jordan School building stands on
226-707: A Masonic temple on Lisbon Street. This group would from 1908 to 1910 build the Kora Temple on Sabattus Street, the largest home of a fraternal organization in the state. Architect George M. Coombs designed this Moorish -style structure. City leaders decided to build a cathedral to which the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland could relocate. Construction of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul began in 1905 and ended in 1938, funded mostly through thousands of small donations from Lewiston residents. It
339-456: A spree shooting occurred at two locations in Lewiston. Eighteen people were killed, and 13 others were injured. The first mass shooting occurred at a bowling alley during a youth league event, while the second occurred minutes later at a restaurant. After a two-day manhunt, the shooter, 40-year-old Robert R. Card, was found dead on October 27 from an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound in
452-681: A condition known as the Malthusian trap . The rapid economic growth that occurred during the Industrial Revolution was remarkable because it was in excess of population growth, providing an escape from the Malthusian trap. Countries that industrialized eventually saw their population growth slow down, a phenomenon known as the demographic transition . Increases in productivity are the major factor responsible for per capita economic growth—this has been especially evident since
565-427: A famous estimate, MIT Professor Robert Solow concluded that technological progress has accounted for 80 percent of the long-term rise in U.S. per capita income, with increased investment in capital explaining only the remaining 20 percent. Increases in productivity lower the real cost of goods. Over the 20th century, the real price of many goods fell by over 90%. Economic growth has traditionally been attributed to
678-473: A female householder with no husband present, and 43.4% were non-families. Of all households, 35.9% were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.81. The median income for a household in the city was $ 36,743, and the median income for a family was $ 46,289. Males had a median income of $ 38,881 versus $ 30,465 for females. The per capita income for
791-554: A large wooden sawmill next to the falls. Burned in 1814 by an arsonist , it was later rebuilt. In 1836, local entrepreneurs—predominantly the Little family and friends—formed the Androscoggin Falls Dam , Lock & Canal Company: ...for the purpose of erecting and constructing dams, locks, canals, mills, works, machines, and buildings on their own lands and also manufacturing cotton, wool, iron, steel, and paper in
904-618: A low crime rate and cheap housing. In 1999, ethnic Somalis subsequently began a secondary migration from other states to the former mill town, and after 2005, many Somali Bantus , a separate ethnicity, followed suit. In October 2002, then- Mayor Laurier T. Raymond wrote an open letter addressed to leaders of the Somali community, predicting a negative impact on the city's social services and requesting that they discourage further relocation to Lewiston. The letter angered many and prompted some community leaders and residents to speak out against
1017-400: A major role to a country's level of human capital , defined as the skills of the population or the work force. Human capital has been included in both neoclassical and endogenous growth models. A country's level of human capital is difficult to measure since it is created at home, at school, and on the job. Economists have attempted to measure human capital using numerous proxies, including
1130-454: A period of ten years. Some residents of the affected neighborhoods felt that the plan was initially announced with little input from them. They formed a neighborhood group called "The Visible Community", which has since been actively involved in the planning process, and resulted in cooperation between neighbors and city officials to redesign Kennedy Park , including input on the location of new basketball courts, and feedback regarding creation of
1243-558: A point increases in the amount of capital per worker are an important cause of economic output growth. Capital is subject to diminishing returns because of the amount that can be effectively invested and because of the growing burden of depreciation. In the development of economic theory, the distribution of income was considered to be between labor and the owners of land and capital. In recent decades there have been several Asian countries with high rates of economic growth driven by capital investment. The work week declined considerably over
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#17327799341581356-404: A result instituting an economic-demographic transition. The relationship between health and economic growth is further nuanced by distinguishing the influence of specific diseases on GDP per capita from that of aggregate measures of health , such as life expectancy Thus, investing in health is warranted both from the growth and equity perspectives, given the important role played by health in
1469-562: A series of inquiries undertaken by the parliamentary Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee , which argues that the UK Government "has a big job to do in helping businesses survive, stimulating economic growth and encouraging the creation of well-paid meaningful jobs". Policymakers and scholars frequently emphasize the importance of entrepreneurship for economic growth. However, surprisingly few research empirically examine and quantify entrepreneurship's impact on growth. This
1582-452: A significant influx of Québécois millworkers who worked alongside Irish immigrants and Yankee mill girls. Lewiston's population boomed between 1840 and 1890 from 1,801 to 21,701. Canadiens settled in an area downtown that became known as Little Canada, and Lewiston's character has remained largely Franco-American ever since. In 1855, a Maine preacher traveled from Parsonsfield to Lewiston to establish an institution of higher learning in
1695-656: A small farming town into a textile manufacturing center on the model of Lowell, Massachusetts . The creation of the Bates manufacturing trusts saw rapid economic growth, positioning the city as the wealthiest city in Maine, and created budding affluent districts such as the Main Street–Frye Street Historic District . Although the odd-majority of the population was working class , a distinctive upper class emerged at this time. The Bates Mill remained
1808-529: A small library. Lewiston also features The Public Theatre, which puts on different plays throughout the year with about six to eight productions per season. It is downtown on Maple St. It was on Park street. It features all types of plays, with actors from all over the world. Its offices are in Auburn at the Great Falls Plaza. Economic growth Heterodox Economic growth can be defined as
1921-549: A wooded area near Lisbon . It was the deadliest mass shooting in the history of Maine. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 35.54 square miles (92.05 km ), of which 34.15 square miles (88.45 km ) is land and 1.39 square miles (3.60 km ) is water. Lewiston is drained by the Androscoggin River , which forms its western border. The city
2034-470: Is actually due to the relationship in countries with less than eight years of schooling. He shows that economic growth is not correlated with average scores in more educated countries. Hanushek and Wößmann further investigate whether the relationship of knowledge capital to economic growth is causal. They show that the level of students' cognitive skills can explain the slow growth in Latin America and
2147-421: Is ample empirical evidence. "As institutions influence behavior and incentives in real life, they forge the success or failure of nations." In economics and economic history, the transition from earlier economic systems to capitalism was facilitated by the adoption of government policies which fostered commerce and gave individuals more personal and economic freedom. These included new laws favorable to
2260-457: Is approached as a functioning from Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum 's capability approach that an individual has to realise the achievements like economic success. Thus health in a broader sense is not the absence of illness, but the opportunity for people to biologically develop to their full potential their entire lives It is established that human capital is an important asset for economic growth, however, it can only be so if that population
2373-521: Is bordered by Auburn beyond the river, as well as the towns of Greene , Sabattus , and Lisbon . It is between Portland , the state's largest city and cultural center, and the state capital of Augusta . Downtown Lewiston runs from Oxford Street up to Jefferson Street, and from Adams Avenue to Main Street. This is the city's most densely settled area, home to about half the population. It contains mostly housing, although on Lisbon Street and Main Street, it
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#17327799341582486-584: Is bounded by the triangle formed by Pond Road, Randall Road, and Sabattus Street (Route 126). This neighborhood is mostly mid-income suburban residential. McMahon Elementary, Lewiston Middle School, and Lewiston High School serve the area. Lewiston has a humid continental climate , with very significant temperature variation throughout the year. Summers are usually short, warm, and humid, while winters tend to be very cold, long, and snowy. Lewiston averages 74 inches (190 cm) of snow annually, although this number varies greatly from winter to winter. Snow tends to be
2599-465: Is due to endogeneity—forces that drive economic growth also drive entrepreneurship. In other words, the empirical analysis of the impact of entrepreneurship on growth is difficult because of the joint determination of entrepreneurship and economic growth. A few papers use quasi-experimental designs, and have found that entrepreneurship and the density of small businesses indeed have a causal impact on regional growth. Another major cause of economic growth
2712-688: Is entirely businesses. This neighborhood was once the commercial hub of the whole county, but with the city's economic decline, many downtown stores closed and the former mill housing became run-down, resulting in fallen land values. But like many post-industrial centers, there has followed a period of renovation and revitalization that continues today. This neighborhood includes: Consisting mostly of suburban mid-income housing, this neighborhood runs between Lisbon and Webster Streets, East Avenue, and Alfred Plourde Parkway. Schools that serve this neighborhood are Farwell Elementary, Martel Elementary, Lewiston Middle School, and Lewiston High School. This neighborhood
2825-517: Is healthy and well-nourished. One of the most important aspects of health is the mortality rate and how the rise or decline can affect the labour supply predominant in a developing economy. Mortality decline triggers greater investments in individual human capital and an increase in economic growth. Matteo Cervellati and Uwe Sunde and Rodrigo.R Soares consider frameworks in which mortality decline has an influence on parents to have fewer children and to provide quality education for those children, as
2938-483: Is known for having an overall low cost of living , substantial access to medical care , and a low violent-crime rate. In recent years, the city of Lewiston has also seen a spike in economic and social growth. While the dominant language spoken in the city is English, it is home to a significant Somali population as well as the largest French-speaking population in the United States (by population) while it
3051-779: Is not so easily replicable elsewhere as a change in the Constitution—and the type of institutions created by that change—does not necessarily create a change in political power if the economic powers of that society are not aligned with the new set of rule of law institutions. In England, a dramatic increase in the state's fiscal capacity followed the creation of constraints on the crown, but elsewhere in Europe increases in state capacity happened before major rule of law reforms. There are many different ways through which states achieved state (fiscal) capacity and this different capacity accelerated or hindered their economic development. Thanks to
3164-621: Is now called the Business Service Center at Key Bank Plaza, and is home to the local Chamber of Commerce , the Lewiston-Auburn Economic Growth Council, and an arrangement with a number of business service providers. The area's renaissance has gained local, regional, and national recognition. In 2002 and again in 2006, the L-A area led the state in economic development activity, according to
3277-749: Is second to St. Martin Parish, Louisiana , in percentage of speakers. The Lewiston area traces its roots to 1669 with the early presence of the Androscoggin tribe (the namesake of the county in which the city resides ). In the late 18th century, in 1795, Lewiston was incorporated as Lewistown. The presence of the Androscoggin River and Lewistown Falls made the town an attractive area for manufacturing and hydro-power businesses. The rise of Boston rail and textile tycoon Benjamin Bates saw rapid economic growth rivaling that of Cambridge , Worcester , and Concord . Irish immigrants were recruited to build
3390-416: Is the introduction of new products and services and the improvement of existing products. New products create demand, which is necessary to offset the decline in employment that occurs through labor-saving technology (and to a lesser extent employment declines due to savings in energy and materials). In the U.S. by 2013 about 60% of consumer spending was for goods and services that did not exist in 1869. Also,
3503-586: Is the largest Roman Catholic Church in Maine, and Lewiston's most prominent landmark. While the Diocese of Portland did not relocate to Lewiston, the church nevertheless became a basilica in 2004. It is one of the few American basilicas outside of a major metropolitan area. In 1937, one of the largest labor disputes in Maine history occurred in Lewiston and Auburn. The Lewiston-Auburn Shoe Strike lasted from March to June and at its peak involved 4,000 to 5,000 workers on strike. After workers attempted to march across
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3616-420: Is widely used because Barro and Lee provide data for numerous countries in five-year intervals for a long period of time. One problem with the schooling attainment measure is that the amount of human capital acquired in a year of schooling is not the same at all levels of schooling and is not the same in all countries. This measure also presumes that human capital is only developed in formal schooling, contrary to
3729-621: The Great Depression , economic growth resumed, aided in part by increased demand for existing goods and services, such as automobiles, telephones, radios, electricity and household appliances. New goods and services included television, air conditioning and commercial aviation (after 1950), creating enough new demand to stabilize the work week. The building of highway infrastructures also contributed to post-World War II growth, as did capital investments in manufacturing and chemical industries. The post-World War II economy also benefited from
3842-538: The Green Revolution . Interchangeable parts made with machine tools powered by electric motors evolved into mass production , which is universally used today. Great sources of productivity improvement in the late 19th century were railroads, steam ships, horse-pulled reapers and combine harvesters , and steam -powered factories. The invention of processes for making cheap steel were important for many forms of mechanization and transportation. By
3955-498: The Indian subcontinent and Asia Pacific . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana's. The Japanese economic growth has slackened considerably since the late 1980s. Productivity in the United States grew at an increasing rate throughout the 19th century and was most rapid in the early to middle decades of the 20th century. U.S. productivity growth spiked towards
4068-580: The Mincer model . Eric Hanushek and Dennis Kimko introduced measures of students' mathematics and science skills from international assessments into growth analysis. They found that this measure of human capital was very significantly related to economic growth. Eric Hanushek and Ludger Wößmann have extended this analysis. Theodore Breton shows that the correlation between economic growth and students' average test scores in Hanushek and Wößmann's analyses
4181-619: The South due to lower costs of power from more modern technologies (Lewiston's water wheel technology gave way to hydroelectricity , cheaper transportation—as most cotton and materials came from the South—and cheaper labor). Starting in the late 1950s, many of Lewiston's textile mills began closing. This gradually led to a run-down and abandoned downtown area. Chain stores located downtown— Woolworth's , W. T. Grant , S. S. Kresge , JC Penney and Sears Roebuck —shut their doors or moved to malls on
4294-621: The United Nations also consider that cultural property protection, high-quality education, cultural diversity and social cohesion in armed conflicts are particularly necessary for qualitative growth. According to Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson and James Robinson , the positive correlation between high income and cold climate is a by-product of history. Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies, with different associated institutions. In places where these colonizers faced high mortality rates (e.g., due to
4407-540: The geometric annual rate of growth in GDP between the first and the last year over a period of time. This growth rate represents the trend in the average level of GDP over the period, and ignores any fluctuations in the GDP around this trend. Economists refer to economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs (increased productivity of labor , of physical capital , of energy or of materials ) as intensive growth . In contrast, GDP growth caused only by increases in
4520-428: The 1980s that saw high unemployment and downtown stagnation, several key events have led to economic and cultural growth, including the transformation of the historic Bates Mill Complex . Because the city took over the complex in 1992 after back taxes went unpaid, years of taxpayer frustration in the city's need to maintain the 1.1-million-square-foot (100,000 m ) behemoth led to two referendums (one non-binding vote,
4633-530: The 19th century. By the 1920s the average work week in the U.S. was 49 hours, but the work week was reduced to 40 hours (after which overtime premium was applied) as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933. Demographic factors may influence growth by changing the employment to population ratio and the labor force participation rate. Industrialization creates a demographic transition in which birth rates decline and
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4746-420: The 2020 census , there were 37,121 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city including Hispanics in the racial categories was 77.9% White, 13.9% Black or African American, 1.2% Asian, 0.4% Native American, and 1.0% some other race. 5.5% were of two or more races. As of the 2010 census , there were 36,592 people, 15,267 households, and 8,622 families residing in the city. The population density
4859-785: The Androscoggin River from Lewiston to Auburn, Governor Lewis Barrows sent in the Maine Army National Guard . Some labor leaders, among them CIO Secretary Powers Hapgood , were imprisoned for months after a Maine Supreme Judicial Court judge issued an injunction seeking to end the strike. After World War I, profits from the textile industry in New England mill towns such as Lewiston; Biddeford ; Manchester, New Hampshire ; Waterbury, Connecticut ; and Fall River , Haverhill , Lawrence and Lowell, Massachusetts began to decline. Businesses began moving to
4972-623: The Androscoggin had been completely driven out of Maine. The governor of New France , Louis de Buade , allocated them two seigneuries on the Saint Francis River . A grant comprising the area of Lewiston was given to Moses Little and Jonathan Bagley, members of the Pejepscot Proprietors , on January 28, 1768, on the condition that fifty families live in the area before June 1, 1774. Bagley and Little named
5085-621: The English in North America started by trying to repeat the success of the Spanish Conquistadors in extracting wealth (especially gold and silver) from the countries they had conquered. This system repeatedly failed for the English. Their successes rested on giving land and a voice in the government to every male settler to incentivize productive labor. In Virginia it took twelve years and many deaths from starvation before
5198-795: The Maine Department of Economic and Community Development's list of business investments and expansions. In a 2006 KPMG International study measuring the cost of locating and maintaining a business, Lewiston ranked first among the New England communities analyzed, and finished 24th out of 49 U.S. communities analyzed. Lewiston earned a 2007 All-America City Award designation by the National Civic League . The national competition "recognizes communities whose residents work together to identify and tackle community-wide challenges and achieve measurable, uncommon results." 10 cities are selected as All-America Cities each year. In 1999,
5311-565: The Somali community. The rally repudiating the white nationalists attracted 4,000 attendees, including governor John Baldacci , Senators Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins and other officials. Mayor Raymond was reportedly out of town on vacation on the day of the protests. In August 2010, the Lewiston Sun Journal reported that Somali entrepreneurs had helped reinvigorate downtown Lewiston by opening shops in previously closed storefronts. Amicable relations were also reported by
5424-495: The United States government began preparations to resettle an estimated 12,000 refugees from Somalia to select cities throughout the United States. Most of the early arrivals in the United States settled in Clarkston , Georgia , a city adjacent to Atlanta . However, they were mostly assigned to low-rent, poverty-stricken inner-city areas, so many began to look to resettle elsewhere in the U.S. Word soon spread that Lewiston had
5537-431: The accumulation of human and physical capital and the increase in productivity and creation of new goods arising from technological innovation. Further division of labour (specialization) is also fundamental to rising productivity. Before industrialization technological progress resulted in an increase in the population, which was kept in check by food supply and other resources, which acted to limit per capita income,
5650-399: The age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.5% were non-families. Of all households, 34.4% were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size
5763-539: The amount of inputs available for use (increased population, for example, or new territory) counts as extensive growth . Development of new goods and services also generates economic growth. As it so happens, in the U.S. about 60% of consumer spending in 2013 went on goods and services that did not exist in 1869. The economic growth rate is typically calculated as real GDP growth rate , real GDP per capita growth rate or GNI per capita growth . Living standards vary widely from country to country, and furthermore,
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#17327799341585876-470: The areas of health in near future uncover how the world will be performing living with the SARS-CoV-2 , especially looking at the economic impacts it already has in a space of two years. Ultimately, when people live longer on average, human capital expenditures are more likely to pay off, and all of these mechanisms center around the complementarity of longevity, health , and education , for which there
5989-506: The average age of the population increases. Women with fewer children and better access to market employment tend to join the labor force in higher percentages. There is a reduced demand for child labor and children spend more years in school. The increase in the percentage of women in the labor force in the U.S. contributed to economic growth, as did the entrance of the baby boomers into the workforce. See: Spending wave Many theoretical and empirical analyses of economic growth attribute
6102-399: The change in living standards over time varies widely from country to country. Below is a table which shows GDP per person and annualized per person GDP growth for a selection of countries over a period of about 100 years. The GDP per person data are adjusted for inflation, hence they are " real ". GDP per person (more commonly called "per capita" GDP) is the GDP of the entire country divided by
6215-440: The city was $ 20,014. About 16% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.8% of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over. Survey Year 2000 Source: U.S. Route 202 and Maine State Routes 11 and 100 are co-signed along Main Street. According to Lewiston's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: The Franco Center opened in 2000 in what
6328-572: The city's population at 37,121 as of the 2020 United States Census . The city lies halfway between Augusta , the state's capital , and Portland , the state's most populous city. A part of Androscoggin County , it is one-half of the Lewiston–Auburn metropolitan statistical area , commonly referred to as "L/A." or "L-A." Lewiston exerts a significant impact upon the diversity , religious variety, commerce, education, and economic power of Maine. It
6441-610: The city. In 1855, the Maine State Legislature was petitioned by Lewiston locals to found the Maine State Seminary . The school opened in 1855, and educated the working class of Maine while also providing education for blacks and women at a time when other universities barred their entrance. At its founding, it became the first coeducational college in New England and one of the earliest proponents of abolitionism . During this time, in 1863, Lewiston
6554-786: The college was chartered as Bates College . The city is home to the only basilica in Maine, Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul ; 5 colleges and universities; 44 listings on the National Register of Historic Places ; the Androscoggin Bank Colisée ; the Stephens Observatory ; the Olin Arts Center ; the Bates College Museum of Art (BCMoA); and two significant general hospitals: Central Maine Medical Center and Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center . Prior to European colonization ,
6667-609: The discovery of vast amounts of oil around the world, particularly in the Middle East . By John W. Kendrick's estimate, three-quarters of increase in U.S. per capita GDP from 1889 to 1957 was due to increased productivity. Economic growth in the United States slowed down after 1973. In contrast, growth in Asia has been strong since then, starting with Japan and spreading to Four Asian Tigers , China , Southeast Asia ,
6780-474: The dominant form of precipitation between late November and late March, although freezing rain , sleet , and rain can also occur in the winter when large low pressure systems track directly over or west of the city. Summer in Lewiston typically consists of pleasant temperatures, although high humidity can make the temperature feel more uncomfortable at times. Severe summertime storms, such as tornadoes and tropical cyclones are rare, but not unheard of. As of
6893-533: The economical production of metal parts possible, so that parts could be interchangeable. (See: Interchangeable parts .) During the Second Industrial Revolution , a major factor of productivity growth was the substitution of inanimate power for human and animal labor. Also there was a great increase in power as steam-powered electricity generation and internal combustion supplanted limited wind and water power . Since that replacement,
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#17327799341587006-483: The economy. Protecting health assets from the impact of systemic transitional costs on economic reforms, pandemics, economic crises and natural disasters is also crucial. Protection from the shocks produced by illness and death, are usually taken care of within a country’s social insurance system. In areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa, where the prevalence of HIV and AIDS , has a comparative negative impact on economical development. It will be interesting to see how research in
7119-504: The end of the century in 1996–2004, due to an acceleration in the rate of technological innovation known as Moore's law . After 2004 U.S. productivity growth returned to the low levels of 1972–96. Capital in economics ordinarily refers to physical capital, which consists of structures (largest component of physical capital) and equipment used in business (machinery, factory equipment, computers and office equipment, construction equipment, business vehicles, medical equipment, etc.). Up to
7232-607: The establishment of business, including contract law , laws providing for the protection of private property , and the abolishment of anti-usury laws. Much of the literature on economic growth refers to the success story of the British state after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, in which high fiscal capacity combined with constraints on the power of the king generated some respect for the rule of law. However, others have questioned that this institutional formula
7345-469: The extensive evidence that families, neighborhoods, peers, and health also contribute to the development of human capital. Despite these potential limitations, Theodore Breton has shown that this measure can represent human capital in log-linear growth models because across countries GDP/adult has a log-linear relationship to average years of schooling, which is consistent with the log-linear relationship between workers' personal incomes and years of schooling in
7458-420: The extremum could be extended by technological and policy innovations and some countries move into innovative growth domain with higher limiting values. In national income accounting, per capita output can be calculated using the following factors: output per unit of labor input (labor productivity), hours worked (intensity), the percentage of the working-age population actually working (participation rate) and
7571-596: The first canal in the city. In the spring of 1850, some 400 Irish men recruited in and around Boston by construction contractor Patrick O'Donnell arrived in Lewiston and began work on the canal system. Impressed with the labor force and "working spirit" of the Lewistonions, Bates founded the Bates Manufacturing Company , leading to the construction of 5 mills starting with Bates Mill No. 1 . In August 1850, Maine Governor John Hubbard signed
7684-461: The first two floors. The projecting sections, two bays wide, have entrances recessed in Romanesque round-arch openings. The center section is the most elaborate, with paired windows separated by pilasters on the second and third floors, topped by rounded arches above. This section has a higher roofline than the outer wings, joining the pyramid-roofed projecting sections. The city's high school
7797-788: The foundations of modern rule of law states. In many poor and developing countries much land and housing are held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. In many urban areas the poor "invade" private or government land to build their houses, so they do not hold title to these properties. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various property associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building. In some countries, it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land. Other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with
7910-482: The governor decided to try democracy. Economic growth, its sustainability and its distribution remain central aspects of government policy. For example, the UK Government recognises that "Government can play an important role in supporting economic growth by helping to level the playing field through the way it buys public goods, works and services ", and "Post- Pandemic Economic Growth" has been featured in
8023-519: The great expansion of total power was driven by continuous improvements in energy conversion efficiency . Other major historical sources of productivity were automation , transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads, and highways), new materials (steel) and power, which includes steam and internal combustion engines and electricity . Other productivity improvements included mechanized agriculture and scientific agriculture including chemical fertilizers and livestock and poultry management, and
8136-489: The growth is persistent over a generation. This and other observations have led some economists to view GDP growth as the most important part of the field of macroeconomics : ...if we can learn about government policy options that have even small effects on long-term growth rates, we can contribute much more to improvements in standards of living than has been provided by the entire history of macroeconomic analysis of countercyclical policy and fine-tuning. Economic growth [is]
8249-629: The high demand for textiles helped Lewiston develop a strong industrial base through the Bates Enterprise. However, the concentration of wealth in Benjamin Bates sparked the 1861 Lewiston cotton riots which prompted him to give thousands of dollars back to the city and expand the employment opportunities at his mills. In 1861, a flood of French-Canadian immigration into Maine began, spawned by industrial work opportunities in Maine cities with water power from waterfalls. This brought
8362-717: The identity or type of legal system of the colonizers to explain institutions, these authors look at the environmental conditions in the colonies to explain institutions. For instance, former colonies have inherited corrupt governments and geopolitical boundaries (set by the colonizers) that are not properly placed regarding the geographical locations of different ethnic groups, creating internal disputes and conflicts that hinder development. In another example, societies that emerged in colonies without solid native populations established better property rights and incentives for long-term investment than those where native populations were large. In Why Nations Fail , Acemoglu and Robinson said that
8475-650: The incorporation act and the mill was completed 1852. Bates positioned the mill in Lewiston due to the location of the Lewiston Falls which provided the mill with power. Under Bates' supervision, during the Civil War, the mill produced textiles for the Union Army . His mills generated employment for thousands of Irish, Canadians, and immigrants from Europe. The mill was Maine's largest employer for three decades. This company began Lewiston's transformation from
8588-416: The increase or improvement in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy in a financial year. Statisticians conventionally measure such growth as the percent rate of increase in the real and nominal gross domestic product (GDP). Growth is usually calculated in real terms – i.e., inflation-adjusted terms – to eliminate the distorting effect of inflation on
8701-414: The largest all-concrete skate park in Maine. Downtown is home to a new headquarters for Oxford Networks, along with a $ 20-million upgrade in local fiber-optics, a new auto parts store, a campus of the for-profit Kaplan University , the headquarters for Northeast Bank , a parking garage, and the newly renovated Maine Supply Co. building , listed on the National Register of Historic Places . That facility
8814-480: The largest employer in Lewiston from the 1850s to the mid-late 20th century. Railroad construction was key to the development of both Lewiston and its neighbor, Auburn. In 1849, the Androscoggin & Kennebec railroad, running through Lewiston and Auburn, connected these towns to Waterville and the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railway line between Portland, Maine, and Montreal, Quebec. The Androscoggin & Kennebec Railroad
8927-479: The late 19th century both prices and weekly work hours fell because less labor, materials, and energy were required to produce and transport goods. However, real wages rose, allowing workers to improve their diet, buy consumer goods and afford better housing. Mass production of the 1920s created overproduction , which was arguably one of several causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Following
9040-576: The local Franco-American merchants and the Somali storekeepers. Somali farmers have had a positive impact on Lewiston agriculture life. Farming was known to be "low caste" to Somalis, before they were forced to labor during slavery. Since migrating to Maine farming has become a part of life to some Somalis. Somali-American players contributed to the Lewiston High School boys soccer team's state championship wins in 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2023 under coach Mike McGraw. On October 25, 2023,
9153-404: The mayor, drawing national attention. Demonstrations were held in Lewiston, both by those who supported the immigrants' presence and those who opposed it. In January 2003, about 32 members of a white nationalist group from Illinois demonstrated in Lewiston to denounce Somali immigrants. This prompted a simultaneous counter-demonstration on the campus of Bates College to demonstrate support of
9266-591: The mid-19th century. Most of the economic growth in the 20th century was due to increased output per unit of labor, materials, energy, and land (less input per widget). The balance of the growth in output has come from using more inputs. Both of these changes increase output. The increased output included more of the same goods produced previously and new goods and services. During the Industrial Revolution , mechanization began to replace hand methods in manufacturing, and new processes streamlined production of chemicals, iron, steel, and other products. Machine tools made
9379-626: The mill building. The Bates Mill complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in December 2010. In May 2004, the city officials announced a plan for urban renewal near the downtown area. The plan was to demolish several blocks of 19th-century millworker housing, lay new streets with updated infrastructure, construct more owner-occupied, lower-density housing, and build a boulevard through one neighborhood using federal Community Development Block Grant funds provided over
9492-444: The most represented ethnic group in Lewiston, with 29.4% being of French-Canadian descent and 18.3% French (the two were listed as separate categories in the census although the vast majority were of French-Canadian descent). Following French were Irish at 10.2% and English at 9.9%. There were 15,290 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 11.8% had
9605-404: The new town Lewistown. Paul Hildreth was the first man to settle in Lewiston in the fall of 1770. By 1795, Lewiston was officially incorporated as a town. At least four houses that have survived from this period are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places . King Avenue and Ralph Avenue were named after Ralph Luthor King, who owned the land near the fairgrounds. Elliott Avenue
9718-536: The number of people in the country; GDP per person is conceptually analogous to " average income ". Seemingly small differences in yearly GDP growth lead to large changes in GDP when compounded over time. For instance, in the above table, GDP per person in the United Kingdom in the year 1870 was $ 4,808. At the same time in the United States, GDP per person was $ 4,007, lower than the UK by about 20%. However, in 2008
9831-800: The official agency. Not having clear legal title to property limits its potential to be used as collateral to secure loans, depriving many poor countries of one of their most important potential sources of capital. Unregistered businesses and lack of accepted accounting methods are other factors that limit potential capital. Businesses and individuals participating in unreported business activity and owners of unregistered property face costs such as bribes and pay-offs that offset much of any taxes avoided. "Democracy Does Cause Growth", according to Acemoglu et al. Specifically, they state that "democracy increases future GDP by encouraging investment, increasing schooling, inducing economic reforms, improving public goods provision, and reducing social unrest". UNESCO and
9944-482: The other binding). Voters soundly supported the need to pursue redevelopment by maintaining the property and selling it to private developers. In 2001, the city sold three mill buildings to local developers. In 2003, Platz Associates sold the Bates Mill Complex, with the exception of Mill 5 and a small support building. For the next four years, a number of business enterprises expanded after Platz redeveloped
10057-399: The outskirts of Lewiston or Auburn. The city's flagship department store, the four-story B. Peck & Co., closed in 1982 after more than a century in business. As businesses and jobs began to leave the city, people followed. The population stopped increasing at its previous rate and began to slowly decline after 1970, then at a greater rate in the 1990s. After a difficult economic period in
10170-526: The part of macroeconomics that really matters. It has been observed that GDP growth is influenced by the size of the economy. The relation between GDP growth and GDP across the countries at a particular point of time is convex. Growth increases as GDP reaches its maximum and then begins to decline. There exists some extremum value. This is not exactly middle-income trap. It is observed for both developed and developing economies. Actually, countries having this property belong to conventional growth domain . However,
10283-481: The populace rose from 1,801 in 1840 to 21,701 in 1890. In 1855, local preacher Oren Burbank Cheney founded the Maine State Seminary , the first coeducational university in New England and one of the first universities to admit black students before the Emancipation Proclamation . Lewistown quickly became associated with the liberal arts and was incorporated as "Lewiston" in 1864, a year before
10396-441: The population's level of literacy, its level of numeracy, its level of book production/capita, its average level of formal schooling, its average test score on international tests, and its cumulative depreciated investment in formal schooling. The most commonly-used measure of human capital is the level (average years) of school attainment in a country, building upon the data development of Robert Barro and Jong-Wha Lee. This measure
10509-539: The positions were reversed: GDP per person was $ 36,130 in the United Kingdom and $ 46,970 in the United States, i.e. GDP per person in the US was 30% more than it was in the UK. As the above table shows, this means that GDP per person grew, on average, by 1.80% per year in the US and by 1.47% in the UK. Thus, a difference in GDP growth by only a few tenths of a percent per year results in large differences in outcomes when
10622-505: The presence of tropical diseases), they could not settle permanently, and they were thus more likely to establish extractive institutions, which persisted after independence; in places where they could settle permanently (e.g. those with temperate climates), they established institutions with this objective in mind and modeled them after those in their European homelands. In these 'neo-Europes' better institutions in turn produced better development outcomes. Thus, although other economists focus on
10735-472: The prices of goods produced. Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting . Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure. The economic growth-rates of countries are commonly compared using the ratio of the GDP to population or per-capita income . The "rate of economic growth" refers to
10848-424: The proportion of the working-age population to the total population (demographics). "The rate of change of GDP/population is the sum of the rates of change of these four variables plus their cross products." Economists distinguish between long-run economic growth and short-run economic changes in production . Short-run variation in economic growth is termed the business cycle . Generally, according to economists,
10961-477: The railroad links and dig the canals for the textile mills. The Irish stayed, and worked the mills and established flourishing businesses, as evidenced by the McGillicuddy, Callahan, and other Blocks and the St. Joseph's and St. Patrick's churches. In the 1850 U.S. Census , Lewiston was 23% Irish born. The increase in economic stimulus prompted thousands of Quebecers to migrate, causing a population boom ;
11074-575: The rapid growth in East Asia. Joerg Baten and Jan Luiten van Zanden employ book production per capita as a proxy for sophisticated literacy capabilities and find that "Countries with high levels of human capital formation in the 18th century initiated or participated in the industrialization process of the 19th century, whereas countries with low levels of human capital formation were unable to do so, among them many of today's Less Developed Countries such as India, Indonesia, and China." Here, health
11187-435: The region of Lewiston was inhabited by the Androscoggin , an Abenaki people. During the 17th century, Androscoggin were among the first Native American tribes to make contact with European colonists in Maine. Relations soon deteriorated over colonial expansion, and conflicts with colonists and epidemics of infectious diseases devastated the Androscoggin, which responded by migrating to New France from 1669 onwards. By 1680,
11300-700: The seventeenth century. Furthermore, Prussia and the Habsburg empire—much more heterogeneous states than England—were able to increase state capacity during the eighteenth century without constraining the powers of the executive. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that a country will generate institutions that respect property rights and the rule of law without having had first intermediate fiscal and political institutions that create incentives for elites to support them. Many of these intermediate level institutions relied on informal private-order arrangements that combined with public-order institutions associated with states, to lay
11413-590: The southeast side of Wood Street, in a residential area between the city's commercial downtown and the Bates College campus. It occupies a lot that spans all the way to Nichols Street, with its principal facade facing a parking lot to the southwest. It is a three-story masonry structure, built out of brick with granite trim. The main facade is fourteen bays wide, divided into three sections separated by slightly projecting entry and stair houses. The outer sections are three bays wide, with keystoned sash windows on
11526-478: The towns of Lewiston, Minot , and Danville. The sales of stock attracted Boston investors—including Thomas J. Hill, Lyman Nichols, George L. Ward and Alexander De Witt . De Witt convinced textile and rail tycoon Benjamin Bates , then-President of the Union Pacific Railroad , to come to Lewiston and fund the emerging Lewiston Water Power Company. Soon after Bates arrived, the company created
11639-631: The underlying homogeneity of its land and people, England was able to achieve a unified legal and fiscal system since the Middle Ages that enabled it to substantially increase the taxes it raised after 1689. On the other hand, the French experience of state building faced much stronger resistance from local feudal powers keeping it legally and fiscally fragmented until the French Revolution despite significant increases in state capacity during
11752-434: The ups and downs in the business cycle can be attributed to fluctuations in aggregate demand . In contrast, economic growth is concerned with the long-run trend in production due to structural causes such as technological growth and factor accumulation. Increases in labor productivity (the ratio of the value of output to labor input) have historically been the most important source of real per capita economic growth. In
11865-423: Was 1,047.0 inhabitants per square mile (404.2/km ). There were 16,470 housing units at an average density of 483.2 per square mile (186.6/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White, 1.1% Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian, 1.3% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 0.4% from some other race, and 1.7% from two or more races. People of French-American descent were by far
11978-442: Was 1,071.5 inhabitants per square mile (413.7/km ). There were 16,731 housing units at an average density of 489.9 per square mile (189.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 86.6% White , 8.7% Black, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.0% Asian , 2.0% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 0.6% from some other race , and 2.6% from two or more races. In 2010, there were 15,267 households, of which 27.5% had children under
12091-431: Was 2.90. The median age in the city was 37.4 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. As of the 2000 census, there were 35,690 people, 15,290 households, and 8,658 families residing in the city. The population density
12204-460: Was constructed by Irish laborers, many of whom joined the Lewiston canal construction crews in 1850. The Irish laborers and their families lived in shanty-town neighborhoods called "patches". By 1854, one quarter of Lewiston's population was Irish, the highest concentration in any settlement in Maine. Subsequently, trains connected Quebec with Lewiston on a daily schedule. During the Civil War ,
12317-439: Was formerly St. Mary's Parish. The performing arts center programs events for both Franco-American related performances as well as other cultural displays, such as the center's Piano and Celtic Series. The diverse programming of the venue hosts both local and international performers. The center also hosts events and serves as a museum of the city's Franco-American past with historical artifacts and documentation on display as well as
12430-535: Was founded in 1850, and originally met at a site now occupied by the Dingley Building . In 1859 it moved to a building in Main Street. In 1902, this school was built, becoming the first dedicated home to the high school. In 1931, the high school was moved to a new facility, and this became a junior high school, serving in that role until 1983. The building was then converted to apartments. The school
12543-509: Was incorporated as a city. In 1872, St. Peter's church was built in Lewiston. This was the first French-Canadian national church in Maine. In 1864, the Maine State Seminary was renamed Bates College in honor of Benjamin Bates . In 1880, Le Messager , a French-language newspaper, began printing in Lewiston to serve its predominant ethnic population. The local Kora Shrine was organized in 1891 and held its first meetings in
12656-411: Was named after his wife, Grace O. Elliott, whose son eventually built the family home at 40 Wellman Street. Lewiston was a slow but steadily growing farm town throughout its early history. By the early-to-mid-19th century, however, as water power was being honed, Lewiston's location on the Androscoggin River would prove to make it a perfect location for emerging industry. In 1809, Michael Little built
12769-418: Was named for Lyman G. Jordan, principal of the first high school for 15 years, Bates College professor of chemistry and biology, and member of the Lewiston school board. The building continues to serve as an apartment building today. Lewiston, Maine Lewiston ( / ˈ l uː ɪ s t ən / ; French: [luistɔ̃] ) is the second most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine , with
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