Misplaced Pages

Jori

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.

A nobiliary particle is a type of onomastic particle used in a surname or family name in many Western cultures to signal the nobility of a family. The particle used varies depending on the country, language and period of time. In some languages, it is the same as a regular prepositional particle that was used in the creation of many surnames . In some countries, it became customary to distinguish the nobiliary particle from the regular one by a different spelling, although in other countries these conventions did not arise, occasionally resulting in ambiguity. The nobiliary particle can often be omitted in everyday speech or certain contexts.

#16983

71-588: The Jori family (or von Jori ) is the name of an old Swiss noble family of Zürich . The origin of the name is uncertain: perhaps from "valvassores majores". The first mentions of this family of Reichsfreiherren ( Barons of the Holy Roman Empire ) are from the year 1069 (under Emperor Henry IV ). Swiss nobility Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation, is a collection of semi-autonomous cantons . As membership of

142-411: A de jure distinction between noble and common patrician families was still upheld for some time, with quotas for certain government positions reserved for each group, these distinctions became de facto less and less rigid in the early modern era. Non-noble families could still be ennobled by letters patent , be it through the favour of foreign monarchs (most notably the kings of France) or by

213-501: A hyphen ("-"), implying that equal importance is given to both families, do not indicate nobility. For example, the hyphenated surname Suárez-Llanos does not indicate nobility. In Switzerland , de or von , depending on canton of origin, precedes a noble name, de showing a Romance language background and von showing a German or Allemanic background. In the Middle Ages, the words de , borrowed from Latin and French, and

284-514: A dominant position to the noble corporation of the "Constaffel" in which was constituted a "noble chamber" called "adelige Stube zum Rüden Stübli". Membership of families in the Corporations was mainly hereditary. The members of Stübli used the title " Junker ". In 1798 the Stübli had eleven families. The Bonstetten family came to Bern in 1463 and ended in 1606. Some still extant families of

355-527: A hyphen, e.g. David Lloyd George . In the United Kingdom, a multi-barrelled name was indicative of good pedigree and social standing, such that there was and remains a link between hyphenated names and nobility and gentry . This was to preserve the names of aristocratic families which had died out in the mainline. When this was to occur, it was generally possible for the last male member of his family to convey his "name and arms" ( coat of arms ) with

426-494: A kind of patriciat whose members belong to the adelige Stube zum Notenstein . Some of these families consolidated their position by receiving nobility's letters abroad. In 1778 the Sovereign Council fixed the list of the seven families of the "Notenstein" which constituted in fact the nobility of St. Gall. Some families which were not members of the "Notenstein" received nobility's diplomas abroad. The privileges of

497-477: A person to add a de to their surname if it does not already have it. The law does allow for one exception: a de may be added in front of a surname that could be otherwise misunderstood as a forename. Conclusive proof of the nobility of a surname can be determined by establishing whether that surname is associated with a blazon , since for centuries coats of arms have been borne legally only by persons of noble condition. Surnames composed of two names linked by

568-607: A place name follow on from a family surname, as in the name "Aeneas MacDonell of Glengarry". If the place name is identical to the surname, it is sometimes rendered as "that Ilk", e.g. " Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk ". Recognition of a territorial designation is granted in Scotland by the Lord Lyon to Scottish armigers (those entitled to bear a coat of arms ) who own or were born in or are associated with named land, generally in

639-429: A rural area not forming part of a town. The Lord Lyon advises that for a territorial designation to be recognised there must be "ownership of a substantial area of land to which a well-attested name attaches, that is to say, ownership of an 'estate', or farm or, at the very least, a house with policies extending to five acres or thereby". The territorial designation in this case is considered to be an indivisible part of

710-580: A title of count the Noblet family. In 1382 the constitution reserved four seats of the Council for the noble families. From the next century the corporations and thus the town's citizens took the power. The noble families of this time preferred to leave Basel which consequently will have a corporative system. The nobility was then prohibited in Basel . An exception was made for the "barons Wieland" in 1816 under

781-457: Is a "patronymic- de - toponymic " formula, as used by, among others, the fifteenth-century general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , the fourteenth-century chronicler and poet Pero López de Ayala , the European discoverer of the eastern Pacific, Vasco Núñez de Balboa , and many other conquistadors . The second style is use of the particle de before the entire surname. This style resembles but

SECTION 10

#1732779537017

852-423: Is a substitute for all previous surnames' prepositions except the first one, and cannot ever be used without a previous preposition to justify it. An exception to this rule is only shown with duplicate surnames linked by e , for instance maternal surnames that come before the paternal ones: Diogo Afonso da Conceição e Silva (name and mother's duplicate surname) Tavares da Costa (paternal duplicate surname). From

923-482: Is also significant that both "de" and "of" were used simply to show geographical origin in the names of people of all classes, so that in England and Wales neither word should be looked on as in themselves nobiliary. Despite the lack of official significance of the words "de" or "of" in names, there was sometimes a perception that they connoted nobility. For example, on 8 October 1841, a month after Thomas Trafford

994-430: Is justified, they can be used together ( von und zu ): the ruler of Liechtenstein as of 2022, for example, is Johannes Adam Ferdinand Alois Josef Maria Marko d'Aviano Pius von und zu Liechtenstein . In some cases – although unusually, and perhaps introduced to distinguish collateral branches of the same family – these more common particles might be supplemented with auf (i.e., residing at yet another place different from

1065-454: Is more ambiguous than the French one, since there is no convention for a different spelling when the de is simply a prepositional particle in non-noble toponymic names such as De la Rúa (literally, "of the street") or De la Torre ("of the tower"). Examples of the nobiliary particle de without patronymic include the names of the sixteenth-century Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz and

1136-420: Is not made good until receiving official recognition; Learney comments: "mere assumption is not sufficient to warrant these territorial and chiefly names". A person bearing a Scottish territorial designation is either a Feudal Baron , Chief or Chieftain or a Laird , the latter denoting "landowner", or is a descendant of one of the same. The Lord Lyon is the ultimate arbiter as to determining entitlement to

1207-492: Is official confirmation of an existing status rather than a collective ennoblement. In Lucerne at the end of the 17th century the patricians were named with the title "Junker" and regularly made use of their nobility when they were abroad, particularly when they served in the foreigner armies. Some families also received foreigner letters of nobility. In Solothurn the patriciate in fact was formed gradually. Some families set up corporations to be able to control co-optation. So

1278-603: Is placed behind a person's full name in order to denote his or her place of residence, for example Sigurd Jonsson til Sudreim . In France —and in England , largely as a result of the Norman Conquest —the particle de precedes a nom de terre ('name of land') in many families of the French nobility: for example, Maximilien de Béthune . A few do not have this particle: for example, Pierre Séguier , Lord Chancellor of France . The particle can also be du ('of the' in

1349-552: The Earls Spencer are prominent, and the illustrious background of the Churchills, who hark back to their founder-hero, the prominent military leader John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and whose descendants had died out in the male line (typically the male line descent would be placed last, so that it would have been 'Churchill-Spencer' had the royal licence not specified that it would be 'Spencer-Churchill'). Some of

1420-528: The Holy Roman Empire . Other cantons had rulers from the House of Savoy , or from the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Burgundy . This diversity prevented the birth of a state with monarchical central authority. As a general rule, Swiss nobility since the 14th century can be divided into three categories: In Switzerland, where the social classes were historically closer than they were in other countries, there

1491-401: The canton of Vaud has over a hundred. Nobiliary particle In Denmark and Norway , there is a distinction between (1) nobiliary particles in family names and (2) prepositions denoting an individual person's place of residence. Nobiliary particles like af , von , and de (English: of ) are integrated parts of family names. The use of particles was not a particular privilege for

SECTION 20

#1732779537017

1562-512: The 15th century and some families preserved an important situation, in particular Salis and Planta, while some others were ennobles abroad. In 1794 the Leagues enacted the radical cancelling of the nobility, titles and particles. This prohibition was confirmed in 1803 and 1848. The canton of Glarus never had of nobility of right. However, in Glarus there are some families ennobled abroad. In

1633-470: The 18–34 demographic hyphenating their surnames as of 2017. In modern times, a nobiliary particle (as the term is widely understood on the Continent) is rarely used. More usual is the territorial designation , which in practice is almost identical. In Scotland, there is strictly no nobiliary particle, but the use of the word of as a territorial designation has a long history. In this usage, "of" and

1704-485: The 19th century on, it became customary for Portuguese titled nobility to indicate their titles as subsidiary surnames, as, for instance, in the name of Diana Álvares Pereira de Melo, 11th Duchess of Cadaval who goes by Diana de Cadaval after her title. This social rule does not apply to members of the Portuguese royal house . In Spain , the nobiliary particle de is also used in two different styles. The first

1775-644: The Counts Zichy, having received donations of the two estates of Zichy and Vásonkeő (the first located in Somogy County and the second in Veszprém county ), used de Zichy and de Vásonkeő ; as this family used two nobiliary particles, the construction in Latin for the whole family name is Comes Zichy de Zichy et Vásonkeő : the Latin conjunction et (and) connects the estate's names. In Hungarian ,

1846-459: The English of , were often used in names in England and Wales , as in " Simon de Montfort " and " Richard of Shrewsbury ". The usage of "de" is often misunderstood, as in most cases it was used only in documents written in Latin or French. At the time, in translating into English, "de" was sometimes converted into "of" and sometimes omitted; only rarely was it used in the English form of a name. It

1917-410: The French nobility have often been composed of a combination of patronymic names, titles, or noms de terres ('names of lands' or estates) joined by the preposition de , as in " Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord ". The use of this particle began to be an essential appearance of nobility. Following the end of the Kingdom of France , however, the use of de did not invariably denote nobility. In

1988-592: The Norman article "de", signifying that a family originated from a particular place, was generally dropped in England. The resumption of such older versions of family names was a Romantic trend in 19th-century England, encouraged by a mistaken belief that the article "de" indicated nobility. As in Spain, English and Welsh surnames composed of two names linked by a hyphen ("-") do not necessarily indicate nobility, e.g. Rees-Jones ; not all double barrelled names require

2059-499: The Sovereign prohibits the use of titles of nobility conferred by foreign sovereigns; since 1761 patricians were authorised to be called wohledelgeboren ; then on 9 April 1783 patricians were authorised to use the nobiliary particle "von" (or "de"). The city-state of Fribourg defined its patrician ruling class through the so-called Lettre des Deux-Cents in 1627, and closed their ranks to non-privileged families in 1684. Towards

2130-523: The bearer. Modern Portuguese law recognises any citizen's right not to sign these particles, even if they are present in that citizen's identification documents, and the opposite right, i.e. to sign one's name with such particles even if not present in one's documents, is also recognized. In fact, articles and prepositions are considered in Portuguese nomenclature an embellishment to any name. Traditionally, good taste made Portuguese nobility cut down on

2201-478: The cantons of Valais , Thurgau and Ticino , the former noble families were maintained and only some families were ennobled abroad. The "patriciat valaisan" which provides in particular the prince-bishops , was formed with families of old nobility but also with some families incorporated into the nobility either by possession of a right of jurisdiction or by membership via integration. Some of these families also accepted letters of nobility abroad. This patriciate

Jori - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-410: The cantons the families descended from the "State's chief" and from the bailiffs formed in fact a class of "integration nobility". As for the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden , there are known direct male decedents of the most elite noble Swiss family currently living abroad. The modern canton of Aargau was only created in 1789 under Napoleon , when the previously Austrian Fricktal was joined to

2343-469: The capacity passed to a number of privileged families which then formed a noble patrician class whose members were qualified Herren und Bürger . Several of these families accepted letters of nobility abroad, particularly in France. In the cantons of Uri , Schwyz and Unterwald , the political evolution from the Middle Ages to the 19th century was realised in a relatively similar way, but did not lead to

2414-444: The cities themselves. For instance, in 1547 Bern set up the seigneurie of Batie-Beauregard as a barony for one Jacques Champion; in 1665 Solothurn granted letters of nobility to the brothers Marcacci of Locarno ; in 1712 Bern created the seigneurie of Bercher for a member of the de Saussure family. In Bern a constitutional law created in 1643 the privileged class of families eligible to Great Council membership. Since 1731

2485-453: The city-states enticed more and more families of the traditional feudal nobility to seek membership in the higher echelons of the citizenry. These late-mediaeval urban upper classes were already composed of wealthy commoners (merchants, landowners, and craftspeople) but also of aristocrats from nearby fiefdoms or the descendants of ministeriales (i.e. knightly, originally unfree nobles in the service of ecclesiastical or secular fiefs). While

2556-407: The common people and are among the most common Portuguese surnames today, so the de particle and its variations have not indicated nobility for centuries. Furthermore, Portuguese nobility, irrespective of any noble name with or without particle, is traditionally recognised only in people both of whose grandfathers and grandmothers are noble. Portuguese surnames do not indicate nobility, as usually

2627-623: The condition that they will not use their title in Basel. However, there are some noble families whose nobility and titles are earlier to their reception as citizen of Basel. The canton of Basel had in place of a nobility a patriciate called the Daig , that dominated its political life. Its most prominent members were the families Bernoulli , Burckhardt , Faesch , Iselin, Koechlin , Liechtenhan, Merian , Sarasin, Schlumberger, Vischer, and Von der Mühll . In St. Gallen some powerful families formed

2698-538: The confederation has fluctuated throughout history, each of these cantons has its own unique history and nobility. Typically, each canton had its own constitution, currency, jurisdiction, habits, customs, history, and nobility. In the Middle Ages , various cantons had families with only local and, in the broad scheme of things, insignificant lands, whereas other cantons had ennobled families abroad. In Switzerland there were many families of dynasties who were members of

2769-519: The conquistador Hernando de Soto . This is a common tradition in Spanish culture. Unlike French, Spanish lacks elision , and so no contraction is used when the surname starts with a vowel (though exceptionally we find Pedro Arias Dávila ), but contraction is used when the surname includes the article el as in Baltasar del Alcázar . A Spanish law on names from 1958 and still in force does not allow

2840-498: The constitution of a "patriciate" but rather to the formation of a relatively closed class of new families sharing political power with the ancient noble families. Some of the new families were ennobled abroad while others were incorporated to the nobility by "integration". In 1400 the city of Zürich formally became autonomous within the Holy Roman Empire . Before this date the only noble families were families of ministériaux. The corporations soon gained political power, while giving

2911-446: The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some middle-class families simply adopted the particle without being ennobled; Maximilien Robespierre 's family, for example, used the particle for some generations. In Germany and Austria , von (descending from ) or zu (resident at ) generally precedes the surname of a noble family (in, for example, the names of Alexander von Humboldt and Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim ). If it

Jori - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-496: The end of the Ancien Régime, this aristocracy comprised four categories: As defined in the constitution of 1404, members of the first two categories were barred from certain higher offices ( banneret and secret , i.e. secret council) unless they renounced their noble privileges. In 1782 the Sovereign of Fribourg decided to standardise the situation of these families. He removed all the titles except "noble", authorised all

3053-662: The grandest members of the British aristocracy have triple-barrelled names, for instance the Vane-Tempest-Stewart family, who hold the marquessate of Londonderry ; for a while, the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos bore five surnames: Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville. In contemporary Britain this correlation has weakened, as more middle and lower-class families have started hyphenating their names on marriage, and/or passing it to their issue, with 11% of newly-weds in

3124-731: The individual member states of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of condominiums . With the house of Habsburg ousted, the Swiss states installed landvögte in several of the newly acquired castles, civil stateholders who wielded the legal and economic powers of the former feudal fief which they now administrated, for example in Lenzburg castle or in the Landvogteischloss (Governor's Castle) in Baden. In contrast, many of

3195-520: The main surname element in the 19th century, such as von Werden → Vonwerden . In the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary Latin was the official language in which royal decrees and all kinds of legal documents were issued. Hungarian noble families used the nobiliary particle de with the name of an estate granted by the King as a royal donation. For instance, the aristocratic Hungarian family of

3266-515: The masculine form), d' (used, per the rules of orthography , when the nom de terre begins with a vowel; for example, Ferdinand d'Orléans ), or des ('of the' in the plural). In French, de indicates a link between the land and a person—either landlord or peasant . The nobleman was always designated escuyer , for ' squire ' in English form ( dapifer in Latin), or chevalier for ' knight ' ( equites in Latin). Only knights were designated by

3337-419: The name, not in itself necessarily indicating historical feudal nobility, but recognition in a territorial designation is usually accorded alongside the grant or matriculation of a Scottish coat of arms , which effectively confers or recognises minor nobility status, even if not ancient. Despite this, the right to bear a territorial designation can also exist for landowners who are not armigerous , but this right

3408-502: The names of their manors, and in a few cases nicknames, into their names. For instance, Egas Gomes, lord of Sousa, became Egas Gomes de Sousa . King Alfonso X 's son Fernando was said to be born with a hairy mole and was called Fernando de la Cerda ("Fernando of the Bristle"), and his son Fernando kept the nickname as his second name and was also called Fernando de la Cerda . In the 15th and 16th centuries, these surnames were adopted by

3479-516: The nobility as an organised corps. There were families of old nobility, families of "integration nobility", families who were ennobled abroad, and a great number of noble families refuge at the time of the Reformation. However, contrary to the generally accepted ideas, the Republic of Geneva made use of its capacity to ennoble. It is in particular what it did on 20 August 1680 by ennobling with

3550-421: The nobility of Zürich also received foreign titles, such as Hirzel, count , in France in 1788. In the cantons of Schaffhausen and Zug , political power belonged to the corporations, so there was no real hereditary prerogative for government positions. In the canton of Zug letters of nobility abroad awarded to a few families were extinguished. The very democratic system of this canton hindered expansion of

3621-523: The nobility were gradually suspended after 1798, save for a revival in Lucerne and Freiburg during the Restoration from 1814 to 1831. Article 4 on equality of the 1848 Swiss federal constitution, finally made a legal end to the Swiss nobility. Nowadays the titles of nobility appear neither in registry offices nor in public instruments . Sometimes they are tolerated in administrative documents and in

SECTION 50

#1732779537017

3692-414: The nobility. In the canton of Schaffhausen noble families formed since the 13th century were members of the "Herrenstube", which became during the 15th century one of the twelve corporations. Some ancient families were extinguished and replaced in the "Herrenstube" by new families of the "integration nobility". In 1864 these families' last privilege was their right to be buried in the "Junkernfriedhof". In

3763-694: The nobility. On the other hand, particles were almost exclusively used by and associated with them. Especially in the late 17th and 18th centuries, a person would often receive a particle along with his or her old or new family name when ennobled. Examples are families like de Gyldenpalm (lit. 'of Goldenpalm') and von Munthe af Morgenstierne (lit. 'of Munthe of Morningstar'). Otherwise, particles would arrive together with immigrants. Examples are families like von Ahnen . Prominent non-noble families having used particles are von Cappelen , von der Lippe , and de Créqui dit la Roche . The preposition til (English: to , but translates as of ; comparable with German zu )

3834-464: The noble's professional life, that is to say in social relations. About 450 noble families are left in Switzerland, either Swiss or foreign. By counting 15 people per family about 1.06% of the population belongs to the nobility, which is comparable to the situation in France. There are large regional differences however: the canton of Appenzell for example has hardly any noble family left, while

3905-589: The one zu refers to and meaning [up]on in English): Von A-dynasty/place, zu B-town, auf C-ville/location/residence . Rarer variants are "von der", "von dem", "zum", "zur", etc. As in France and Spain, not all noble families use a nobiliary particle. The names of the most ancient nobility, the Uradel , but also names of some old untitled nobility, often do not contain either von or zu , such as Grote , Knigge or Vincke . Conversely,

3976-497: The only alteration in their title to the land was a change of liege lord , in this case from the counts of Habsburg to the city-state of Bern . A number of comital families and other high-ranking nobles are attested in the time before the Swiss conquest: The canton of Vaud , old county then country of Vaud, depended successively of Burgundy, Zähringen , Savoy until 1536, then of Bern . In this canton there were some feudal noble families, families of Savoyard nobility, families of

4047-614: The other districts that had been conquered by the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1415. The conquered territories were split into a Bernese area of influence in the west, a small district under the rule of Zürich in the very east, and two larger districts, the Freie Ämter ("free administration districts") and the County of Baden making up the eastern half of the canton. The governance of the latter two districts alternated between

4118-458: The patrician nobility of Bern, and families of "integration nobility". Originally seigneurs , the rulers Neuchâtel became counts in the late 13th century and assumed the rank of prince in 1618. Between 1707 and the formation of the modern state of Switzerland in 1848, the title of prince of Neuchâtel was held in personal union by the Kings of Prussia . Due to the continued absence of the rulers,

4189-437: The patricians to use the nobiliary particle "de" (or " von "), and specified that henceforth the loads of "bannerets", "secrets" and "grand-sautier" would be opened to all the patricians. By confirming that all patrician families were noble either by origin or by being members of the privileged class, this "Règlement relativement à l'introduction de l'égalité des familles patriciennes et de leurs titulatures" (17 and 18 July 1782)

4260-608: The prefix von occurs in the names of 200 to 300 non-noble families, much like van in the Netherlands. Especially in northwestern Germany, e.g. Bremen, Hamburg, Holstein, Lower Saxony, Schleswig, Westphalia, and in German-speaking Switzerland, the particles von , zu , etc., may be elements in non-noble surnames and usually designate the place of origin. In Austria and Bavaria, non-noble surnames containing von were widely altered by compounding it to

4331-400: The prepositions linking their many surnames, and they would sign just one at the beginning of the name; the last surname would be preceded by e (and). For instance, the name João Duarte da Silva dos Santos da Costa de Sousa should be signed just as João Duarte da Silva Santos Costa e Sousa . In the present day, it may also legally be signed João Duarte Silva Santos Costa Sousa . The last e

SECTION 60

#1732779537017

4402-562: The relevant county or town of origin is represented with the suffix -i at its end: so, in the case of this family, the place names would be written as zicsi and vásonkeői and would be placed before the family name; the two place names are connected by the Hungarian és (and). So the result would be zicsi és vásonkeői Zichy . Starting in the High Middle Ages, West Iberian nobles, who had only used patronyms, started adding

4473-426: The rest of his estate via his will, usually to a male descendant of one of his female relatives, who would then apply for a royal licence to take the name. Royal licences could similarly be obtained where the applicant's mother was a heraldic heiress , although this was less common. For instance, Sir Winston Spencer Churchill 's surname evidences his descendancy from both the aristocratic Spencer family , amongst whom

4544-624: The same surnames exist in noble and non-noble families. The restriction to nobility and the clergy of bearing arms at the beginning of the 16th century, when king Manuel I extinguished the previous bourgeoisie armorial, usually shows someone to be noble if he or she bears personal or family arms. But nobility in Portugal was never restricted to the bearers of arms, and many Portuguese nobles did not or do not have arms at all. The preposition de and its different orthographic forms ( do , dos , da and das ), as in France, do not indicate nobility in

4615-408: The smaller fiefs held by lower nobility (e.g. Hallwyl castle , owned by the family of its founders; or Habsburg castle itself, held at the time of the conquest by the ministerialis Wernher von Wohlen) continued into the new order and were not directly affected by it; several nobles, such as the lords of Reinach on Wildenstein castle, were officially enfeoffed by the conquering cantons, so that

4686-433: The spoken style monseigneur or messire for ' sir ' ( dominus in Latin), as, for example, "monseigneur Bertrand du Guesclin , chevalier"—in English form, "Sir Bertrand du Guesclin, knight". By convention, surnames with the non-noble use of the particle de are spelled as a single word (e.g., " Pierre Dupont "), though many such surnames conserved the de as a separate word. Since the sixteenth century, surnames among

4757-555: The territory was administered by governors from 1529 onwards. Since the princes frequently ennobled their burghers as a reward for civil service, the Swiss Heraldic archives list more than a hundred aristocratic families with ties to the principality, most of them ennobled after 1500. Older families include D'Arens, Dapifer, Du Donjon, or D'Estavayer. Since the Reformation the Republic of Geneva did not officially recognise

4828-414: Was created the 1st Baronet de Trafford , Queen Victoria issued a royal licence to "Sir Thomas Joseph Trafford ... that he may henceforth resume the ancient patronymic of his family, by assuming and using the surname of De Trafford, instead of that of 'Trafford' and that such surname may be henceforth taken and used by his issue." The anglicisation to Trafford had probably occurred in the 15th century, when

4899-548: Was established in Bern. The third great family, Magoria, remained in Locarno. The majority of the families of Ticino ennobled abroad were it by the dukes of Milan. In Graubünden there were a great number of families of dynasts and "ministériaux". From the 11th or 12th century, the dynasts owned seigniories on which they held power more in fact than by resulting of a constitutional law. These families maintained their privileges until

4970-450: Was neither a misalliance nor a loss of nobility due to a noble engaging in manual work or taking up a trade. This is why, for example, the noble Jean Gambach was able to be a manufacturer of scythes in 1442, and the noble Louis de Daguet was able to be a carter at the end of the 18th century. Individuals only lost their nobility due to illegitimacy or voluntary renunciation. From the 15th c. onwards, rising economic and political pressure from

5041-463: Was not a patriciate of right but in fact. Ticino, before becoming a Swiss canton in 1803, did not form a political and administrative unit and there is thus no "nobility of Tessin" in a strict sense, however some noble families originate from this area. In Locarno, at the Reformation , two of the three great feudal families of capitanei: Muralto and Orelli emigrated to Zürich . A branch of Muralt

#16983