José González García (born August 12, 1973) is a chess Grandmaster , trainer and writer.
91-405: After a late start in chess tournaments at the age of 14, Jose struggled to improve his chess for a while until he got the opportunity to move from Mexico to Budapest in 1995 as a 21-year-old chess student. There he worked with some of the most renowned Hungarian trainers and played numerous tournaments on Magyar soil. As a result, he became International Master in the summer of 1995 and later in 1996
182-628: A cult classic. A mayor of the city, Dr. Eduardo Hicks, initiated the Guanajuato Mummy Research Project in 2007 to increase knowledge and awareness of the specimens. They have since been extensively studied in Mexico and the United States. The study has found evidence of medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, extreme anemia lung damage from smoke inhalation and tuberculosis. Some of the research looked into
273-538: A hotel. The city's most famous tourist attraction is the Mummies of Guanajuato , which are in their own museum on the side of the municipal cemetery in the Tepetapa neighborhood. The Mummy Museum contains a collection of specimens that mummified naturally in the adjoining cemetery. Authorities began exhuming bodies in 1870, when a new law required residents to pay a tax for perpetual burial. If survivors didn't pay
364-4021: A la Olimpiada Mundial de Ajedrez en Noruega 2014" . Cambio de Michoacán . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "CAMPEONATO NACIONAL ABSOLUTO SUB ZONAL 2.3.1 CDMX 2014" . Chess-Tournaments-Results-Server. 2014-12-18 . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "CAMPEONATO NACIONAL ABSOLUTO 2015 - RESULTADOS" . FENAMAC. 2015-12-14 . Retrieved 2016-09-23 . ^ "CAMPEONATO NACIONAL ABSOLUTO 2016 - RESULTADOS FINALES" . FENAMAC. 2016-05-22 . Retrieved 2016-09-23 . ^ "CAMPEONATO NACIONAL DE AJEDREZ ABSOLUTO 2018 - POSICIONES FINALES" . FENAMAC. 2018-06-17 . Retrieved 2021-05-05 . v t e Chess national championships Present Albania Algeria Andorra Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Canada Catalonia Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic El Salvador Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Guatemala Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Myanmar Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Northern Ireland Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Seychelles Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Sweden Switzerland Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States women's Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Wales Zambia Zimbabwe Defunct Czechoslovakia Serbia and Montenegro USSR women's Yugoslavia Cities Berlin Kiev Leningrad Moscow Paris Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Chess_Championship&oldid=1253388805 " Categories : Chess national championships Chess in Mexico Sports competitions in Mexico 1973 in chess Recurring sporting events established in 1973 1973 establishments in Mexico Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles containing Spanish-language text Incomplete lists from September 2016 Guanajuato, Guanajuato Guanajuato ( Spanish pronunciation: [gwanaˈxwato] , Otomi : Ndänuë )
455-407: A large flat stone over his back and, carrying a flask of tar and a torch, crawled towards the main entrance. The stone protected him from the bullets fired at him. When he reached the heavy wooden door of the entrance, he smeared it with tar and lit it. This allowed insurgents to then take the building. After the battle it was used as barracks, a tenement and tobacco warehouse. From 1864 to 1949, it
546-531: A margin of error of 50 years and it is already known that the mummies died between 1850 and 1950. In 2009, 36 of the mummies were displayed for the first time outside of Mexico, at the Detroit Science Center in the United States as part of a tour to last until 2012. They have been the focus of a National Geographic documentary series called "The Mummy Road Show," which covered 18 of the mummies. The world-famous Festival Internacional Cervantino
637-513: A pastime called "callejoneadas". These are roving parties, traditionally held by the students of the University of Guanajuato with live musicians. Today, there are callejoneadas arranged for tourists as well. Juárez Street is one of the few through streets on the surface. It is filled with stores and restaurants and has a constant flow of people and traffic. The other through streets of town are either partially or fully underground, following
728-401: A patio area, a gallery of minerals and a bar called El Petardo, which once was the gunpowder storage room. The Rayas mine gave rise to one of the city's original neighborhoods, after having been found in 1550 by Juan Rayas. The mine's apogee occurred in the 18th century, giving its owner, José de Sardineta y Legaspi the titles of Viscount of Sardineta and Marquis of Rayas. Today it is found on
819-3966: A playoff match after they tied for first in the main tournament. 1994 Gilberto Hernandez Guerrero An elimination format was used. 1995 Gilberto Hernandez Guerrero An elimination format was used. 1996 José Gonzalez Garcia An elimination format was used. Gonzalez Garcia defeated Rafael Espinosa Flores in the finale, held in Monterrey . 1997 Morelia Roberto Calderín Gonzalez 1998–1999 León Alfonso Almeida 1999 Mexico City Israel Blanco Sing Blanco Sing won on tiebreak over Alberto Escobedo Tinajero . 2000 Mexico City Rafael Espinosa Flores 2001 Pachuca Alberto Escobedo Tinajero 2002 Mexico City Rafael Espinosa Flores 2003 Hermosillo Dionisio Aldama Degurnay 2004 Pachuca Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora 2005 Pachuca Alberto Escobedo Tinajero 2006 Ciudad Juárez Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora 2007 Pachuca Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora 2008 Mexico City Rafael Espinosa Flores Espinosa won on tiebreak over Gilberto Hernandez Guerrero and Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora. 2009 Huatulco Gilberto Hernandez Guerrero 2010 Mexico City Manuel León Hoyos 2011 Tapachula Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora 2012 Mexico City Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora 2013 Mexico City Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora Gonzalez Zamora won on tiebreak over Luis Fernand Ibarra Chami . 2014 Mexico City Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora 2015 Mexico City Sergio Joshafatt Morales Garcia Morales Garcia won on tiebreak over Roberto Martín del Campo Cárdenas. 2016 Morelia Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora Gonzalez Zamora won on tiebreak over Gilberto Hernandez Guerrero, Uriel Capo Vidal , Nestor Cofre Archibold and Isaac Antonio Garcia Guerrero . 2018 Mexico City Juan Carlos Gonzalez Zamora References [ edit ] ^ Sisniega, Marcel. "El torneo de Morelia" . El Universal . Retrieved 2015-07-06 . ^ "01. World Championship General Provision" . FIDE Handbook . FIDE . Retrieved 2016-09-24 . ^ Chavarria Gonzalez, Febronio E. (1970). "EL AJEDREZ EN MEXICO" [Chess in Mexico]; (PDF) . Ajedrez [ Chess ] (in Spanish). Monterrey: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León . Retrieved 2015-05-31 . ^ Ocampo Vargas, Raúl (2013-10-19). "l primer Campeonato Nacional Cerrado 1973, hace 40 años" . Retrieved 2016-09-24 . ^ Acevedo, Armando. "Niza, Francia 1974 - 21ena Olimpiada" . Retrieved 2016-09-24 . ^ Velasco, Gabriel (1997). Masterpieces of Attack: The brilliant games of GM Marcel Sisniega Campbell . Chess Digest. p. 41. ISBN 0875682901 . ^ Velasco, Gabriel (1997). Masterpieces of Attack: The brilliant games of GM Marcel Sisniega Campbell . Chess Digest. pp. 5–17. ISBN 0875682901 . ^ Velasco, Gabriel (1997). Masterpieces of Attack: The brilliant games of GM Marcel Sisniega Campbell . Chess Digest. p. 135. ISBN 0875682901 . ^ "Algunos resultados en el ajedrez sobre el tablero" . Retrieved 2015-07-06 . ^ Ocampo Vargas, Raúl (2014-03-11). "El Campeonato Nacional Cerrado de Ajedrez de México en 1982, muy especial" . Retrieved 2015-07-06 . ^ Sisniega, Marcel. "Loa
910-472: A section of the Carretera Panorámica (Panoramic Highway) that circles the city. The complex walls are tall and are held up by stone buttresses. It has one of the longest mine shafts in the world, which extends into the earth for 425 meters. The Castile of Santa Cecilia is a majestic medieval-style construction built on a former 17th century mining hacienda. The current building functions as
1001-400: A sign of their pain, convert into mummies. More commonly, it is likely the result of Guanajuato's altitude or the abundance of minerals in the soil. However, all of the mummified remains were found in the cemetery's above ground cement crypts, not in underground graves. Researchers believe the phenomenon is due to the warm, dry climate of the area, which dried out the bodies rapidly. One of
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#17327902427651092-830: A tiebreak match held in Mexico City in 1983 after they tied for first in the main tournament held in 1982. 1983 Xalapa Kenneth Frey Beckman 1984 Kenneth Frey Beckman 1985 Humberto Morales Moreno 1986 Mexico City Kenneth Frey Beckman , Rafael Espinosa Flores 1987 Mexico City J. Jesús González Mata 1988 Mexico City Marcel Sisniega Campbell 1989 Mexico City Marcel Sisniega Campbell 1990 Villahermosa Marcel Sisniega Campbell 1992 Mexico City Gilberto Hernandez Guerrero 1993 Linares Roberto Martín del Campo Cárdenas Del Campo defeated Sisniega in
1183-2472: A un ánade poblano" . El Universal . Retrieved 2016-09-24 . ^ Cervera Sanchís, Juan (2011-04-24). "M.I. RAFAEL ESPINOZA FLORES" . Retrieved 2016-09-24 . ^ "Ajedrez: hoy comienza el Magistral" . 2013-05-24 . Retrieved 2016-09-24 . ^ Velasco, Gabriel (1997). Masterpieces of Attack: The brilliant games of GM Marcel Sisniega Campbell . Chess Digest. p. 286. ISBN 0875682901 . ^ "Final Campeonato Nacional Cerrado" . CHESS EDITORES . No. 29. FENAMAC. May 1996 . Retrieved 2016-09-24 . ^ "CAMPEONATO NACIONAL ABSOLUTO 1998-1999" . Retrieved 2016-09-23 . ^ "TORNEO SUB-ZONAL 2.3c (MEXICO) ABSOLUTO 1999: RESULTADOS" . Retrieved 2016-09-23 . ^ Ocampo Vargas, Raúl (2000-08-31). "Campeonato Nacional Absoluto de México 2000" . Retrieved 2016-09-23 . ^ Crowther, Mark (2001-12-03). "The Week in Chess 369" . Retrieved 2016-09-23 . ^ "CAMPEONATO NACIONAL ABSOLUTO 2002" . FENAMAC. 2003-11-23 . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "Campeonato Nacional Absoluto de Méjico y Sub-Zonal 2003" . Ajedrez en Madrid . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ " "Campeonatos Nacionales Absoluto y Femenil 2004" " . FENAMAC. 2003-10-13 . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "Campeonato Mexicano Absoluto 2005 Final" . 2005-11-28 . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "JUAN CARLOS GONZÁLEZ GANÓ EL NACIONAL DE AJEDREZ EN CIUDAD JUÁREZ" . Portal de cultura física y deporte, México . 2006-11-30 . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "Resultados Nacional Absoluto 2007" . 2007-11-12 . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "Campeonato Nacional Absoluto 2008" . 2008-08-28 . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "CAMPEONATO NACIONAL ABSOLUTO 2009 - RESULTADOS FINALES" . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "GM se corona" . Por Esto! . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ Vargas Pereira, Javier (2011-12-12). "Clausuran Torneo Nacional Absoluto de Ajedrez 2011" . Tapachula: El Orbe . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ "Resultados finales CAMPEONATO NACIONAL ABSOLUTO" . 2012-06-27 . Retrieved 2015-05-18 . ^ García Cárdenas, Mariana (2013-10-08). "Lenin González se quedó cerca del pase
1274-456: A valued crucifix called the Señor del Villaseca and is registered as a Mexican Federal Historic Monument. The Bocamina de San Ramón mine is one of the city's early mines, with the deposit found by some travelers in the early 16th century. In 1548, its mother lode was found. Today, the mine is a tourist attraction in which visitors can descend into the earth through the old shafts. The complex has
1365-656: Is a municipality in central Mexico and the capital of the State of Guanajuato . It is part of the macroregion of the Bajío . It is located in a narrow valley, which makes its streets narrow and winding. Most are alleys that cars cannot pass through, and some are long sets of stairs up the mountainsides. Many of the city's thoroughfares are partially or fully underground. The historic center has numerous small plazas and colonial-era mansions, churches, and civil constructions built using pink or green sandstone. The city historic center and
1456-568: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mexican Chess Championship The national chess championship of Mexico has been organized annually since 1973 by FENAMAC ( Spanish : Federación Nacional de Ajedrez de Mexico A.C. ), the Mexican chess federation. Known since 1997 as the National Absolute Championship ( Campeonato Nacional Absoluto ) and previously as
1547-468: Is a Baroque mansion that, on its façade, bears the first noble coat of arms granted in Guanajuato. The main church of the city is Basílica Colegiata de Nuestra Señora de Guanajuato built between 1671 and 1696. Overall, the church is a sober Mexican Baroque in style but there are popular elements from donations made by the area's miners, and other elements that demonstrate the influence of several of
1638-551: Is a mummy of a woman who died in childbirth or miscarriage (a dried placenta is attached to her) but it is not known if she is the mother of either of these mummified children. Although only one out of every 100 bodies interred in the cemetery became naturally mummified, the concentration of this phenomenon has led to theories about how they have come about. Some believe that they are the result of people who had been buried alive, after mistakenly declared dead. These people, according to belief, died of desperation and asphyxiation and as
1729-582: Is a very large building covering an entire block. It was originally built to store enough grain to feed the city for a year to protect the population against famines such as those that occurred in 1783, due to crop failure. This gave the building its name, which roughly translates to “house of grain.” The building is two floors, nearly windowless with a very large courtyard in its interior. Construction began in 1798 under an architect named Durán y Villaseñor and terminated under José del Mazo. The Alhóndiga only served its original function for eight months after it
1820-423: Is an annual cultural event, held in the city of Guanajuato, which sponsors a large number of artistic and cultural events with artists invited from Mexico and all over the world. The event is named in honor of Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote . The festival began in 1972, as short plays performed by University of Guanajuato students based on the works of Cervantes. In 2010, special guests included
1911-469: Is heading in an eastwards direction. The westward direction passes through the center of Guanajuato. All of the tunnels have footpaths and even some of the bus stops are subterranean. The tunnel system of Guanajuato was built to prevent flooding. Túnel La Galereña is the longest tunnel of this network and was excavated in the early 19th century to lead the Guanajuato River away from the center of
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#17327902427652002-479: Is in the current colonia of Pastita. The city was split by a small river that serves as a main thoroughfare. Because of the extremely hilly terrain, only one main road enters and another one leaves. The main street into the city, called Belaunzarán, now runs for three km underground and follows the original course of the Guanajuato River . Unlike the regular layouts of many other Spanish and Mexican cities,
2093-524: Is much diminished, but one ton of rock is still extracted every six minutes. The largest shaft descends for 450 meters and about 10,000 miners have worked it over its history. The mine made its owners, the Counts of Valenciana, extremely wealthy and powerful. The first Count of Valenciana, Antonio de Obregón y Alcocer had the San Cayetano Church (also known as La Valenciana Church) built near
2184-555: Is named after it. The mine is near Don Quijote Plaza. It began operations in 1558 with peak production in the first quarter of the 18th century. It was owned by the Marquis of San Clemente. The center of the neighborhood is Señor de Villaseca Church, more commonly called La Cata Church. This church was built in the 17th century in Mexican Baroque or Churrigueresque style similar to that of La Valenciana Church. The church holds
2275-667: Is the Callejón Tecolote, through which Ignacio Allende and Miguel Hidalgo entered with their army in 1810. One alley near the State Government Palace is called the Callejón de la Condesa (Alley of the Countess). The name comes from the lady of one of the mansions who lived there in the very late 18th and very early 19th centuries. Ashamed of her husband's bad reputation with other women, before and after
2366-1019: Is the Mexican Open Championship ( Campeonato Nacional Abierto ), which is not limited to Mexican nationals and has been held annually since 1954. List of winners [ edit ] [REDACTED] This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( September 2016 ) Year Place Winner Notes and references 1973 Mexico City Mario Campos López 1974 Guanajuato Mario Campos López 1975 Mexico City Marcel Sisniega Campbell 1976 Mexico City Marcel Sisniega Campbell 1977 Mexico City Marcel Sisniega Campbell , Carlos Escondrillas 1978 Alberto Campos Ruíz 1979 Mexico City Marcel Sisniega Campbell 1981 Kenneth Frey Beckman 1982–1983 Marcel Sisniega Campbell Sisniega defeated Frey in
2457-511: The La Llorona story has the woman wandering its tunnels, some of which had rivers or streams running through them. The streets and alleys of the city are filled with mostly colonial era buildings, restaurants, bars, cafes with terraces and small plazas. Buildings have been constructed of sandstone in pink and green, adobe and other stone, filling the streets with shades of pink, green, ocher and red. Most of these plazas are in front of or to
2548-639: The Mexican War of Independence between newly assimilated Mexican insurgent warriors and royalist troops at the Alhóndiga de Granaditas . The first known inhabitants of the area were the Otomi , who were then displaced by the Chichimeca . There was Purépecha presence as well due mostly to ancient trading routes. The oldest known name for the area is “Mo-o-ti,” which means “place of metals.” Later, it
2639-630: The National Closed Championship ( Campeonato Nacional Cerrado ), it was initially organized as a round-robin tournament . However, several editions in the 1990s were organized as a series of elimination matches , and the championship is currently run as a Swiss-system tournament . In some years it serves as a qualifying stage for the FIDE World Chess Championship and is designated as sub- Zonal tournament 2.3.1 in such cases. A different tournament
2730-609: The UNESCO World Heritage Sites , the La Compañía and La Valenciana churches are considered among the most beautiful examples of Baroque architecture in Central and South America. By the end of the 18th century, the lower classes were poor and oppressed despite the great wealth coming out of the mines. One event foreshadowing the Mexican War of Independence was a revolt carried out in the city attacking
2821-714: The 1870s due to foreign investments encouraged by the Porfirio Díaz government. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries this renewed economic activity spurred new era Mexican projects such as the Juárez Theater, the Esperanza Dam, the Monumento a la Paz, the Hidalgo Monument and the State Government Palace. Flooding had been a serious problem through most of the city's history, due to
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2912-778: The 18th century. This wealth is manifested in its civil and religious architecture. The colonial architecture includes some of the best Baroque and Churrigueresque examples in the New World—;such as the Valenciana, Cata, and La Compañía (Jesuit) Churches, and the Basilica of Our Lady of Guanajuato. Most constructions from this time are of pink or green sandstone. In the churches, the Baroque altars were gilded with gold from local mines. These structures have influenced later buildings throughout central Mexico. According to
3003-464: The 19th century. Near La Valenciana Mine is the Guadalupe Mine, established in the 16th century. This complex was built with extremely large and thick stone walls supported by buttresses, giving it the look of a medieval fortress. The mine is no longer in operation but the complex has been undergoing redevelopment as a resort. La Cata mine is one of the early mines, and a city neighborhood
3094-626: The Absolute Mexican Champion . After four years of living in Hungary, in 1999, he put an end to his first European period returning to Mexico, where he got an offer to join a chess school for talented players in Yucatán Peninsula. There he started his fruitful career as a trainer. Amongst his pupils can be counted some GMs, IM's and several titled players. The years of inactivity as a player, where he worked only in
3185-476: The Catalan youngsters to various Spanish junior competitions. Besides giving lessons and coaching, Jose enjoys writing about his passion for chess. He is a member of the editing team of the most prestigious Spanish language chess magazine, Peón de Rey publication where he writes articles on a variety of themes on a regular basis since 2016. This biographical article relating to a Mexican chess figure
3276-631: The Hospitals). It received the image of the Virgin of the Rosary, now called the Nuestra Señora de Guanajuato. The Museo de Historia Natural Alfredo Dugès is on the ground floor of the University of Guanajuato's main building. It contains a national-level collection of fossils, plants and animals. The importance of this collection comes from its state of conservation and its age. The collection
3367-485: The Rayas mine. The San Bernabé find produced until 1928, when it tapped out. Today, the remains of this mine are found in the small village of La Luz, just outside the city proper. In 1679, by decree of viceroy of Mexico Fray Payo Enriquez de Rivera , the name was changed to Ciudad de Santa Fe y Real de Minas de Guanajuato (Very Noble and Loyal City of Santa Fe y Real de Minas de Guanajuato). It received an escutcheon in
3458-543: The abundance of riches coming from its mines. In the 18th century, it was the world's leading silver extraction center, making it the richest city in Mexico for much of the early colonial period. The production of the La Valenciana mine alone affected the world economy, and made the counts of Valencianas one of the most powerful families in New Spain. The city was one of the richest and most opulent in New Spain in
3549-587: The adjacent mines were proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. The growth of Guanajuato resulted from the abundantly available minerals in the mountains surrounding it. Its mines were among the most important during the European colonization of America (along with Zacatecas also in Mexico, Potosí in Bolivia and Ouro Preto in Brazil). One of the mines, La Valenciana , accounted for two-thirds of
3640-496: The area was so rich in minerals that nuggets of gold could be picked up from the ground. The Spanish found deposits of gold here in the 1540s and soon they sent soldiers and built forts. In 1548, the outpost was formally established with the name of Real de Minas de Guanajuato by viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza . Despite Chichimeca attacks, the population of the area grew rapidly with the arrival of Spanish and Creole migrants and indigenous and mestizo traders and workers. It
3731-452: The area's steep compact hillsides. In 1760 and 1780 two major floods nearly wiped it out. This spurred construction of large ditches and tunnels to contain and divert overflows during the rainy season. These eventually crisscrossed a large part of the city. Dam construction in the 1960s brought the flooding under control, and many of the ditches and tunnels were converted into underground roadways. The first Festival Internacional Cervantino
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3822-538: The body was real. The modern museum opened in 1970 with proper lighting and ventilation, and the mummies protected behind glass. The collection contains 111 mummies, mostly women, with some men and about 20 children, but only 59 of these are on display. It is considered the largest collection of mummies in the Western Hemisphere. Almost all of the people were commoners and came from backgrounds such as miners and farmers. The mummies were disinterred from
3913-581: The building itself, to its construction, its original function as a granary and its role in one of the first battles of the War of Independence. The large courtyard within the Alhóndiga is a traditional place to celebrate Mexico's Independence Day with the reenactment of Miguel Hidalgo's “El Grito de Dolores.” It is one of the sites for a number of the events of the Festival Cervantino. The museum
4004-423: The building, but the building proved difficult to penetrate due to the lack of openings and royalist gunfire. The battle remained a stalemate until a miner from San Miguel de Allende devised a way to approach the building's main entrance. This miner, whose name was Juan José de los Reyes Martínez, is better known as El Pípila , who had joined the insurgent army as it passed through his hometown. El Pípila strapped
4095-429: The city of Guanajuato. Just on the outskirts on September 28, 1810 , Hidalgo sent a warning letter to city authorities, but it was ignored. Instead, royalist troops and many of the elite made their stand at the Alhóndiga de Granaditas granary, an imposing building with few windows and thick walls. After entering the city unopposed, Hidalgo decided to attack the granary. This was the first battle against Spanish troops in
4186-415: The city was made its capital in 1824. However, fighting in the state and the rest of the country continued as Liberals, who wanted a Federalist government, fought with Conservatives, who wanted a centralized government under a monarch or dictator. Power in the city and state changed hands between the two factions during much of the 19th century, taking its toll on mining. The city was the provisional capital of
4277-545: The city's rich mining nobility. The Marquis of San Clemente and Pedro Lascuráin de Retana were the current building's first patrons. Later, the Counts of Valenciana left their influence as well with the donation of a clock for one of the towers and the acquisition of relics related to a saint and martyr named Faustina obtained from the Pope. These relics are in the main altar. The main portal is made of pink sandstone with “estipite” or inverted truncated pyramidal columns. The focus of
4368-403: The city. In 1960s the old river tunnels were strengthened, as they were in a bad condition and showed signs of collapse and subsidence. After the reconstruction, they were converted into a road tunnel. The first road journey was in 1961. But the old tunnels were of a suitable size for cars, medium-sized bus and vans but prevented larger transport getting into the city. A second tunnel was dug during
4459-493: The colonial period, the richest of the city's families built their main homes here, along with government buildings and the parish church, now a basilica . This plaza is a garden with a sculpture of a woman representing peace; its placement here in the late 19th century caused the official name to change to Plaza de la Paz. Today, the plaza is surrounded by the basilica, other churches, and governmental and commercial buildings, many of which were once mansions. Still remaining around
4550-479: The colonial period. The current building was constructed by Cecilio Luis Long in a European style popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and inaugurated in 1903.The façade has a Neoclassical portal in sandstone of colors typical of the Guanajuato area. It contains the legislative chamber called the Sala de Sessiones, decorated with 19th- and 20th-century paintings and somber furniture. Alhóndiga de Granaditas
4641-601: The country in 1858 as Liberal president Benito Juárez fought Conservative rebels. In 1863, the French took the city during the French Intervention in Mexico , receiving a visit from the installed Emperor Maximiliano I and his wife, Carlota . French occupation ended in early 1867. The Mexican General Florencio Antillón captured it on January 26, 1868, from the Conservatives. Mining reactivated around
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#17327902427654732-496: The entrance of this mine. Dedicated to Saint Cajetan , it was built between 1765 and 1788. The church has a Churrigueresque portal, which has been compared to the Mexico City Cathedral and La Santisima Church , both in Mexico City. The interior conserves a number of gilded altarpieces and a pulpit that is encrusted with ivory and precious hardwoods. The interior also contains agraffito work and paintings from
4823-420: The folklore surrounding a number of the mummies such as the man with a misshapen face thought to have been caused by a mortal blow, a woman who was supposedly hanged by her husband and a woman who is thought to have been buried alive. No scientific evidence has been found to support the last two stories. Without records, it is not possible to know exactly when some mummies died. Carbon 14 cannot help because it has
4914-606: The heavily militarized Caja Real (building to hold the Crown's share of mining production) to protest the high taxes. One year later there were large protests against the expulsion of the Jesuits . The War of Independence broke out in the state of Guanajuato in the town of Dolores , when Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla shouted the “ Grito de Dolores ” and raised an insurgent army on September 15 and 16, 1810. This army marched to San Miguel, today San Miguel de Allende , and then on to
5005-413: The institution serves approximately 30,000 students at the high school, bachelor's and graduate levels. In addition to the main campus in the city, there are nine others in other parts of Guanajuato state. The university hosts a number of the events of the Festival Cervantino, with its famous stairway acting as seating. The best known facility of the institution is the main building in Guanajuato city, which
5096-524: The interest of his pupils, reached an end as he returned to the competitive chess, winning the Memorial Capablanca in 2003 and achieving the bronze medal, on the third board of the Mexican team at Calvia Chess Olympiad in 2004. He has defended the Mexican team in eight chess Olympiads, seven times as a player and once as a coach. He moved back to Europe in 2004, becoming a resident of Barcelona where he still lives with his spouse and family. In
5187-524: The late 1960s, which diverted the river much deeper. Several additional tunnels were excavated during the 1990s. The mines that made Guanajuato rich are inside and just outside the city proper. A number of these mines gave rise to small communities with their own churches; these still exist with other institutions such as museums. The best-known mines gave their names to a number of the city's oldest neighborhoods such as Cata, Rayas y Mellado, La Pastita, San Luisito and Valenciana. Some of these mines are open to
5278-455: The main altar is the image of Our Lady of Guanajuato (Nuestra Señora de Guanjuato), who is the patroness of the city. She was donated to the city by Carlos I and his son Felipe II in 1557. In 1696, the church gained minor basilica status and full basilica status in 1957. The Legislative Palace or state government building was the site of the Aduana or Casas Consistoriales (customs house) in
5369-414: The main reasons for the mummies’ fame in Mexico is the 1972 film El Santo contra las momias de Guanajuato , which featured Mexico's most famous lucha libre wrestler, El Santo , as well as two others called Blue Demon and Mil Máscaras . In this movie, the mummies are reanimated by a wrestler known as “Satán” and El Santo fights to defeat them. It was filmed in the Guanajuato cemetery and has since become
5460-611: The marriage, the Countess began to enter and leave her home through the back door into this alley to avoid the glances of the townspeople. The most famous alley is the Callejón del Beso (Alley of the Kiss). Located on the slopes of the Cerro del Gallo hill in a neighborhood that dates back to the 18th century, it is only 168 cm (66 in) wide in places with balconies that nearly touch each other. Folklore states that couples who kiss on
5551-474: The month of October. Events are held throughout the city, with some in other locations such as Mexico City , Guadalajara and San Miguel de Allende. The most important venue in Guanajuato for the festival is Juárez Theater, which is located close to Jardín de la Unión (Union Garden). Other important venues in the city are Teatro Principal , Cervantes Theater and facilities of the University of Guanajuato. Events are also held in area churches, plazas and even on
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#17327902427655642-550: The municipal cemetery between 1870 and 1958, and were people who died between 1850 and 1950. The first of the documented mummies, which has been on display in one form or another since the 1870s, is that of a French doctor named Remigio Leroy. He can be seen at the current museum. Of the children in the collection, one can see evidence of a practice where deceased Catholic children were dressed as angels, if girls, or as saints, if boys, to indicate their purity and assured entrance into heaven. Several are babies, including one considered
5733-439: The national coat of arms. In front of this is an eternal flame that is renewed each September 28. The walls of the main stairwell contain mural work by José Chávez Morado that alludes to Independence. It houses a large collection of ceramics from western parts of Mesoamerica, especially from Chupícuaro . It contains works by Guanajuato artist Hermeneguildo Bustos and photographer Romualdo García . There are displays related to
5824-402: The neighboring house. Luis found out who owned it and arranged access. One evening, while the two were on these balconies, Carmen's father discovered them as Luis held Carmen's hand between his own. Enraged, Carmen's father stabbed her, leaving the shocked Luis holding the hand of his beloved as it grew cold and lifeless, giving it one final kiss. The narrow streets and alleys have given rise to
5915-423: The northern edge of the city. It began operation in 1774. From then until the early 19th century it was one of the most productive silver mines in the world, accounting for 2/3 of the world's production at its peak. It produced 80% of all silver mined in the state of Guanajuato and one-sixth of all Mexico. For over 250 years, it produced about 30% of the world's silver. The mine continues operation today. Production
6006-419: The old drainage ditches and tunnels dug during colonial times. Originally they were used for flood control, but modern dams have controlled flooding and left them dry, so they have been turned into thoroughfares in a city with little surface area. The most important of these roads is Miguel Hidalgo or Belaunzarán, which carried the runoff from the river that used to divide the city in two. Guanajuato's version of
6097-498: The plaza are mansions that belonged to local nobility such as the Counts of Rul, Count of Gálvez, and the Count De los Chico. The Rul house was constructed at the end of the 18th century by architect Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras . It is noted for its inner courtyard, with architectural features from ancient Greece. Alexander von Humboldt stayed here in 1803. Later, the house became known as Palacio de Otero. The Casa Real de Ensaye
6188-407: The public for tours. The first significant mine was called San Bernabé, which brought thousands of adventurers to Guanajuato and led to the discovery of other mineral deposits. This mine functioned from the 16th century until 1928. The remains of this mine can still be found in the small village of La Luz just outside the city. The most important of these mining complexes is La Valenciana mine , on
6279-571: The same year, which is still in use. The city's coat of arms has a gold background with an image of a woman in the center referring to the Holy Faith (Santa Fe). It contains other images such as a seashell supported by two laurel branches, blue ribbon and marble columns. It is topped with the royal crown of Castille and acanthus leaves. In 1741, the city received the title of “The Most Noble and Loyal City of Santa Fe de Minas de Guanajuato” and became an “intendencia” (province) in 1790 because of
6370-439: The school grew and began to offer high school and professional level studies. It held several names over its history, from Real Colegio de la Purísima Concepción (1767), Colegio del Estado (1828), Colegio Nacional de Guanajuato (1867), with its current name adopted in 1945. The Colegio del Estado name was prompted by the fact that the institution became the property of the state in 1828. In 1945, it gained university status. Today
6461-509: The side of the many churches, such as the Plaza San Fernando, Plaza San Roque , Plaza de la Valenciana, Plaza de los Ángeles, and Plaza de Mexiamora. Exceptions to these are Jardín Reforma and Jardín Unión. The Guanajuato underground tunnels are a network of wide channels that help lead traffic away from the city center. These tunnels have different layer crossroads and underground junctions. The tunnels are used for traffic which
6552-458: The smallest mummy in the world. Two of these small bodies were partially embalmed by taking out internal organs and replacing the cavities with packing material. One was a fetus, which probably miscarried at about 24 weeks, and the other is a newborn male infant. This embalming process may have enhanced the natural mummification process but was not the cause. It is not known why these had been embalmed, nor are their years of death exactly known. There
6643-434: The state of Querétaro and the country of Colombia. The 2010 edition of the festival included performers such as Tangokineses from Argentina and Cumbia Cienaguera from Colombia. In total there were 424 events over 26 days. The festival hosts events such as opera, theater productions, film showings, art exhibitions, academic conferences and talks, concerts and dance recitals. The performances occur in 70 venues over most of
6734-566: The streets of Guanajuato follow the extreme irregularity of the terrain, with small alleyways, plazas and in some cases steep staircases up hillsides. Most are paved with square cut stone, with only a limited number that are passable to cars. Most of the passageways are really alleys with a limited amount of open space in the way of very small plazas, which gives the city a more European flavor than other Mexican cities. A number of these alleys have no names and some have whimsical names such as “Sal si puedes” (Exit if you can). Another famous alley
6825-487: The streets. Festival International Cervantino Callejero is a parallel event sponsored by Centro Libre de Experimentación Teatral y Artística (CLETA) . In 2010, this event featured 300 performances with social themes. This annual event was begun in 1975, inspired in part by The Beatles ’ Abbey Road album cover. The center of the modern city is Plaza de la Paz (Plaza of Peace), also known as Plaza Mayor (Main Plaza). Since
6916-561: The summer of 2005 he achieved his last GM norm, becoming the fourth Mexican Grandmaster. That same year his career as a trainer got a new and important boost as he was selected to direct Barcelona's Chess Training Centre. That was a sweet period for him as some of his pupils achieved very good results in Spanish competitions. Nowadays he is still collaborating with the Catalan Chess Federation, preparing and accompanying
7007-405: The tax, they exhumed the body. If the body was mummified, they stored it in a building above ground and people began paying to see them in the late 1800s. The burial tax was abolished in 1958. At first, the mummies were displayed in a poorly lit tunnel that visitors entered with a torch or candle. Visitors were allowed to touch the mummies with some even breaking off pieces for souvenirs or to verify
7098-402: The third step (painted in red) are guaranteed seven years of happiness together. The name comes from a legend of two young lovers who come to a tragic end: Doña Carmen and Don Luis. Carmen's father forbade the courting of his daughter by the young Luis, threatening to send her to a convent if she left the house to see him. Carmen's balcony reached over this alley and nearly touched the balcony of
7189-466: The war and is popularly called the ' Siege of the Alhondiga '. The insurgents were unable to take the heavily defended building as royalist gunfire kept them from approaching the only entrance until a miner by the name of Juan José de los Reyes Martínez, better known as El Pípila , strapped a large flat stone onto his back for protection. Crawling, he carried a flask of tar and a torch. When he reached
7280-400: The winter. Average temperature overall is 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) with an average annual precipitation of between 600 and 840 mm (23.6 and 33.1 in). Most of the rain falls during the monsoon season between June and September. Initially, the city was divided into four barrios or neighborhoods: Marfil/Santiago, Tepetapa, Santa Ana and Santa Fe. The last is considered the oldest and
7371-409: The wooden doors of the main entrance, he smeared it with the tar and set it on fire. This allowed the insurgents to penetrate the building, defeat the Spanish royalist army and elite, and take over the heavily fortified and defended building. This action is commemorated by a colossal statue of El Pípila on a hill overlooking the city. After Independence, the province of Guanajuato was made a state, and
7462-567: The world's silver production at the height of its production. The city is home to the Mummy Museum , which contains naturally mummified bodies that were found in the municipal cemetery between the mid 19th and 20th centuries. It is also home to the Festival Internacional Cervantino , which invites artists and performers from all over the world as well as Mexico. Guanajuato was the site of the first battle of
7553-548: Was built in Neoclassical style in green stone. It houses the dean's office, administrative offices and a number of the institution's departments. The main building is recognized by its long staircase with 113 steps, which empties onto the Callejón del Estudiante. Under the main roof is a 16th-century chapel that was sponsored by Vasco de Quiroga for indigenous mine workers. It's called the Templo de los Hospitales (Temple of
7644-518: Was built. The main reason for its importance today is that it was the site of the first battle of the Mexican War of Independence between insurgents and royalist troops on September 28, 1810. When Miguel Hidalgo, Ignacio Allende and the insurgent army approached the city, royalist troops under Lieutenant Riaño and the city's elite took refuge in the building, along with millions of pesos of silver and other loot. The insurgents quickly surrounded
7735-600: Was called "Paxtitlán" by the Aztecs , which means “place of Spanish moss .” The current name of Guanajuato comes from Purépecha kuanhasï juáta (or in older orthography "quanax huato"), which means “frog hill”. Mining had been done in this area long before the Spanish arrived. Late in the pre-Hispanic period the Aztecs had a presence here, specifically to look for metals to make ornamental objects for their political and religious elite. Some stories from this time state that
7826-450: Was held in 1972. The historic city center was declared a World Heritage Site in 1988. Two climates predominate. One is fairly hot and dominates in the south and southeast portions of the municipality. The other is temperate and dominates the rest of the territory, including the city. In the warmer areas, temperatures can reach as high as 36 °C (97 °F) in the summer and in the coldest area can get as low as 3 °C (37 °F) in
7917-651: Was restored in 2010 for the Bicentennial by the INAH at a cost of 5.7 million pesos as part of similar museums in Dolores Hidalgo and San Miguel de Allende to form the Ruta de Independencia (Independence Route). The work was the first renovation of the building in 20 years. The University of Guanajuato began as a Jesuit school for children in the first half of the 18th century. The establishment of this school
8008-418: Was soon declared a town with the name of Santa Fe Real de Minas de Guanajuato, with Preafán de Rivera as mayor. Its first church was consecrated in 1555, and it was named an “ alcaldía mayor ” in 1574. Initially, the city was divided into four barrios or neighborhoods called Marfil/Santiago, Tepetapa, Santa Ana and Santa Fe. The last is considered the oldest and is in the current colonia of Pastita. This city
8099-529: Was split by a small river that served as a main thoroughfare. The oldest neighborhoods are Rayas y Mellado, Cata, La Valenciana, and Pastita, named after the mines found there. The very first mineral vein discovered, called San Bernabé, attracted attention not only in New Spain , but in Spain itself. The discovery brought thousands of migrants to the area, which led to the discovery of other deposits, such as at
8190-480: Was sponsored by Josefa Teresa de Busto y Moya, sister of the Marquis of San Clemente, who obtained permission for the school from the Spanish Crown in 1732 and established the institution in her home. She donated a fifth of her fortune toward it and worked to obtain donations from other wealthy families in the city. However, credit for the establishment of the school is most often given to Jesuits. Over time,
8281-569: Was used as the state penitentiary. In 1949 the building was converted into the Museo Regional de Guanajuato, documenting the history of the area and its role in Mexican national history from the pre-Hispanic period to the present divided among fourteen halls on the upper floor. On the ground floor there are large mascarons of José Mariano Jiménez , Vicente Guerrero , Ignacio Allende and Ignacio Aldama . The main hall has mascarons of Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos y Pavón who “guard”
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