119-669: Jose Abad Santos Avenue ( JASA ), also known as the Olongapo–Gapan Road and the Gapan–San Fernando–Olongapo Road , is a two-to-thirteen-lane 118-kilometer (73 mi) major highway spanning the provinces of Bataan , Nueva Ecija , Pampanga , and Zambales in Central Luzon , Philippines. The highway is designated as National Route 3 ( N3 ) of the Philippine highway network . Jose Abad Santos Avenue
238-625: A different alignment from Guagua to Mexico that currently exists as the San Antonio–Floridablanca Road, San Fernando–Lubao Road, Capitol Boulevard, and Consunji Road. After the end of the War, the Philippine Government rehabilitated and repaired the whole road, paving all of the highway. New bridges were constructed, shoulders were improved and some facilities were added. The highway's new alignment from Guagua to Mexico
357-771: A few meters after the said exit and continues on a zigzag pattern before passing through residential areas within Olongapo. The road then enters the city proper of Olongapo, where it is locally known as Rizal Avenue, and continues towards National Highway ( N306 ) at its terminus at the Ulo ng Apo Rotonda. This entire route is located in Central Luzon . Intersections are numbered by kilometer posts, with Rizal Park in Manila designated as kilometer zero . The Jose Abad Santos Avenue spans for about 118 kilometers (73 mi), thus, many establishments and landmarks are built alongside
476-525: A half-dozen other brutal battles. The Bataan campaign was the last time a regular cavalry unit of the U.S. Army, the Philippine Scouts 26th Cavalry, was used as a horse mounted fighting unit. On the morning of 16 January 1942, Lt. Edwin Ramsey led the last cavalry charge into the town of Morong, routing the advancing Japanese infantry. As the troops on Bataan were continually reduced in rations,
595-434: A high likelihood of violent explosive eruptions. In early June, tiltmeter measurements had shown that the volcano was gradually inflating, evidently due to fast-growing amounts of magma filling the reservoir beneath the summit. At the same time, seismic activity, previously concentrated at a depth of a few kilometers below a point about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northwest of the summit, shifted to shallow depths just below
714-518: A letter of intent awarding the project to Westinghouse, despite the absence of any specifications on their proposal. The project was plagued with problems throughout construction, including location, welding, cabling, pipes and valves, permits, and kickbacks, as well as setbacks such as the decline of Marcos's influence due to bad health and PR fallout from the incident at the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor. A subsequent safety inquiry into
833-423: A load of accumulated volcanic matter, a hazard amplified by the simultaneous arrival of Typhoon Yunya. The evacuation in the days before the eruption certainly saved tens of thousands of lives, and has been hailed as a great success for volcanology and eruption prediction . After the eruption, about 500,000 people continue to live within 40 km (25 mi) of the volcano, with population centers including
952-405: A more conservative estimate of a 0.2 °C decrease in global temperatures for 13 months also being given. At the same time, the temperature in the stratosphere rose to several degrees higher than normal, due to the absorption of radiation by the aerosol. The stratospheric cloud from the eruption persisted in the atmosphere for three years. The eruption, while not directly responsible, may have played
1071-402: A new shopping mall, Robinsons Place Balanga, located in E. Garcia Sr. Avenue corner Roman Superhighway , is expected to start construction soon. The municipalities of Morong, Dinalupihan, Hermosa, Orani, Mariveles and Orion are considered as secondary commercial hubs. The rest of the municipalities have established smaller business district enough to support the local demand. The City of Balanga
1190-812: A part in the formation of the 1993 Storm of the Century . The eruption had a significant effect on ozone levels in the atmosphere, causing a large increase in the destruction rate of ozone. Ozone levels at middle latitudes reached their lowest recorded levels, while in the Southern Hemisphere winter of 1992, the ozone hole over Antarctica reached its largest ever size until then, with the fastest recorded ozone depletion rates. The eruption of Mount Hudson in Chile in August 1991 also contributed to southern hemisphere ozone destruction, with measurements showing
1309-418: A rapid increase from 500 t (550 short tons) per day by May 13 to 5,000 t (5,500 short tons) per day by May 28. This implied that there was a rising column of fresh magma beneath the volcano. After May 28, the amount of SO 2 being emitted decreased substantially, raising fears that the degassing of the magma had been blocked somehow, leading to a pressure build-up in the magma chamber and
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#17327795159361428-479: A second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest. Just as this was happening, it was revealed that the site of two communities where
1547-419: A series of phreatic explosions from a fissure that opened on the north side of Mount Pinatubo . Seismographs were set up and began monitoring the volcano for earthquakes. In late May, the number of seismic events under the volcano fluctuated from day-to-day. Beginning June 6, a swarm of progressively shallower earthquakes accompanied by inflationary tilt on the upper east flank of the mountain, culminated in
1666-552: A sharp decrease in ozone levels at the tropopause when the aerosol clouds from Pinatubo and Hudson arrived. Another noticeable effect of the dust in the atmosphere was the appearance of lunar eclipses . Normally even at mid-eclipse, the Moon is still visible although much dimmed, whereas in the year following the Pinatubo eruption, the Moon was hardly visible at all during eclipses, due to much greater absorption of sunlight by dust in
1785-618: A straight route, with its city proper being visible from the highway, with another flyover named Lazatin Flyover through Lazatin Boulevard. A few meters past the flyover is San Fernando Central Transport Terminal. The city's welcome sign could be located on this portion and after it, the highway enters Bacolor . Upon entering Bacolor, the road turns eastward and passes through the lahar -filled Pasig-Potrero River. It passes through Bacolor town proper, with its parish church being visible from
1904-399: A village about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the summit. They moved to increasingly distant settlements as the eruptions escalated, some Aetas moving up to nine times in the two months before the colossal eruption. The first formal evacuations were ordered for the 10 km (6.2 mi) zone on April 7. Evacuation of the 10–20 km (6.2–12.4 mi) zone was ordered when a level 4 alert
2023-400: A warning until an eruption began might lead to thousands of deaths, so the volcanologists were under some pressure to deliver a timely and accurate assessment of the volcanic risk. Three successive evacuation zones were defined, the innermost containing everything within 10 km (6.2 mi) of the volcano's summit, the second extending 10–20 km (6.2–12.4 mi) from the summit, and
2142-589: A whole. The Tagalogs and Kapampangans speak both of these with their respective accents. Kapampangan is spoken in towns near the boundary with Pampanga, specifically Dinalupihan, Hermosa, and Orani. Ilocano is spoken by descendants of Ilocano settlers in southeastern areas, specifically Orion, Limay, & Mariveles. . The three most prominent ethnic groups in Bataan are the Tagalogs , the Kapampangans and
2261-531: Is a province in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines . Its capital is the city of Balanga while Mariveles is the largest town in the province. Occupying the entire Bataan Peninsula on Luzon , Bataan is bordered by the provinces of Zambales and Pampanga to the north. The peninsula faces the South China Sea to the west and Subic Bay to the north-west, and encloses Manila Bay to
2380-472: Is administratively subdivided into 11 municipalities and one component city . The population of Bataan in the 2020 census was 853,373 people, with a density of 620 inhabitants per square kilometer or 1,600 inhabitants per square mile. The demonym for natives of the province is Bataeño. Tagalog and English are two of the predominant languages spoken in the province, as are the Philippines as
2499-590: Is also a popular heritage and historical destination especially due to its role during the beginning of the Pacific Theater of the Second World War. Bataan is a location of bulk power generation, where most of the power generated is sent to the Luzon Grid. Most power plants in Bataan rely on fossil fuels , like oil and coal, but renewable energy sources, primarily solar power , form part of
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#17327795159362618-607: Is named in honor of José Abad Santos , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines , who was executed by the Japanese invading forces during World War II . Abad Santos was born in San Fernando, Pampanga , through which the road passes. The avenue's former names once varied, suggesting its segments between two adjacent provinces. It was formerly known as Bataan–Pampanga Road , Nueva Ecija–Pampanga Road , and
2737-619: Is one of the major sources of various marine products in Luzon, that include good quality tilapia , bangus (milkfish) , tiger prawns , mud crabs , and bivalves such as mussels , oysters and capiz shells . Bataan is in a process of accelerated growth in commercial sector driven mainly by young entrepreneurs and the advent of online commerce. Based from the Philippine Statistics Authority , more than 10,000 micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) are operating in
2856-423: Is one of the most progressive provinces of Luzon and Manila Bay Region, and a key contributor to the region's overall economic productivity. Its Provincial Product Account (PPA) also known as Provincial GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is valued at PhP256.88-billion. It has the biggest GDP-per capita amongst all the provinces in the Philippines at PhP297,930 per person. The province is strategically located right in
2975-488: Is one of the twenty-five (25) emerging digital hubs identified by The Digital Cities 2025 program by the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT), Information Technology and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP), and Leechiu Property Consultants, Inc. (LPC). It hosts several outsourcing companies such as Genpact , Boston-based start-up Botkeeper, and Australia-based Yoonet. While in
3094-413: Is the predominant religion, comprising 85.46% of the Bataan population. Various religious groups are present in the province, which include Iglesia Ni Cristo (5.1%), Members Church of God International (MCGI) , Evangelicals (2.06%), Aglipayans (1.60%), and others. Bataan is amongst the provinces in the Philippines with high Human Development Index . The 2015 HDI of the province is 0.793. Bataan
3213-736: Is transmitted to the province through various transmission lines and substations located within the province. There are four transmission substations located within the province which are the Hermosa, Balsik EHV, Limay, and Mariveles EHV substations of National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP). Since 2018, the province has a network of 500 kV transmission lines which are the Mariveles-Hermosa, Hermosa-Castillejos, Hermosa-San Jose, GNPower Dinginin-NGCP Mariveles, and MPGC – Mariveles Power Plant-NGCP Mariveles lines. The first three transmission lines are operated and maintained by NGCP while
3332-539: The Pampanga River . Since Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, and Rizal (including cities now part of Metro Manila ) were readily accessible because the road networks to those locations existed, the empire could not access the provinces of Zambales and Bataan. Through the years, they developed land tracks accessible by foot and small wagons pulled by horses. When the Spanish colonials came in the Philippines, they developed
3451-474: The Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry adjudged Bataan as the most business friendly province in the country during the 49th Philippine Business Conference Expo held last 25 and 26 October 2023. This is the third time the province had received such recognition, the first one was in 2018, while the second in 2021. In 2020, Bataan registered the third highest locally sourced income among all
3570-542: The corregimiento of Mariveles which, at that time, included Maragondon across Manila Bay . Tagalogs migrated to east Bataan, where Kapampangans assimilated to the Tagalogs. Kapampangans were displaced to the towns near Pampanga by that time, along with the Aetas. By the end of the 1700s, Bataan had 3,082 native families and 619 Spanish Filipino families . Bataan featured prominently during World War II . Prior to
3689-508: The 150,000 in Angeles City and 30,000 at Clark Freeport Zone . Many reforestation projects were destroyed in the eruption, with a total area of 150 km (58 sq mi; 37,000 acres) valued at 125 million pesos destroyed. Agriculture was heavily disrupted, with 800 km (310 sq mi; 200,000 acres) of rice -growing farmland destroyed, and almost 800,000 head of livestock and poultry killed, destroying
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3808-546: The 1941 Japanese invasion , Bataan was a military reservation for the purpose of defending the fortress island of Corregidor . The US Army stored nearly 1,000,000 US gallons (3,800 m ) of gasoline there, along with various munitions. At the southern tip of the peninsula the U.S. Navy had established a small base at the port of Mariveles. Shortly after the Japanese Army invaded the country in December 1941,
3927-447: The 1991 eruption, although this is impossible to prove conclusively. Two weeks after the earthquake, local residents reported steam coming from the volcano, but scientists who visited there in response found only small rockslides rather than any pre-eruptive activity. On March 15, 1991, a succession of earthquakes were felt by villagers on the northwestern side of the volcano. Further earthquakes of increasing intensity were felt over
4046-552: The 500 MW Bagac Bay Offshore Wind Project and 300 MW Bagac Bay Onshore Wind Project, both by Earth Sol Power Corporation. These are also endorsed by the Department of Energy for grid impact study. The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant in Morong, with a design 600 MW capacity, was supposed to be the first nuclear power plant in the Philippines. It was supposed to commence operation in 1986, but was mothballed amidst critical opposition to
4165-543: The Ayta Magbeken, though the third group has a lower population despite being the province's first inhabitants. The second group is mainly present at the northeast of the province, as well as in the provincial capital to a lesser extent. Some Bataeños are descendants of Ilocano settlers. Non-native residents in Bataan include Pangasinans , Bicolanos , several Cordillera tribes , Cebuanos , Hiligaynons , Maranaos , Maguindanaons and Tausugs . Roman Catholicism
4284-497: The Dinalupihan–Olongapo (Bataan–Zambales) segment of Angeles–Porac–Olongapo Road , respectively. The segment between Olongapo and Dinalupihan, Bataan, is also known as Olongapo–Bataan Road . The entire stretch was formerly called Olongapo–Gapan Road and Gapan–San Fernando–Olongapo Road (GSO Road). The name was changed in line with Republic Act No. 9477 signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on May 22, 2007. Nowadays,
4403-592: The GN Power Mariveles Coal Power Plant, with 690 (2x345) MW, SMC Limay Greenfield Power Plant (4x150 MW), Petron Cogeneration Power Plant (4x35 MW), Panasia Bataan Combined Cycle Power Plant (648 MW), and the recently commissioned GN Power Dinginin Units 1 and 2 (725x2 MW). Two plants are under construction, Petron's Refinery Solid Fuel-Fired Boiler Project - Phase 3 (44 MW), and SMC Mariveles Coal Power Plant (8x150 MW). These will increase
4522-816: The Marcos regime and concerns on nuclear power. There is some discussion of either rehabilitating the plant, which would likely be uneconomical, or constructing a new nuclear power station. In 2021, San Miguel Corporation's Universal Power Solutions Inc. together with its partner Wärtsilä commissioned the first battery energy storage system (BESS) in Limay with 40 MW/40MWh capacity. Three more BESS projects are committed to be built - Hermosa Battery Energy Storage System (40 MW/40MWh), Lamao Battery Energy Storage System Phases 1 and 2 (30 MW/30MWh, 20 MW/20MWh), and BCCP Limay Battery Energy Storage System Project Phase 2 (20 MW/40MWh). All by Universal Power Solutions Incorporated. Power
4641-552: The Philippines (NGCP) to San Fernando Exit of North Luzon Expressway (NLEx) and Hermosa–Calaguiman line from NGCP Hermosa Substation in Hermosa to Layac Junction in Dinalupihan. The San Fernando segment of the Hermosa–Duhat–Balintawak line itself is undergoing relocation since February 2011 to alleviate heavy traffic along the avenue due to the presence of its electric poles standing on the highway itself, and to pave
4760-669: The Philippines' Modified Coronas' Climate Classification ( Climate of the Philippines ). The dry season begins in November and ends in April, while the rainy season starts in May and ends in October. The most rains come in June to August. Mean average rainfall in August is the heaviest at 633mm. Bataan is often visited by typhoons. Farming systems in the province follow these climatic cycles. Bataan
4879-521: The Province. Bataan is frequently included in the top ten poultry and poultry product producers in the country, it hosts modern poultry dressing and processing plants owned by San Miguel Corporation and Bounty Fresh Chicken . Currently, San Miguel Food and Beverage is building a $ 100-million mega-poultry facility that can house 80-million birds in Brgy. Lucanin, Mariveles . Being a peninsula, Bataan
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4998-531: The advanced stage of construction, these are Citicore's 6.64 MW solar rooftop project in the Freeport Area of Bataan, and Ayala Corp.'s Bataan Solar Energy Inc. with 5 MW in Batangas Dos, Mariveles. Two more solar power projects are in the pipeline - Solana Solar Power Project (28 MW) and Jobin-Sqm Inc. Bataan Solar Power Project Phases 1, 2, 3a-3b (100 MW). Also, two wind power projects are planned,
5117-451: The alert level and associated danger area, and the information was announced in major regional and national newspapers , on radio and television stations, by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and directly to the endangered inhabitants. Many of the Aetas who lived on the slopes of the volcano left their villages of their own volition when the first blasts began in April, gathering in
5236-473: The alluvial sandbars characterize the coastline along Manila Bay. Mangrove areas can be observed from Orani to Orion, along with seaweed areas and seagrass patches areas from portions of Balanga and Pilar down to Mariveles. The deeper portions are the coastal areas of Orion to Mariveles where most seaports are operating. Poor coral reef patches, mixed with sandy-rocky bottom can be found in Mariveles area, where
5355-623: The area, most notably the establishment of the NASSCO (National Shipyard and Steel Corporation) in Mariveles which was inaugurated in 1953 during the Quirino administration. It would later be bought by the Bataan Shipping and Engineering Company in 1964. The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Bataan. During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for
5474-544: The arrival of the USS ; Abraham Lincoln battle group, USS Midway , and USS Peleliu . Most personnel were initially relocated to Guam , Okinawa and the U.S. state of Hawaii , although some returned to the continental United States. Clark Air Base was ultimately abandoned by the United States military because of the eruption, and Subic Bay reverted to Philippine control in November 1992 following
5593-401: The atmosphere. Volcanic ash and pumice blanketed the countryside. Huge pyroclastic flows roared down the flanks of Pinatubo, filling once-deep valleys with fresh volcanic deposits as much as 200 m (660 ft) thick. The eruption removed so much magma and rock from beneath the volcano that the summit collapsed to form a small caldera 2.5 km (1.6 mi) across. Fine ash from
5712-485: The avenue is commonly referred to by its acronym JASA ; however, its old name is still used. However, the avenue's segment in Olongapo city proper is a part of and locally known as Rizal Avenue, after the Philippine national hero Dr. José Rizal , for being the road that leads to Manila . Jose Abad Santos Avenue traces its roots to the pre-colonial period . The Kapampangan empire expanded their trade throughout Central Luzon, but were forced to create roads adjacent to
5831-702: The avenue, the highway underwent widening which added more lanes to accommodate more vehicles using the road. Today, Olongapo–Gapan Road, now called Jose Abad Santos Avenue and designated as National Route 3 of the Philippine highway network , is the most significant toll-free road that connects Nueva Ecija , Pampanga , Bataan , and Zambales . The road passes to Gapan , San Isidro , and Cabiao in Nueva Ecija, Arayat , Santa Ana , Mexico , City of San Fernando , Bacolor , Guagua , and Lubao in Pampanga, Hermosa and Dinalupihan in Bataan, and finally to
5950-410: The base in enormously powerful sheets, slamming into buildings and scattering cars. Nearly every bridge within 30 km (19 mi) of Mount Pinatubo was destroyed. Several lowland towns were flooded or partially buried in mud. More than 840 people were killed from the collapse of roofs under wet heavy ash and several more were injured. Rain continued to create hazards over the next several years, as
6069-485: The breakdown of lease negotiations and the expiration of the Military Bases Agreement of 1947. The powerful eruption of such an enormous volume of lava and ash injected significant quantities of aerosols and dust into the stratosphere . Sulfur dioxide oxidized in the atmosphere to produce a haze of sulfuric acid droplets, which gradually spread throughout the stratosphere over the year following
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#17327795159366188-878: The capacity by additional 1,244 MW. Three natural gas-fired power plants with combined capacity of 3,275 MW are proposed, one planned in Limay and two in Mariveles. These are currently endorsed by the Department of Energy for grid-impact study. Renewable energy , accounts for 92.4 MW. Existing renewable energy power plants include the Bataan 2020 Cogen Power Plant (12.5 MW), Cleangreen Energy Corp. Napier Grass Fired Power Plant (12 MW), YH Green Energy Solar Power Plant (12.6 MW), Citicore Solar Power Plant (18 MW), Morong Solar Power Plant (5 MW), and Jobin-Sqm Inc.'s (a subsidiary of Nickel Asia Corporation ) Sta. Rita Solar (32.3 MW) in Tipo, Hermosa side of Subic Bay Freeport Zone. While additional 11.64 MW are expected from two projects that are on
6307-553: The city of Olongapo in Zambales. The highway also serves a major utility corridor, carrying various high voltage overhead power lines through densely populated areas where acquisition and designation of right of way or power line alignment and lands for their associated structures is impractical. Notable power lines using the highway's right of way for most or part of their route are the Hermosa–Duhat–Balintawak transmission line from Hermosa Substation of National Grid Corporation of
6426-418: The coastline begin to take on a rocky character looping from the mouth of Manila Bay to the western side of the province. The coastline facing the South China Sea is interspersed with pristine beaches with rocky portions and fringes of coral reef in good condition from Bagac to Morong, which is a haven for sea turtles and other marine animals. Bataan has distinct dry and wet seasons categorized as Type I in
6545-630: The collateral damage during one encounter in 1977, but was assassinated in cold blood by a soldier who identified himself as Col. Rolando Abadilla while she was recovering at the Bataan Provincial Hospital . It was also during Martial Law that construction on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant began in Morong, in 1976. Marcos had announced an intention to build a nuclear power plant in July 1973, not long after
6664-706: The combined US and Filipino forces were being gradually overrun and General Douglas MacArthur moved his troops to the Bataan Peninsula in an attempt to hold out until a relief force could be sent from the US. Japanese forces started a siege of the peninsula on 7 January 1942, and launched an all-out assault on 3 April, a few months after the Battle of the Points , Battle of the Pockets, the attack down Trail Number Two, and
6783-411: The declaration of Martial Law, and a presidential committee was set up to review proposals, of which there were two - one each from General Electric and Westinghouse Electric . The committee preferred the proposal of General Electric's bid although it cost more, because it contained detailed specifications for the plant. But Marcos, in a deal brokered by crony Herminio Disini , overrode then and signed
6902-695: The east. The Battle of Bataan is known in history as one of the last stands of American and Filipino soldiers before they were overwhelmed by the Japanese forces in World War II . The Bataan Death March was named after the province, where the infamous march started. The first inhabitants of the Bataan peninsula are the Ayta Magbeken people. The next group of inhabitants were Kapampangans , who settled east Bataan. Later on, Tagalogs from southern Luzon, most specifically Cavite , migrated to parts of Bataan. The Ayta Magbeken migrated towards
7021-547: The eruption fell as far away as the Indian Ocean and satellites tracked the ash cloud as it traveled several times around the globe. At least 16 commercial jets inadvertently flew through the drifting ash cloud, sustaining about $ 100 million in damage. With the ashfall came darkness and the sounds of lahars rumbling down nearby river valleys. Several smaller lahars washed through the Clark Air Base , flowing across
7140-402: The eruption was equal to 70 megatons of TNT. The former summit of the volcano was obliterated and replaced by a caldera 2.5 km (1.6 mi) wide. The highest point on the caldera rim now stood 1,485 m (4,872 ft) above sea level, some 260 m (850 ft) lower than the pre-eruption summit. A reported 847 people were killed by the eruption, mostly by roofs collapsing under
7259-523: The eruption, named Operation Fiery Vigil . The first sea-based evacuations departed June 16 from Alava Wharf, Naval Base Subic Bay aboard USS Rodney M. Davis , USS Curts , and USS Arkansas , all of whom were in port or who had made port immediately after the initial plume of June 12. Each made two passages from Subic Bay transporting evacuees to Cebu City, Mindanao, for subsequent transport by USAF units to Andersen AFB, Guam. Additional maritime evacuations began several days later with
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#17327795159367378-623: The eruption, with livelihoods and houses being damaged and destroyed. More than 8,000 houses were destroyed, and a further 73,000 were damaged. In addition to the severe damage sustained by these communities, roads and communications were damaged or destroyed by pyroclastic surges and lahar floods throughout the areas surrounding the volcano. Total losses in 1991 and 1992 alone were estimated at 10.6 and 1.2 billion pesos respectively, including damage to public infrastructure estimated at 3.8 billion pesos (c. US$ 92 million, or $ 175 million today, adjusted for inflation). School classes for thousands of children
7497-483: The eruption. Studies show that the river systems will take decades to recover from the June 1991 eruption. On September 3, 1995, a lahar buried San Guillermo Parish Church in Bacolor, Pampanga to half its 12 metres (39 ft) height. The United States Air Force initiated a massive airlift effort to evacuate American service members and their families from the two affected bases during and immediately following
7616-412: The eruption. The injection of aerosols into the stratosphere is thought to have been the largest since the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa , with a total mass of SO 2 of about 17,000,000 t (19,000,000 short tons) being injected – the largest volume ever recorded by modern instruments (see chart and figure ). This very large stratospheric injection resulted in a volcanic winter , a reduction in
7735-433: The extrusion of a small lava dome . On June 12, the volcano's first spectacular eruption sent an ash column 19 km (12 mi) into the atmosphere. Additional explosions occurred overnight and the morning of June 13. Seismic activity during this period became intense. When even more highly gas-charged magma reached Pinatubo's surface on June 15, the volcano exploded, sending an ash cloud 40 km (25 mi) into
7854-590: The formation of a lava dome at the summit of the volcano. The dome grew substantially over the next five days, reaching a maximum diameter of about 200 m (660 ft) and a height of 40 m (130 ft). A small blast at 03:41 PST on June 12 marked the beginning of a new, more violent phase of the eruption. A few hours later the same day, massive blasts lasting about half an hour generated big eruption columns, which quickly reached heights of over 19 kilometres (12 mi) and which generated large pyroclastic surges extending up to four kilometres (2.5 mi) from
7973-578: The highway. It continues on a straight direction, intersects with Guagua-Santa Rita Provincial Road and San Antonio-Siran Road, turns westward, and enters Lubao after passing the second road mentioned before. It continues straightforward, passing through residential areas and establishments within the municipality and parallels the Lubao Old National Road. It then enters Bataan through the Pampanga Welcome marker and traverses
8092-706: The highway. This landmarks are malls, historical sites, government facilities, and many more other establishments. Two major shopping malls along the road are SM City Pampanga , the second largest mall in Northern and Central Luzon, and Robinsons Starmills Pampanga. Bataan Bataan ( / b ɑː t ɑː ˈ ʔ ɑː n / , / b ɑː ˈ t ɑː n / ), officially the Province of Bataan ( Filipino : Lalawigan ng Bataan , Kapampangan : Lalawigan ning Bataan , Ilocano : Probinsia ti Bataan , Pangasinan : Luyag/Probinsia na Bataan , IPA: [bɐtɐˈʔan] ),
8211-552: The horses were eventually slaughtered to feed the starving soldiers. The majority of the American and Filipino forces surrendered on 9 April and were forced to march more than 100 kilometers (62 mi) from Bataan to Capas , Tarlac , which became known as the Bataan Death March . Postwar reconstruction in the province of Bataan was generally slow, although there were efforts to pursue industrialization projects in
8330-461: The island received some wet ash fall, which formed a heavy, rain-saturated snow-like blanket. Tephra fell over most of the South China Sea and ash falls were recorded as far away as Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. Twelve days after the first magmatic eruptions of June 3, on June 15, 1991, by about 22:30, and about nine hours after the onset of the most recent climactic phase, atmospheric pressure waves had decreased to
8449-407: The largest eruption of the 20th century since that of Novarupta in 1912 and some ten times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Ejected material such as tephra fallout and pyroclastic flow deposits are much less dense than magma, and the volume of ejected material was equivalent to about four cubic kilometres (0.96 cu mi) of unerupted material. Thermal energy released during
8568-532: The last two are dedicated point-to-point generation facilities being operated by respective power generation companies. 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines ' Luzon Volcanic Arc was the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, behind only the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska . Eruptive activity began on April 2 as
8687-542: The leading universal and commercial banks in the Philippines. Based from the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) statistics, as of September 2021, there are 41 universal and commercial bank branches, 36 thrift bank branches, and 31 rural and cooperative bank branches scattered around the province but with the most numbers in the City of Balanga and towns of Dinalupihan and Mariveles. Bataan is rich in natural wonders and
8806-403: The livelihoods of thousands of farmers. The cost to agriculture of eruption effects was estimated to be 1.5 billion pesos. Many farmers near Pinatubo began growing quick-ripening crops such as peanuts, cassava, and sweet potatoes, which could be harvested before the threat of lahar floods during the late summer rainy season. In total, 364 communities and 2.1 million people were affected by
8925-459: The major rivers being the Tarlac , Abacan, Pasig-Potrero, Sta. Lucia, Bucao, Santo Tomas, Maloma, Tanguay, Ashley and Kileng rivers. Before the eruption, these river systems were important ecosystems , but the eruption filled many valleys with deep pyroclastic deposits. Since 1991, the rivers have been clogged with sediment , and the valleys have seen frequent lahars which continued for years after
9044-409: The middle of the country's growth triad corridor of Subic Special Economic and Freeport Zone , Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone and Metro Manila . It is one of the Philippines' industrial centers owing to the presence of heavy industries, two freeport zones and several special manufacturing zones. Due to these factors plus the province's competitive incentives offered to new business locators,
9163-414: The mountain areas of Bataan by the end of the 16th century. In 1647, Dutch naval forces landed in the country in an attempt to seize the islands from Spain . The Dutch massacred the people of Abucay in Bataan. Historian Cornelio Bascara documents that the province of Bataan was established on 11 January 1757, by Governor-General Pedro Manuel Arandia out of territories belonging to Pampanga and
9282-682: The municipalities of Arayat , Santa Ana , and Mexico before entering San Fernando. The road turns west at the Santo Domingo Circle in Santa Ana and turns south at its intersection with Arayat–Mexico Road in Mexico poblacion . In The SM City Pampanga and Robinson Starmills malls can be seen on a boundary between Mexico and City of San Fernando. It intersects with North Luzon Expressway after passing these two malls. It crosses MacArthur Highway through Dolores Flyover, continues on
9401-589: The municipalities of Hermosa and Dinalupihan , where it turns right at the Layac Junction. It then bypasses the poblacion , turns westward, and crosses below the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX). It then parallels into it, continues on a straight direction, passings through barangays San Benito, Colo, Naparing, Happy Valley, and Roosevelt National Park Protected Area, and the eastern end of Subic Freeport Expressway . It enters Zambales
9520-450: The next two weeks, and it became clear some kind of volcanic activity was likely. On April 2, the volcano woke up, with phreatic eruptions occurring near the summit along a 1.5 km (0.93 mi) long fissure . Over the next few weeks, small eruptions continued, dusting the surrounding areas with volcanic ash. Seismographs recorded hundreds of small earthquakes every day. Scientists immediately installed monitoring equipment and analyzed
9639-539: The normal amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface by roughly 10% (see figure ). This led to a decrease in Northern Hemisphere average temperatures of 0.5–0.6 °C (0.9–1.1 °F) and a global decrease of about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F). The 1991 eruption also caused the "Summer that Wasn't" in 1992. The extremity of this volcanic winter has been called into question by some, however, with
9758-425: The north and by the provinces of Pampanga and Bulacan in the northeast. Its capital, the City of Balanga, is about 31.3 nautical miles from Manila across Manila Bay . Bataan, a peninsula, is composed of 11 municipalities and one city. All except the northern most municipality of Dinalupihan , are coastal areas. The province's coastline is approximately 177 kilometers from Hermosa in the northeastern portion of
9877-428: The other magmatic rock, came forth. At least 16 commercial aircraft had damaging in-flight encounters with the ash cloud ejected by the June 15 eruption, and many grounded aircraft were also significantly damaged. In-flight encounters caused loss of power to one engine on each of the two aircraft. Ten engines were damaged and replaced, including all three engines of one DC-10 . Longer-term damage to aircraft and engines
9996-415: The people of Bataan. Productions range from crops, fruits, fish, shellfish and other marine species. About 44,000 hectares of land are utilized for farming. The top five agricultural crops produced by the province are palay (rice), corn , coconuts , mangoes and bananas . The municipalities of Dinalupihan, Hermosa, Orani, Samal, Abucay, Pilar and Orion are the main contributors for agricultural output of
10115-530: The plant revealed over 4,000 defects. Another issues raisead regarding it was the proximity of a major geological fault line and of the then-dormant Mount Pinatubo . By March 1975, Westinghouse's cost estimate ballooned to US$ 1.2 billion without much explanation. The final cost was $ 2.2 Billion for a single reactor producing half the power of the original proposal. Many problems identified in earlier stages remained throughout construction, as reported by inspectors though denied by Westinghouse. The power plant
10234-415: The position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. By this time, the social unrest of the pre-martial law period and the Marcos' violent responses to
10353-735: The pre-eruption levels. No seismic records were available at this time, but volcanologists believe 22:30 PST marked the end of the climactic eruption. Vast quantities of light and heavy metal minerals were brought to the surface. Overall an estimated 800,000 t (880,000 short tons) of zinc -, 600,000 t (660,000 short tons) of copper -, 550,000 t (610,000 short tons) of chromium -, 300,000 t (330,000 short tons) of nickel -, and massive amounts of potentially toxic heavy metal mineral such as 100,000 t (110,000 short tons) of lead -, 10,000 t (11,000 short tons) of arsenic -, 1,000 t (1,100 short tons) of cadmium -, and 800 t (880 short tons) of mercury -minerals comingled with
10472-415: The previous two hours. It lasted about five minutes, and the eruption column once again reached 24 km (15 mi). After three hours of quiet, seismic activity began, growing more and more intense over the next twenty-four hours, until a three-minute eruptive blast generated a 21 km (13 mi) high eruption column at 13:09 on June 14. Tephra fall from these four large eruptions was extensive to
10591-580: The protests of the time led many of the Philippines' youth, who previously held moderate positions calling for political reform, to be radicalized. Some were convinced to joined the newly-formed New People's Army as a last desperate way to resist Marcos' authoritarianism, including Catalino Blas, Amado Bugay, and Delia Cortez, who were all idealistic activists killed in encounters with Marcos' forces in various locations in Bataan. But many noncombatants were killed as well, such as Social Worker and Catholic lay worker Puri Pedro , who had been wounded as part of
10710-516: The province is classified generally as hilly and mountainous with a narrow plain on the eastern side. The highest elevation is in the Mariveles mountains at 1,388 meters above sea level. Bataan has abundant water resources in the form of rivers, streams, creeks, waterfalls and springs. There are more than 100 rivers in the province radiating from the two aforementioned mountain groups. These are important not only for irrigation but also for navigation and fishing as well. The Talisay and Almacen Rivers are
10829-984: The province's GDP valued at PhP162.27-billion as of 2022. The largest industrial complexes operating in the province are listed below. Bataan is also a strategic transport route and transshipment point linking the Subic Special Economic and Freeport Zone and the rest of the western part of Central Luzon region to Metro Manila . Several private ports, dry docks and ship yards, and oil terminals are operating along its long eastern coast facing Manila Bay . Among these are San Miguel Corporation Shipping and Lighterage, Petron Corporation Limay Terminal, PNOC jetty, Planters Products Inc. Bulk Handling Terminal, Seasia-Nectar Terminal, Oilink Terminal, Jetti Petroleum Terminal, Orion Dockyard, Herma Shipyard, Seafront Terminal and Shipyard, Liquigaz Philippines LPG Terminal and Filoil/Total Philippines Terminal. Agriculture and fishery productions are major sources of income for
10948-464: The province, looping up to Morong in the northwest. Bataan is divided by two mountain groups of volcanic origins. The northern side is composed of the Mount Natib (elevation 1,253 meters (4,111 ft)), Mount Sta. Rosa and Mount Silangan. The southern group is composed of Mount Mariveles , Mount Samat , and Mount Cuyapo. A narrow pass separates these two mountain groups. The topography of
11067-592: The province. With an average of 126 enterprises available per 10,000 people, Bataan is considered as the most enterprising province in Central Luzon . Commerce and services' share to provincial economy as of 2022 is valued at PhP84.6-billion, equivalent to 33% of the province's GDP. The City of Balanga, the capital of Bataan, is the prime commercial hub in the province and hosting several shopping centers notably SM City Bataan, Vista Mall Bataan, Waltermart Balanga, Capitol Square, Galeria Victoria, Center Plaza Mall, Recar Commercial Complex and Ocampo's Megastore. In addition,
11186-739: The provinces in the Philippines as certified by the Department of Finance - Bureau of Local Government Finance (BLGF). Bataan hosts various industries, ranging from light to heavy. These industries are producing diverse products for domestic distribution and export such as refined petroleum products, petrochemicals, ammunitions, industrial grade explosives, marine cargo vessels, luxury yachts, pre-cast concrete, cement, steel building materials, animal feeds, fertilizers, fiberglass products, electronic components, automotive parts, medical personal protective equipment, paper, plastic products, optical lenses, textile and leather products, and sporting goods and apparels. Industrial productions account to more than 63% of
11305-679: The road built by the old empire. They widened the road, constructed wooden bridges, and connected it to Olongapo , a very vital location which enabled them to easily access Subic Bay, the site of their naval base . When the Americans came, they paved the Olongapo Gapan Road and constructed concrete bridges. The longest is the one that traverses the Pampanga River . These actions enabled them to connect their Clark Air Base and their Naval Base in Subic Bay. Greater improvements on
11424-549: The road were made in this period. When World War II started, the Olongapo–Gapan Road was blockaded, halting transportation throughout the entire span of the road. The Japanese bombed the road to stop the Americans and Filipinos from the fortification of different bases in Central Luzon . During this time, the road was part of Highway 7 from Olongapo to San Fernando and Highway 10 from San Fernando to Gapan . It used
11543-431: The seismographs close to Clark Air Base had been rendered completely inoperative by 14:30, mostly by super-massive pyroclastic surges. Intense atmospheric pressure variation was also recorded. On the same day, Typhoon Yunya , locally named Diding, struck the island, with its center passing about 75 km (47 mi) north of the volcano. The typhoon rains mostly obscured the eruption, but measurements showed that ash
11662-542: The southwest of the volcano. Two hours after the last of these four explosions, a series of eruptions began which lasted for the next twenty-four hours, and which saw the production of much larger pyroclastic flows and surges which travelled several kilometres down river valleys on the flanks of the volcano. In total, almost 400 km (150 sq mi) of land was buried by pyroclastic density currents which travelled in all directions, and reached at least 12 km (7.5 mi), and as far as 16 km (9.9 mi), from
11781-475: The southwestern part of the Central Luzon region. It is a peninsular province with an area of 1,372.98 square kilometers (530.11 sq mi) . The province is bounded in the west by the South China Sea , in the south by the Corregidor Island , and in the east by Manila Bay - the gateway to the Philippines' political, social and economic center. It is bounded inland by the city of Olongapo in
11900-409: The summit in some river valleys . One witness at Subic Bay described the explosion as ‘hitting him as a whoosh of pressure’. Fourteen hours later, a 15-minute blast hurled volcanic matter to heights of 24 km (15 mi). Friction in the up-rushing ash column generated abundant volcanic lightning . A third large eruption began at 08:41 on June 13, after an intense swarm of small earthquakes over
12019-561: The summit. Such an event is a precursor of volcano tectonic earthquakes . Given all the signs that a very large eruption was imminent, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology – assisted by the United States Geological Survey – worked to convince local inhabitants of the high severity of the threat. A false warning might have led to cynicism about any later warnings, but delaying
12138-504: The third extending from 20–40 km (12–25 mi) from the summit (Clark Air Base and Angeles City were in this zone). The 10 km (6.2 mi) and 10–20 km (6.2–12.4 mi) zones had a total population of about 40,000 inhabitants, while some more 331,000 inhabitants lived in the 20–40 km (12–25 mi) zone. Five stages of volcanic alert were defined, from level 1 (low level seismic disturbances) up to level 5 (major eruption in progress). Daily alerts were issued stating
12257-403: The total generation. As of 30 November 2022 the total installed capacity of existing power plants equals to 3,676.7 MW. Incoming power plants that are under construction will increase the output to 4,920.7 MW, with targeted commissioning date of 3rd quarter, 2023 to 3rd quarter, 2026. Fossil fuel-fired plants account for 3,528 MW, and are mostly concentrated in Limay and Mariveles. These include
12376-522: The town of Mariveles, the Freeport Area of Bataan is now hosting several blockchain and fintech firms. The town of Abucay is also being groomed as the province's next Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) hub thru its First Abucay Freeport Inc. which is a declared expansion area of the Authority of the Freeport Area of Bataan and with Cognizant as its first locator. Bataan is served by most of
12495-595: The two major rivers in the province. Talisay has its headwater in the Mariveles mountain group extending down to Pilar and Balanga into Manila Bay. Almacen River has its headwater in the Natib mountains extending down to Hermosa and exits through the Orani Channel to Manila Bay. Some of the smaller rivers are Abo-abo River, Bantalan River, Lamao River, Saysayin River, Agloloma River, Mamala River. Muddy tidal flats along
12614-461: The volcanic deposits were remobilized into secondary mudflows . Damage to bridges, irrigation-canal systems, roads, cropland, and urban areas occurred in the wake of each significant rainfall. Many more people were affected for much longer by rain-induced lahars than by the eruption itself. On July 16, 1990, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck northern Central Luzon and the Cordilleras . This
12733-457: The volcano for clues as to its previous eruptive history. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal found in old volcanic deposits revealed the last three major explosive eruption periods in recent millennia , about 5500, 3500 and 500 years ago. Geological mapping showed that much of the surrounding plains were formed by lahar flood deposits from previous eruptions. Volcanic activity increased throughout May. Measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions showed
12852-437: The volcano. The land closest to the eruption was eroded by the pyroclastic currents, which did not leave much deposit there. Dacite was the dominant igneous rock making up the tephra in these eruptions and in the following climactic event. The most abundant phenocryst minerals were hornblende and plagioclase , but an unusual phenocryst mineral was also present – the calcium sulfate called anhydrite . The dacite magma
12971-470: The way for the expansion of some segments of the avenue, particularly at Barangay Dolores. The road starts on Pan-Philippine Highway ( N1 /AH26) in the city of Gapan in Nueva Ecija. It enters San Isidro where the road turns westward. A few meters is Cabiao where the road continues straightforward, again turning westward then eastward, entering Pampanga , and passes through Pampanga River . It then passes through residential areas and institutions within
13090-553: The workers of NASSCO lived - Barrio NASSCO and Barrio Camaya - would be torn down for converstion into the new Bataan Export Processing Zone in 1969, compelling the relocation of the residents who in turn launched protests until the BEPZ was finally built in 1972. With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained
13209-690: Was built, diverting it away from the town propers of Guagua, Bacolor, and San Fernando. Due to the Mount Pinatubo eruption and its resulting lahars caused by heavy rains from 1991 to 1995 , the highway's Bacolor and Magliman, San Fernando portions were buried in lahar and many bridges were destroyed. At the aftermath of the disaster, these sections were rehabilitated, which involved building new roads and bridges and construction of an embankment which made their elevation become higher to withstand further lahar flows. In recent years especially after lahars from Mount Pinatubo eruption buried some sections of
13328-532: Was ejected to a height of 34 km (21 mi) by the most violent phase of the eruption, which lasted about three hours. Pyroclastic surges poured from the summit, reaching as far as 16 km (9.9 mi) away from their origin point. Typhoon rains and flooding, mixed with the ash deposits, caused a messy rain of mud and massive lahars. The volcanic column from the crater covered an area of some 125,000 km (48,000 sq mi), bringing total darkness to much of Central Luzon for 36 hours. Almost all of
13447-661: Was estimated at $ 374 million (or $ 711 million today), to which continuing lahar floods added a further $ 69 million (or $ 127 million today) in 1992. In total, 42 percent of the cropland around the volcano was affected by more lahar floods, dealing a severe blow to the agricultural economy in the region. Since the eruption, each heavy rain has brought massive lahars from the volcano, displacing thousands of people and inflicting extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure costing billions to repair. Funds were spent constructing dikes and dams to control post-eruption lahar flows. Several important river systems stem from Mount Pinatubo,
13566-550: Was issued on June 7. A level 5 alert triggered evacuation of the 20–40 km (12–25 mi) zone on June 13, and in all some 60,000 people had left the area within 30 kilometres (19 mi) of the volcano before June 15. Most people temporarily relocated to Metro Manila , with some 30,000 using the Amoranto Velodrome in Quezon City as an evacuee camp . On June 7, the first magmatic eruptions took place with
13685-448: Was more oxidized than most magmas, and the sulfur-rich nature of the eruption was probably causally related to the redox state . The final, climactic eruption of Mount Pinatubo began at 13:42 PST on June 15. It caused numerous major earthquakes due to the collapse of the summit and the creation of a caldera 2.5 km (1.6 mi) in diameter, reducing the peak from 1,745 m (5,725 ft) to 1,486 m (4,875 ft). All
13804-618: Was reported, including accumulation of sulfate deposits on engines. The eruption also irreparably damaged the Philippine Air Force 's recently retired fleet of Vought F-8s , as these were in open storage at Basa Air Base at the time. The 1991 eruption rated 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index and came some 450–500 years after the volcano's last known eruptive activity. The eruption ejected about 10 km (2.4 cu mi) of material, making it
13923-462: Was responsible for generating 10% of the country's external debt , despite never actually operating. On 14 March 2020, Bataan recorded one of the earliest cases of COVID-19 infection outside of Metro Manila, with a male patient from Orani being the 64th recorded case in the Philippines. Bataan later became one of the provinces under the Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon . Bataan lies in
14042-445: Was temporarily suspended by the destruction of schools in the eruption. The eruption of Pinatubo severely hampered the economic development of the surrounding areas. The gross regional domestic product of the Pinatubo area accounted for about 10% of the total Philippine gross domestic product . The GRDP had been growing at 5% annually before the eruption but fell by more than 3% from 1990 to 1991. In 1991, damage to crops and property
14161-542: Was the largest earthquake recorded in 1990. Its epicenter was in the municipality of Rizal, Nueva Ecija , about 100 km (62 mi) northeast of Pinatubo, and faulted northwest–southeast through three provinces. It also followed the Philippine Fault System west as far as Baguio , which was devastated, and is located about 80 km (50 mi) north-northeast of Pinatubo, leading volcanologists to speculate that it might ultimately have triggered
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