Misplaced Pages

#88911

51-665: Joseph or Joe Gould may refer to: Joe Gould (writer) (1889–1957), writer, eccentric, homeless man Joe Gould's Secret , the 1965 book by Joseph Mitchell based on the writer Joe Gould's Secret (film) , the 2000 film based on the above book Joe Gould (boxing) (1896–1950), manager of boxer James J. Braddock Joe Gould (rower) (1909–?), Australian Olympic rower Joseph Gould (politician, born 1808) (1808–1886), farmer, businessman and political figure in Ontario, Canada Joseph Gould (Canadian cultural figure) (1833-1913),

102-407: A Montreal resident active especially in the music scene and cultural journalism of the city Joseph Gould (politician, born 1911) (1911–1965), 20th century Ontario Liberal Party Member of Provincial Parliament [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

153-419: A decline in overall cognitive function. In this new biological psychiatry viewpoint, neuronal plasticity is a key element. Increasing evidence points to various mental health disorders as a neurophysiological problem which inhibits neuronal plasticity. This is called the neurogenic hypothesis of depression. It promises to explain pharmacological antidepressant action, including the time lag from taking

204-422: A drug being trialed against tuberculosis, was serendipitously discovered to have anti-depressant effects, leading to the development of MAOIs as the first class of antidepressants. In 1959 imipramine , the first tricyclic antidepressant , was developed. Research into the action of these drugs led to the first modern biological theory of mental health disorders called the catecholamine theory, later broadened to

255-429: A dual approach: "psychotherapeutic methods […] are as indispensable as psychopharmacotherapy in a modern psychiatric clinic" . Sigmund Freud developed psychotherapy in the early 1900s, and through the 1950s this technique was prominent in treating mental health disorders. However, in the late 1950s, the first modern antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs were developed: chlorpromazine (also known as Thorazine),

306-473: A high fatality rate. After his release, Malcolm Cowley hired him as a regular reviewer for The New Republic , and Gould became known to local modernist artists and writers. In 1942, Horace Gregory told Joseph Mitchell that in 1930, after an "old maid" had Gould arrested for sexually assaulting her, he and Edmund Wilson signed statements attesting to Gould's sanity so that he would not be sent back to an asylum. E. E. Cummings also testified, and Gould

357-436: A large role in mental disorders, even those with an organic basis such as schizophrenia . Correct diagnosis is important for mental health disorders, otherwise the condition could worsen, resulting in a negative impact on both the patient and the healthcare system. Another problem with misdiagnosis is that a treatment for one condition might exacerbate other conditions. In other cases apparent mental health disorders could be

408-488: A larger impression. Gould talked about the manuscript frequently, and Mitchell in 1942 suggested that "it may well be the lengthiest unpublished work in existence." Edward J. O'Brien , the editor of Best American Short Stories and a Harvard classmate of Gould's, testified that, "Mr. Ezra Pound and I once saw a fragment of it running to perhaps 40,000 words," and deemed it to have "considerable psychological and historical importance." Pound said: "Mr. Joe Gould's prose style

459-606: A medical doctor, had gone to Harvard. During his senior year, he exhibited strong symptoms of mental illness and was kicked out. Two months after his departure from Harvard, he embarked on a five-hundred-mile walking trip to Canada , exploring its landscape , and then came back to Boston. He applied for readmission to Harvard and was rejected. In 1915, he did field work for the Eugenics Record Office in Spring Harbor . He then went to North Dakota to study

510-520: A reporter for the New York Evening Mail . During his time at the newspaper, he had his epiphany for the longest book ever written. He would title this book An Oral History of Our Time . The book was supposedly based on a word-for-word account of people's lives, which Gould had listened to. Gould stood about 5 feet 4 inches (1.63 m) and weighed no more than 100 pounds (45 kg), but he said that he hoped his work would make

561-431: A side effect of a serious biological problem such as concussion, brain tumor, or hormonal abnormality, which could require medical or surgical intervention. Sigmund Freud was originally focused on the biological causes of mental illness. Freud's professor and mentor, Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke , strongly believed that thought and behavior were determined by purely biological factors. Freud initially accepted this and

SECTION 10

#1732791076089

612-533: A small suburb outside Boston in 1889. Jill Lepore speculated that he had hypergraphia . In his room at his parents' house, in Norwood, Massachusetts , Gould had written all over the walls and all over the floor. He exhibited what can today be understood as symptoms of autism and did poorly in school. He attended Harvard University because his family wanted him to become a physician; both his grandfather, who taught at Harvard Medical School , and his father, also

663-587: A talk with you." In the July 27, 2015 issue of The New Yorker , and in a 2016 book of the same title, Lepore contradicted Mitchell's claim that Gould's manuscript never existed, having found in Mitchell's papers, which had recently been deposited at the New York Public Library, not only letters from readers who had seen the notebooks but also at least one volume of the "Oral History" itself. Among

714-548: Is twin studies . Identical twins have the same nuclear DNA, so carefully constructed studies may indicate the relative importance of environmental and genetic factors on the development of a particular mental health disorder. The results from this research and the associated hypotheses form the basis for biological psychiatry and the treatment approaches in a clinical setting. Since various biological factors can affect mood and behavior, psychiatrists often evaluate these before initiating further treatment. For example, dysfunction of

765-435: Is a branch of psychiatry where the focus is chiefly on researching and understanding the biological basis of major mental disorders such as unipolar and bipolar affective (mood) disorders, schizophrenia and organic mental disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. This knowledge has been gained using imaging techniques, psychopharmacology, neuroimmunochemistry and so on. Discovering the detailed interplay between neurotransmitters and

816-436: Is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system . It is interdisciplinary in its approach and draws on sciences such as neuroscience , psychopharmacology , biochemistry , genetics , epigenetics and physiology to investigate the biological bases of behavior and psychopathology . Biopsychiatry is the branch of medicine which deals with

867-428: Is currently experimental. With some disorders it appears the proper imaging equipment can reliably detect certain neurobiological problems associated with a specific disorder. If further studies corroborate these experimental results, future diagnosis of certain mental health disorders could be expedited using such methods. Another source of data indicating a significant biological aspect of some mental health disorders

918-504: Is due to an underlying organic disease." Alternative theories and models instead view mental disorders as non-biomedical and might explain it in terms of, for example, emotional reactions to negative life circumstances or to acute trauma. Fields such as social psychiatry , clinical psychology , and sociology may offer non-biomedical accounts of mental distress and disorder for certain ailments and are sometimes critical of biopsychiatry. Social critics believe biopsychiatry fails to satisfy

969-555: Is significant evidence that oxidative stress plays a role in schizophrenia. A number of patients, activists , and psychiatrists dispute biological psychiatry as a scientific concept or as having a proper empirical basis, for example arguing that there are no known biomarkers for recognized psychiatric conditions. This position has been represented in academic journals such as The Journal of Mind and Behavior and Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry , which publishes material specifically countering "the idea that emotional distress

1020-578: Is uneven." "My history is uneven," Gould admitted. "It should be. It is an encyclopedia." In the October, 1923 issue of Broom: An International Magazine of the Arts , Malcolm Cowley and Slater Brown covered Joe Gould. The issue contained the "Portrait of Joe Gould" illustration by Joseph Stella, the biographical sketch "Joseph Gould: The Man" by Edward Nagle and Slater Brown, and Gould's own "Social Position (Chapter CCCLXVIII of Joseph Gould's History of

1071-481: The Ojibwe and Mandan cultures. He gained respect for their cultures, and he also learned how to ride horses, dance, and sing. Gould wrote again to Harvard, asking to be allowed to make up his outstanding credits by taking the examination in a class taught by the anthropologist Earnest Hooton . Gould passed, got his degree, and in 1916 moved to New York. At some point in the 1920s he entered Manhattan State Hospital for

SECTION 20

#1732791076089

1122-450: The monoamine theory, which included serotonin. These were popularly called the "chemical imbalance" theory of mental health disorders. Starting with fluoxetine (marketed as Prozac) in 1988, a series of monoamine-based antidepressant medications belonging to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were approved. These were no more effective than earlier antidepressants, but generally had fewer side effects. Most operate on

1173-417: The scientific method because they believe there is no testable biological evidence of mental disorders. Thus, these critics view biological psychiatry as a pseudoscience attempting to portray psychiatry as a biological science. R.D. Laing argued that attributing mental disorders to biophysical factors was often flawed due to the diagnostic procedure. The "complaint" is often made by a family member, not

1224-645: The thyroid gland may mimic a major depressive episode , or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) may mimic psychosis . While pharmacological treatments are used to treat many mental disorders, other non-drug biological treatments are used as well, ranging from changes in diet and exercise to transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy . Types of non-biological treatments such as cognitive therapy , behavioral therapy , and psychodynamic psychotherapy are often used in conjunction with biological therapies. Biopsychosocial models of mental illness are widely in use, and psychological and social factors play

1275-516: The " chemical imbalance " hypothesis of mental health disorders, especially depression. It formed much of the conceptual basis for the modern era in biological psychiatry. The hypothesis has been extensively revised since its advent in 1965. More recent research points to deeper underlying biological mechanisms as the possible basis for several mental health disorders. Modern brain imaging techniques allow noninvasive examination of neural function in patients with mental health disorders, however this

1326-574: The 1965 book Joe Gould's Secret . Mitchell asserted that the Oral History never existed. Upon the publication of Mitchell's "Joe Gould's Secret," in September, 1964, people began to write to him and send him notebook copies of the Oral History . "I wish I had had this information when I wrote the second Profile," Mitchell told people who wrote to him, "and if I ever write another article about Joe Gould, which I may do, I'd like very much to have

1377-550: The Contemporary World, to be published posthumously.)". The poet Marianne Moore , as editor of The Dial , published in the April, 1929 issue, under the heading "From Joe Gould's Oral History", the two chapters "Marriage" and "Civilization". She solicited further work from Gould before The Dial folded in 1929. In 1964 Mitchell published the second of two profiles of Gould for The New Yorker , later collected in

1428-463: The Insane , although he never acknowledged having been institutionalized. Here, all his teeth were removed. In the 1920s, a theory of biological psychiatry pioneered by Henry Cotton proposed that abnormal behavior was caused by infected teeth and that the complete removal of teeth would return patients to neurotypical behavior. In fact, Gould likely had autism , and the teeth extraction procedure had

1479-551: The Millen Brand papers at Columbia, Lepore suggests that Gould had repeatedly attacked Savage, who told Brand that, as a Black woman, she had been unable to get help from the police. Lepore speculates that Gould's harassment and attacks may have contributed to Savage's decision to leave New York in 1939. One of Gould's pastimes was going to beatnik poetry readings in New York, where he recited absurd poems he made up to mock

1530-439: The adverse effects of life stress, all of which can cause measurable biochemical changes. The biological psychiatrist views all of these as possible etiologies of or remedies for mental health disorders. However, the biological psychiatrist typically does not discount talk therapies. Medical psychiatric training generally includes psychotherapy and biological approaches. Accordingly, psychiatrists are usually comfortable with

1581-761: The context of apparent brain disorder . In contrast biological psychiatry describes the basic principles and then delves deeper into various disorders. It is structured to follow the organisation of the DSM-IV, psychiatry's primary diagnostic and classification guide. The contributions of this field explore functional neuroanatomy, imaging, and neuropsychology and pharmacotherapeutic possibilities for depression , anxiety and mood disorders , substance abuse and eating disorders , schizophrenia and psychotic disorders , and cognitive and personality disorders . Biological psychiatry and other approaches to mental illness are not mutually exclusive, but may simply attempt to deal with

Joseph Gould - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-403: The depression and anxiety he observed in patients with pituitary disorders were caused by hormonal abnormalities, the physical tumor itself, or both. An important point in modern history of biological psychiatry was the discovery of modern antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs. Chlorpromazine (also known as Thorazine), an antipsychotic, was first synthesized in 1950. In 1952, iproniazid ,

1683-667: The drug to therapeutic onset, why downregulation (not just upregulation) of neurotransmitters can help depression, why stress often precipitates mood disorders, and why selective modulation of different neurotransmitters can help depression. It may also explain the neurobiological mechanism of other non-drug effects on mood, including exercise, diet and metabolism. By identifying the neurobiological "final common pathway" into which most antidepressants funnel, it may allow rational design of new medications which target only that pathway. This could yield drugs which have fewer side effects, are more effective and have quicker therapeutic onset. There

1734-524: The field extends back to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates , but the phrase biological psychiatry was first used in peer-reviewed scientific literature in 1953. The phrase is more commonly used in the United States than in some other countries such as the UK. However the term "biological psychiatry" is sometimes used as a phrase of disparagement in controversial dispute. Biological psychiatry

1785-404: The first widely used antipsychotic, was synthesized in 1950, and iproniazid , one of the first antidepressants, was first synthesized in 1957. In 1959 imipramine , the first tricyclic antidepressant , was developed. Based significantly on clinical observations of the above drug results, in 1965 the seminal paper "The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders" was published. It articulated

1836-400: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Gould&oldid=956735045 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Joe Gould (writer) Gould was born in

1887-443: The monoamine chemical imbalance hypothesis . Recent research indicates a biological "final common pathway" may exist which both electroconvulsive therapy and most current antidepressant drugs have in common. These investigations show recurrent depression may be a neurodegenerative disorder , disrupting the structure and function of brain cells, destroying nerve cell connections, even killing certain brain cells, and precipitating

1938-526: The patient, the "history" provided by someone other than patient, and the "examination" consists of observing strange, incomprehensible behavior. Ancillary tests (EEG, PET) are often done after diagnosis, when treatment has begun, which makes the tests non-blind and incurs possible confirmation bias . The psychiatrist Thomas Szasz commented frequently on the limitations of the medical approach to psychiatry and argued that mental illnesses are medicalized problems in living. Silvano Arieti , while approving of

1989-611: The phenomena at different levels of explanation. Because of the focus on the biological function of the nervous system, however, biological psychiatry has been particularly important in developing and prescribing drug-based treatments for mental disorders. In practice, however, psychiatrists may advocate both medication and psychological therapies when treating mental illness. The therapy is more likely to be conducted by clinical psychologists , psychotherapists , occupational therapists or other mental health workers who are more specialized and trained in non-drug approaches. The history of

2040-592: The readers who wrote to Mitchell in 1964 was the writer Millen Brand , who told him that the " Oral History " had in fact existed, that he had read much of it, and that the longest stretch of it concerned the Black artist Augusta Savage , with whom Gould, Brand reported, had been violently obsessed. Drawing from evidence in Gould's letters, scattered across dozens of archives, and in both the Mitchell Papers and from

2091-589: The same principle, which is modulation of monoamines (neurotransmitters) in the neuronal synapse . Some drugs modulate a single neurotransmitter (typically serotonin). Others affect multiple neurotransmitters, called dual action or multiple action drugs. They are no more effective clinically than single action versions. That most antidepressants invoke the same biochemical method of action may explain why they are each similarly effective in rough terms. Recent research indicates antidepressants often work but are less effective than previously thought. The monoamine hypothesis

Joseph Gould - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-490: The serious poetry of other participants. PM news photographer Ray Platnick photographed for a feature on Greenwich Village poets, including Gould along with Diana Barrett Moulton and Maxwell Bodenheim in eccentric poses in front of their verses scrawled on the walls of the Village Arts Center at 1 Charles St. Gould claimed to understand the behavior and language of seagulls, saying that he had translated

2193-439: The study of the biological function of the nervous system in mental disorders. There is some overlap with neurology , which focuses on disorders where gross or visible pathology of the nervous system is apparent, such as epilepsy , cerebral palsy , encephalitis , neuritis , Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis . There is also some overlap with neuropsychiatry , which typically deals with behavioral disturbances in

2244-425: The understanding of the neurotransmitter fingerprint of psychiatric drugs such as clozapine has been a helpful result of the research. On a research level, it includes all possible biological bases of behavior — biochemical, genetic, physiological, neurological and anatomical. On a clinical level, it includes various therapies, such as drugs, diet, avoidance of environmental contaminants, exercise, and alleviation of

2295-487: The use of medication in some cases of schizophrenia, preferred intensive psychotherapy without medication if possible. He was also known for approving the use of electroconvulsive therapy on those with disorganized schizophrenia in order to make them reachable by psychotherapy. The views he expressed in Interpretation of Schizophrenia are nowadays known as the trauma model of mental disorders , an alternative to

2346-426: The works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow into their language. William Saroyan wrote a short story about Gould in his 1971 book, Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody . Ian Holm portrayed Gould in the 2000 film Joe Gould's Secret , an adaptation of Mitchell's book. Gould is mentioned in several poems by E. E. Cummings and in the letters of Gaston Lachaise . He

2397-457: Was compelling, especially based on apparently successful clinical results with early antidepressant drugs, but even at the time there were discrepant findings. Only a minority of patients given the serotonin-depleting drug reserpine became depressed; in fact reserpine even acted as an antidepressant in many cases. This was inconsistent with the initial monoamine theory which said depression was caused by neurotransmitter deficiency. Another problem

2448-413: Was convinced that certain drugs (particularly cocaine ) functioned as antidepressants. He spent many years trying to "reduce" personality to neurology, a cause he later gave up on before developing his now well-known psychoanalytic theories. Nearly 100 years ago, Harvey Cushing , the father of neurosurgery , noted that pituitary gland problems often cause mental health disorders. He wondered whether

2499-759: Was referenced in Blackwell , an adventure game series developed by Wadjet Eye Games , and appeared as a spirit in the third game, The Blackwell Convergence . He made two brief appearances in And The Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks , co-authored by William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac, set in 1944, but finally published in 2008. He is a minor character in Broadway Revival , a 2021 novel by Laura Frankos . Biological psychiatry Biological psychiatry or biopsychiatry

2550-800: Was released. As his illness worsened, he lost his reviewing job. His artistic friends, most notably Sarah Berman , wrote stories and harangued editors about him to try to help him, but Gould's condition worsened, and he went in and out of psychiatric hospitals for many years. Jill Lepore speculated that he may have undergone a lobotomy in 1949. Gould collapsed on the street in 1952, eventually ending up in Pilgrim State Hospital on Long Island , where he died in 1957, aged 67. Time ran an obituary for him: "Gould had no known relatives but many friends, including poet E. E. Cummings, artist Don Freeman , Writers Malcolm Cowley and William Saroyan ." None attended his funeral. In 1917, Gould worked as

2601-566: Was the time lag between antidepressant biological action and therapeutic benefit. Studies showed the neurotransmitter changes occurred within hours, yet therapeutic benefit took weeks. To explain these behaviors, more recent modifications of the monoamine theory describe a synaptic adaptation process which takes place over several weeks. Yet this alone does not appear to explain all of the therapeutic effects. New research indicates different biological mechanisms may underlie some mental health disorders, only indirectly related to neurotransmitters and

SECTION 50

#1732791076089
#88911