Joseph Kosuth ( / k ə ˈ s uː t , - ˈ s uː θ / ; born January 31, 1945) is a Hungarian-American conceptual artist , who lives in New York and Venice, after having resided in various cities in Europe, including London, Ghent and Rome.
126-732: Born in Toledo, Ohio , Kosuth had an American mother and a Hungarian father. (A relative, Lajos Kossuth , achieved notability for his role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 .) Joseph Kosuth attended the Toledo Museum School of Design from 1955 to 1962 and studied privately under the Belgian painter Line Bloom Draper . In 1963 Kosuth enrolled at the Cleveland Institute of Art on a scholarship. He spent
252-433: A January mean temperature of 27.5 °F (−2.5 °C), and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 5.6 nights. The spring months tend to be the wettest time of year, although precipitation is common year-round. November and December can get very cloudy, but January and February usually clear up after the lake freezes. July is the sunniest month overall. About 37 inches (94 cm) of snow falls per year, much less than
378-566: A combined total of 39 murders, 2,015 aggravated assaults, 6,739 burglaries, and 1,334 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2013 it had a drop in the crime rate. In 2018, the city was ranked 43rd of the Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in America. According to a state government task force, Toledo has been identified as the fourth-largest recruitment site for human trafficking in the US . The year 2020 brought
504-435: A commonplace object (such as a urinal) as art because it is not made by an artist or with any intention of being art, nor is it unique or hand-crafted. Duchamp's relevance and theoretical importance for future "conceptualists" was later acknowledged by US artist Joseph Kosuth in his 1969 essay, Art after Philosophy , when he wrote: "All art (after Duchamp) is conceptual (in nature) because art only exists conceptually". In 1956
630-610: A different meaning when employed by Joseph Kosuth and by the English Art and Language group, who discarded the conventional art object in favour of a documented critical inquiry, that began in Art-Language: The Journal of Conceptual Art in 1969, into the artist's social, philosophical, and psychological status. By the mid-1970s they had produced publications, indices, performances, texts and paintings to this end. In 1970 Conceptual Art and Conceptual Aspects ,
756-408: A distaste for illusion. However, by the end of the 1960s it was certainly clear that Greenberg's stipulations for art to continue within the confines of each medium and to exclude external subject matter no longer held traction. Conceptual art also reacted against the commodification of art; it attempted a subversion of the gallery or museum as the location and determiner of art, and the art market as
882-470: A female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
1008-642: A few chickens stolen from an Ohio farm by lost members of the Michigan militia. Major Benjamin Franklin Stickney, father of One and Two Stickney, had been instrumental in pushing Congress to rule in favor of Ohio gaining Toledo. In the end, the state of Ohio was awarded the land after the state of Michigan was given a larger portion of the Upper Peninsula in exchange. Stickney Avenue in Toledo
1134-684: A floor installation with texts by Ricarda Huch and Thomas Mann for the Paul Löbe Haus [ de ] . In 2003, he created three installations in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, employing text, archival material, and objects from the museum's collection to comment on the politics and philosophy behind museum collections. In 2009, Kosuth's exhibition entitled ni apparence ni illusion ( Neither Appearance Nor Illusion ), an installation work throughout
1260-418: A high school graduate or higher, with 19.6% of this demographic having a bachelor's degree or higher. As of the census of 2010, there were 287,208 people, 119,730 households, and 68,364 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,559.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,374.3/km ). There were 138,039 housing units at an average density of 1,710.7 per square mile (660.5/km ). The racial makeup of
1386-465: A machine that makes the art. Tony Godfrey, author of Conceptual Art (Art & Ideas) (1998), asserts that conceptual art questions the nature of art, a notion that Joseph Kosuth elevated to a definition of art itself in his seminal, early manifesto of conceptual art, Art after Philosophy (1969). The notion that art should examine its own nature was already a potent aspect of the influential art critic Clement Greenberg 's vision of Modern art during
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#17327796584641512-589: A major impact on his practice as an artist and, soon after, on that of others. During this period he also maintained his academic interests. His position on the Faculty, Department of Fine Art, The School of Visual Arts, New York City continued until 1985. He since been Professor at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste, Hamburg, 1988–90; and at the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart , 1991–1997. Currently he
1638-448: A major impact on the thinking about art at the time and has been seen since as a kind of "manifesto" of Conceptual art insofar as it provided the only theoretical framework for the practice at the time. (As a result, it has since been translated into 14 languages, and included in a score of anthologies.) It was, for the twenty-four year old Kosuth that wrote it, in fact more of a "agitprop" attack on Greenbergian formalism, what Kosuth saw as
1764-424: A number of writers in a way that emphasizes how perceptions of art are constantly changing. The works' sometimes extensive labels were written by their curators, while the larger type statements emanated from various art historians, philosophers and social critics. Kosuth was awarded a Cassandra Foundation Grant in 1968, at the age of 23, as the choice of Marcel Duchamp one week before he died. In 1993, he received
1890-1341: A permanent work for the four towers of the façade of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, expected to be completed in 2012. Kosuth has taught widely, as a guest lecturer and as a member of faculties at the School of Visual Arts, New York City (1967–85); Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg (1988–90); State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart (1991–97); and the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (2001–06). Currently Professor at Istituto Universitario di Architettura , Venice, Kosuth has functioned as visiting professor and guest lecturer at various universities and institutions for nearly forty years, some of which include: Yale University ; Cornell University : New York University ; Duke University ; UCLA ; Cal Arts ; Cooper Union ; Pratt Institute ; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, Art Institute of Chicago, Royal Academy, Copenhagen; Ashmolean Museum , Oxford University; University of Rome, Berlin Kunstakademie; Royal College of Art , London; Glasgow School of Art ; Hayward Gallery , London; Sorbonne , Paris; and
2016-480: A photograph of it and dictionary definitions of the words denoting it. In 1966 Kosuth also embarked upon a series of works entitled Art as Idea as Idea , involving texts, through which he probed the condition of art. The works in this series took the form of photostat reproductions of dictionary definitions of words such as "water", "meaning", and "idea". Accompanying these photographic images are certificates of documentation and ownership (not for display) indicating that
2142-424: A population of 13,768 and Manhattan with 788. While the towns were only a mile apart, Toledo grew by 359% in 10 years. Manhattan's growth was on a small base and never competed, given the drawbacks of its lesser canal outlet. By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west. In the last half of the 19th century, railroads slowly began to replace canals as
2268-416: A set of written instructions. This method was fundamental to American artist Sol LeWitt 's definition of conceptual art, one of the first to appear in print: In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes
2394-465: A teacher was also a result of Kosuth's outside activities, which included the co-founding of the Museum of Normal Art (giving the first exposure to artists such as Robert Ryman, On Kawara, Hanne Darboven, among others) along with proselytizing and organizing artists in a direction which was later identified as the conceptual art movement. Through his art, writing and organizing, he emphasized his interest in
2520-509: A youthful record in most of these major collections. Joseph Kosuth's career includes over 170 one-person exhibitions in museums and galleries around the world, twenty-two of them by the time he was twenty-five years old. In 1989 Kosuth, along with Peter Pakesch, founded The Foundation for the Arts as part of The Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna. He is the President of the foundation. The foundation
2646-1025: Is Professor at the Kunstakademie Munich and at the Istituto Universitario di Architettura, Faculty of Design and Art, in Venice. He has been invited as a visiting professor and guest lecturer at various universities and institutions for nearly thirty years, some of which include: Yale University; Cornell University; New York University; Duke University; UCLA; Cal Arts; Cooper Union; Pratt Institute; The Museum of Modern Art, New York; Art Institute of Chicago; Royal Academy, Copenhagen; Ashmoleon Museum, Oxford University; University of Rome; Berlin Kunstakademie; Royal College of Art, London; Glasgow School of Art; The Hayward Gallery, London; The Sorbonne, Paris; The Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna. Kosuth continued his work, writing, exhibiting and exhibition organizing and rapidly became acknowledged as one of
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#17327796584642772-450: Is lessened in the winter because Lake Erie (unlike the other Great Lakes) usually freezes over, coupled with prevailing winds that are often westerly, and in the summer, prevailing winds south and west over the lake bring heat and humidity to the city. Summers are very warm and humid, with July averaging 75.4 °F (24.1 °C) and temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or more seen on 18.8 days. Winters are cold and somewhat snowy, with
2898-617: Is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . On January 15, 1936, the first building to be completely covered in glass was constructed in Toledo. It was a building for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company and marked a milestone in architectural design representative of the International style of architecture, which was at that time becoming increasingly popular in the US. According to
3024-463: Is named for Major Stickney. Toledo was very slow to expand during its first two decades of settlement. The first lot was sold in the Port Lawrence section of the city in 1833. It held 1,205 persons in 1835, and five years later, it had gained just seven more persons. Settlers came and went quickly through Toledo and between 1833 and 1836, ownership of land had changed so many times that none of
3150-640: Is overlooked by the formalist, "Formalist criticism is no more than an analysis of the physical attributes of particular objects which happen to exist in a morphological context". He further argues that the "change from 'appearance' to 'conception' (which begins with Duchamp's first unassisted readymade) was the beginning of 'modern art' and the beginning of ' conceptual art '." Kosuth explains that works of conceptual art are analytic propositions. They are linguistic in character because they express definitions of art. This makes them tautological . Art After Philosophy and After Collected Writings, 1966-1990 reveals between
3276-581: Is pleasant in sound, and there is no other city of that name on the American continent.'" Despite Toledo's efforts, the canal built the final terminus in Manhattan, one-half mile (800 m) to the north of Toledo, because it was closer to Lake Erie. As a compromise, the state placed two sidecuts before the terminus, one in Toledo at Swan Creek and another in Maumee , about 10 miles to the southwest. Among
3402-516: Is sometimes (as in the work of Robert Barry , Yoko Ono , and Weiner himself) reduced to a set of written instructions describing a work, but stopping short of actually making it—emphasising the idea as more important than the artifact. This reveals an explicit preference for the "art" side of the ostensible dichotomy between art and craft , where art, unlike craft, takes place within and engages historical discourse: for example, Ono's "written instructions" make more sense alongside other conceptual art of
3528-495: Is the continuation of philosophy , which he saw at an end. He was unable to define art in so far as such a definition would destroy his private self-referential definition of art. Like the Situationists , he rejected formalism as an exercise in aesthetics , with its function to be aesthetic. Formalism, he said, limits the possibilities for art with minimal creative effort put forth by the formalist. Further, since concept
3654-420: Is within 250 miles (400 km) by road from seven metropolitan areas that have a population of more than two million people: Detroit , Cleveland , Columbus , Cincinnati , Pittsburgh , Indianapolis , and Chicago . In addition, it is within 300 miles of Toronto, Ontario . The Old West End is a historic neighborhood of Victorian , Arts & Crafts, and other Edwardian-style houses. The historic district
3780-747: The Decoration of Honour in Gold . Joseph Kosuth was shortlisted for the European Cultural Centre Art Award in 2015. In 2017 European Cultural Centre Art Award was awarded to Kosuth for his lifelong dedication to create meaning through contemporary art. Other awards include the Brandeis Award (1990) and the Frederick Weisman Award (1991). The Addison Gallery of American Art (Andover, Massachusetts),
3906-928: The Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art (Norman, Oklahoma), the Honolulu Museum of Art , the Centre for International Light Art ( Unna , Germany), the Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon (Lyon, France), the National Gallery of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia), the Saint Louis Art Museum (St. Louis, Missouri), the University of Arizona Museum of Art (Tucson, Arizona), and the Whitney Museum of American Art (New York City) are among
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4032-478: The Great Lakes . With the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing. Both General Motors and Chrysler had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least since Kirk started manufacturing automobiles, which began operations early in the 20th century. The largest employer in Toledo was Jeep for much of the 20th century. Since
4158-832: The Seth Siegelaub Gallery , New York. In 1973, the Kunstmuseum Luzern presented a major retrospective of his art that traveled in Europe. In 1981, the Staatsgalerie Stuttgart and the Kunsthalle Bielefeld organized another major Kosuth retrospective. He was invited to exhibit at documentas V, VI, VII and IX (1972, 1978, 1982, 1992) and the Biennale di Venezia in 1976, 1993 and 1999. He continued to exhibit in Venice during
4284-516: The Snow Belt cities, because of the prevailing wind direction. Temperature extremes have ranged from −20 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984, to 105 °F (41 °C) on July 14, 1936 . Harmful blooms of cyanobacteria , or blue-green algae, were so bad in the 1960s that Lake Erie was mocked as a dead zone. However, through clean water rules the lake was revived. Algal blooms have returned and have been negatively affecting Lake Erie since
4410-471: The Tractatus as is often assumed. His anthropological "field work" was organized by him only for the purpose of informing his practice as an artist. (As he said to friends at the time: "some artists learn how to weld, others go back to school.") By the early 1970s, he had an internationally recognized career and was in his late 20s. He found that he was, as he put it, "a Eurocentric, white, male artist", and
4536-838: The Trobriand Islands in the South Pacific (made famous in studies by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski ), and the Huallaga Indians in the Peruvian Amazon. For Kosuth, his studies in cultural anthropology were a logical outgrowth that followed from his interest in the "anthropological" dimension of the later Wittgenstein. Indeed, it was the later Wittgenstein of the Investigation - which by accident he had read first - that led to works such as One and Three Chairs (among other influences), not
4662-670: The US Census Bureau , the Toledo metropolitan area covers four Ohio counties and one Michigan county, which combines with other micropolitan areas and counties for a combined statistical area. Some of what are now considered its suburbs in Ohio include: Bowling Green , Holland , Lake Township , Maumee , Millbury , Monclova Township , Northwood , Oregon , Ottawa Hills , Perrysburg , Rossford , Springfield Township , Sylvania , Walbridge , Waterville , Whitehouse , and Washington Township . Bedford Township, Michigan including
4788-516: The fourth-most populous city in Ohio, after Columbus , Cleveland , and Cincinnati . Toledo is the 85th-most populous city in the United States . It is the principal city of the Toledo metropolitan area , which had 606,240 residents in 2020. Toledo also serves as a major trade center for the Midwest ; its port is the fifth-busiest on the Great Lakes . The city was founded in 1833 on
4914-546: The modern downtown area of Toledo. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end. These two towns bordered each other across Cherry Street. This is why present-day streets on the street's northeast side run at a slightly different angle from those southwest of it. In 1824, the Ohio state legislature authorized the construction of the Miami and Erie Canal , and in 1833, its Wabash and Erie Canal extension. The canal's purpose
5040-408: The syntax of logic and mathematics, concept art was meant jointly to supersede mathematics and the formalistic music then current in serious art music circles. Therefore, Flynt maintained, to merit the label concept art , a work had to be a critique of logic or mathematics in which a linguistic concept was the material, a quality which is absent from subsequent "conceptual art". The term assumed
5166-679: The 100th birthday of the philosopher, in which he showed numerous works by fellow artists. The exhibition was shown at the Wiener Secession , Vienna, and the Palais des Beaux-Arts , Brussels. In response to the debate surrounding conservative attacks on the National Endowment for the Arts in 1990, Kosuth organized an exhibition entitled "A Play of the Unmentionable" focusing on issues of censorship and using works from
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5292-652: The 12th century walls of the Louvre Palace, opened at the Musée du Louvre in Paris and became a permanent work in October 2012. In 2011, celebrating the work of Charles Darwin , Kosuth created a commission in the library where Darwin was inspired to pursue his evolutionary theory. His work on the façade of the Council of State of the Netherlands will be inaugurated in October 2011 and he is currently working on
5418-500: The 1880s, eventually earning Toledo its nickname as "The Glass City". Downtown Toledo has been subject to major revitalization efforts, including a growing entertainment district . Toledo is home to the University of Toledo . The region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires ( Ojibwe , Potawatomi , and Odawa ). The French established trading posts in
5544-432: The 1950s and 1960s was lined with flourishing black-owned businesses and homes. Desegregation , a failed urban renewal project, and the construction of I-75 displaced those residents and left behind a struggling community with minimal resources, even as it also drew more established, middle-class people, white and black, out of center cities for newer housing. The city rebounded, but the slump of American manufacturing in
5670-406: The 1950s. With the emergence of an exclusively language-based art in the 1960s, however, conceptual artists such as Art & Language , Joseph Kosuth (who became the American editor of Art-Language ), and Lawrence Weiner began a far more radical interrogation of art than was previously possible (see below ). One of the first and most important things they questioned was the common assumption that
5796-689: The Americas and the Far East, including five Documenta(s) and four Venice Biennale(s). His earliest work, the Protoinvestigations, were done when he was only twenty years old and as they are considered among the first works of the Conceptual art movement they are included in collections such as The Museum of Modern Art, The Guggenheim, The Whitney, Centre Pompidou, The Tate Gallery, The Reina Sophia, Madrid, among many others, and constitute
5922-708: The Biennale from 2011 onwards, with the European Cultural Centre . His most recent exhibition with this organisation was in 2017, where he exhibited in Palazzo Bembo. For Fifteen People Present Their Favorite Book , a show mounted at Lannis Gallery, New York, in 1967, Kosuth assembled fellow artists Robert Morris , Ad Reinhardt , Sol LeWitt , Robert Mangold , Dan Graham , Robert Smithson , Carl Andre , Robert Ryman , among others. That same year, with fellow artist Christine Kozlov , he founded
6048-686: The City of Toledo, the Census Bureau's July 2007 estimate was revised to 316,851, slightly more than in 2000, which would have been the city's first population gain in 40 years. However, the 2010 census figures released in March 2011 showed the population as of April 1, 2010, at 287,208, indicating a 25% loss of population since its zenith in 1970. As of the 2020 census there were 270,871 people, 116,257 households, and an average of 2.27 persons per household residing in Toledo. The population per square mile
6174-510: The French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas. When the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed "two prehistoric semicircular earthworks , presumably for stockades ." One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver Streets on the south bank of Swan Creek; the other was at
6300-535: The Isouian movement, Excoördism, self-defines as the art of the infinitely large and the infinitely small. In 1961, philosopher and artist Henry Flynt coined the term "concept art" in an article bearing the same name which appeared in the proto- Fluxus publication An Anthology of Chance Operations . Flynt's concept art, he maintained, devolved from his notion of "cognitive nihilism", in which paradoxes in logic are shown to evacuate concepts of substance. Drawing on
6426-602: The Maumee River at its mouth at the southern end of Maumee Bay , the westernmost inlet of Lake Erie. The city is located north of what had been the Great Black Swamp , giving rise to another nickname, Frog Town. Toledo sits within the borders of a sandy oak savanna called the Oak Openings Region , an important ecological site that once comprised more than 300 square miles (780 km ). Toledo
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#17327796584646552-429: The Maumee River heavily competed to be the ending terminus of the canal, knowing it would give them a profitable status. The towns of Port Lawrence and Vistula merged in 1833 to better compete against the upriver towns of Waterville and Maumee . The inhabitants of this joined settlement chose the name Toledo: "but the reason for this choice is buried in a welter of legends. One recounts that Washington Irving , who
6678-804: The Menzione d'Onore at the Venice Biennale and was named a Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres . In 1999, in honour of his work, the French government issued a 3-franc postage stamp in Figeac. In 2001, he received the Laurea Honoris Causa doctorate in Philosophy and Letters from the University of Bologna . In 2003, Kosuth was awarded the Austrian Republic's highest honour for accomplishments in science and culture,
6804-452: The Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, as the sole representative of the U.S. More American settlers entered the area over the next few years, but many fled during the War of 1812 , when British forces raided the area with their Native American allies. Resettlement began around 1818 after a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a 974-acre (3.9 km ) tract at the mouth of Swan Creek and named it Port Lawrence, developing it as
6930-409: The Museum of Normal Art, New York, while they were both students at the School of Visual Arts. After giving a work in 1989 to the Sigmund Freud Museum , Vienna, Kosuth, heavily influenced by Freud, he invited other artists to do likewise; today the museum owns 13 works by 13 Freud-influenced Conceptualists. Also in 1989 Kosuth curated the show Ludwig Wittgenstein Das Spiel des Unsagbaren to commemorate
7056-579: The Peruvian Amazon with the Yagua Indians living deep into the Peruvian side of the Amazon basin. He also lived in an area of Australia some hundreds of kilometers north of Alice Springs with an Aboriginal tribe that, before they were re-located four years previously from an area farther north, had not known of the existence of white people. Later, he spent time in the Trobriand islands with the Aboriginal tribe that Malinowski had studied and wrote on. From Kosuth's point of view, "I knew I could, would, never enter into their cultural reality, but I wanted to experience
7182-459: The Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna. His students have included, among others, Michel Majerus . Kosuth became the American editor of the Art & Language journal in 1969. He later was coeditor of The Fox magazine in 1975–76 and art editor of Marxist Perspectives in 1977–78. In addition, he has written several books on the nature of art and artists, including Artist as Anthropologist . In his essay "Art after Philosophy" (1969), he argued that art
7308-414: The age of 18 living with them, 31.6% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.9% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.01. There
7434-440: The age of 18, and 14.5% were 65 years old and over. 51.1% of the population were female. 14.1% of the population under 65 years of age were living with a disability, and 8.3% of those under 65 years of age did not have health insurance. Out of the 116,257 households, 83.7% had been living in the same house for one year or longer. 6.4% of households in Toledo spoke a language other than English at home. The total number of housing units
7560-442: The album cover for Fragments of a Rainy Season by John Cale . Two years later, Kosuth collaborated with Ilya Kabakov to produce The Corridor of Two Banalities , shown at the Centre for Contemporary Art in Warsaw. This installation included 120 tables in a row to present text somewhat symptomatic of the cultures of which they both came from. Since 1990 Kosuth has also begun working on various permanent public commissions. In
7686-407: The application of cybernetics to art and art pedagogy, "The Construction of Change" (1964), was quoted on the dedication page (to Sol LeWitt) of Lucy R. Lippard 's seminal Six Years: The Dematerialization of the Art Object from 1966 to 1972 , Ascott's anticipation of and contribution to the formation of conceptual art in Britain has received scant recognition, perhaps (and ironically) because his work
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#17327796584647812-425: The area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade . The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French, who established a trading post at Fort Detroit , about 60 miles to the north. They settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa-occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth. They served as middlemen between
7938-478: The area's population from Native Americans to Whites. In the Treaty of Detroit (1807), the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River (where Toledo later developed). Reserves for the Odawa were set aside in northwestern Ohio for a limited time. The Native Americans signed the treaty at Detroit, Michigan , on November 17, 1807, with William Hull , governor of
8064-435: The city of Tachikawa , Kosuth designed Words of a Spell, for Noëma , a 136-foot-long mural composed of quotes from Michiko Ishimure and James Joyce . After projects at public buildings such as the Deutsche Bundesbank (1997), the Parliament House, Stockholm (1998), and the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region (1999), Kosuth was commissioned to propose a work for the newly renovated Bundestag in 2001, he designed
8190-409: The city was 64.8% White , 27.2% African American , 0.4% Native American , 1.1% Asian , 2.6% from other races , and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population (The majority are Mexican American at 5.1%.) Non-Hispanic Whites were 61.4% of the population in 2010, down from 84% in 1970. There were 119,730 households, of which 30.4% had children under
8316-521: The city was hit hard by the Great Depression . Many large-scale Works Progress Administration projects were constructed to re-employ citizens in the 1930s. Some of these include the amphitheater and aquarium at the Toledo Zoo and a major expansion to the Toledo Museum of Art . The postwar job boom and Great Migration brought thousands of African Americans to Toledo to work in industrial jobs, where they had previously been denied. Due to redlining , many of them settled along Dorr Street, which, during
8442-452: The city. The population density was 3,890.2 people per square mile (1,502.0 people/km ). There were 139,871 housing units at an average density of 1,734.9 people per square mile (669.8 people/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 70.2% White , 23.5% African American , 0.3% Native American , 1.0% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 2.3% from other races , and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.5% of
8568-446: The cityscape by urban gardening and revitalizing their communities. Local artists, supported by organizations like the Arts Commission of Greater Toledo and the Ohio Arts Council , have contributed an array of murals and beautification works to replace long standing blight. Many downtown historical buildings such as the Oliver House and Standart Lofts have been renovated into restaurants, condominiums, offices and art galleries. On
8694-486: The communities of Lambertville, Michigan , Temperance, Michigan , and Erie Township, Michigan are Toledo's Michigan suburbs, just above the city over the state line in Monroe County. Toledo, as with much of the Great Lakes region, has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfa ), characterized by four distinct seasons. Lake Erie moderates the climate somewhat, especially in late spring and fall, when air and water temperature differences are maximal. However, this effect
8820-405: The concept becomes a machine that makes the art beneficial, modest, rustic, contiguous, and humble." In 1969 Kosuth held his first solo exhibition at Leo Castelli Gallery , New York. That same year, he organized an exhibition of his work, Fifteen Locations, which took place simultaneously at fifteen museums and galleries worldwide; he also participated in the seminal exhibition of Conceptual art at
8946-441: The concept of what a chair is, in its various incarnations. In this and other, similar works, Four Colors Four Words and Glass One and Three , Kosuth forwards tautological statements, where the works literally are what they say they are. A collaboration with independent filmmaker Marion Cajori, Sept. 11, 1972 was a Minimalist portrait of sunlight in Cajori's studio. His seminal text Art after Philosophy , written in 1968–69, had
9072-440: The conceptual artists used language in place of brush and canvas, and allowed it to signify in its own right. Of Lawrence Weiner's works Anne Rorimer writes, "The thematic content of individual works derives solely from the import of the language employed, while presentational means and contextual placement play crucial, yet separate, roles." The British philosopher and theorist of conceptual art Peter Osborne suggests that among
9198-448: The concerns of the conceptual art movement, while they may or may not term themselves "conceptual artists". Ideas such as anti-commodification, social and/or political critique, and ideas/information as medium continue to be aspects of contemporary art, especially among artists working with installation art , performance art , art intervention , net.art , and electronic / digital art . Neo-conceptual art describes art practices in
9324-416: The dialectical process of idea formation in relation to language and context. He introduced the notion that art, as he put it, "was not a question of forms and colors but one of the production of meaning." His writing began a re-reading of modernism, initiating a major re-evaluation of the importance of Marcel Duchamp and signaling the shift into what we now identify, in art, as post-modernism. His analysis had
9450-879: The early 1990s, he designed a Government-sponsored monument to the Egyptologist Jean Francois Champollion who deciphered the Rosetta Stone in Figeac ; in Japan, he took on the curatorship of a show celebrating the Tokyo opening of Barneys New York ; and in Frankfurt, Germany, and in Columbus, Ohio, he conceived neon monuments to the German cultural historian Walter Benjamin . In 1994, for
9576-619: The early conceptualists were the first generation of artists to complete degree-based university training in art. Osborne later made the observation that contemporary art is post-conceptual in a public lecture delivered at the Fondazione Antonio Ratti, Villa Sucota in Como on July 9, 2010. It is a claim made at the level of the ontology of the work of art (rather than say at the descriptive level of style or movement). The American art historian Edward A. Shanken points to
9702-512: The economy such as tourism and fishing industries, and cause property values to drop, costing the local economy to lose tens of millions of dollars. In 1870, 75.3% of Toledo's foreign-born population were from Germany and Ireland . As of the 2010 census , the city proper had a population of 287,128. It is the principal city in the Toledo Metropolitan Statistical Area which had a population of 651,429 and
9828-627: The edge of my own." It was this experience and study which lead to his well-known text The Artist as Anthropologist in 1975. Hung on walls, his signature dark gray, Kosuth's later, large photomontages trace a kind of artistic and intellectual autobiography. Each consists of a photograph of one of the artist's own older works or installations, overlaid in top and bottom corners by two passages of philosophical prose quoted from intellectuals identified only by initials (they include Jacques Derrida , Martin Buber and Julia Kristeva ). In 1992, Kosuth designed
9954-403: The essence of painting, and ought to be removed. Some have argued that conceptual art continued this "dematerialization" of art by removing the need for objects altogether, while others, including many of the artists themselves, saw conceptual art as a radical break with Greenberg's kind of formalist Modernism. Later artists continued to share a preference for art to be self-critical, as well as
10080-504: The essential, formal nature of each medium. Those elements that ran counter to this nature were to be reduced. The task of painting, for example, was to define precisely what kind of object a painting truly is: what makes it a painting and nothing else. As it is of the nature of paintings to be flat objects with canvas surfaces onto which colored pigment is applied, such things as figuration , 3-D perspective illusion and references to external subject matter were all found to be extraneous to
10206-520: The evening of August 1, 2014, the city of Toledo issued a warning to citizens advising against the use of city water, leaving more than half a million people suddenly without water. A bloom of toxic blue-green algae had formed directly over Toledo's water intake pipe, which was situated a few miles off shore in Lake Erie. Because of the algae bloom forming just above the pipe, the water being pumped into Toledo showed levels of harmful bacteria that made
10332-654: The example of Roy Ascott who "powerfully demonstrates the significant intersections between conceptual art and art-and-technology, exploding the conventional autonomy of these art-historical categories." Ascott, the British artist most closely associated with cybernetic art in England, was not included in Cybernetic Serendipity because his use of cybernetics was primarily conceptual and did not explicitly utilize technology. Conversely, although his essay on
10458-476: The first dedicated conceptual-art exhibition, took place at the New York Cultural Center . Conceptual art emerged as a movement during the 1960s – in part as a reaction against formalism as then articulated by the influential New York art critic Clement Greenberg . According to Greenberg Modern art followed a process of progressive reduction and refinement toward the goal of defining
10584-574: The following year in Paris and traveled throughout Europe and North Africa. He moved to New York in 1965 and attended the School of Visual Arts there until 1967. From 1971 he studied anthropology and philosophy with Stanley Diamond and Bob Scholte at the New School for Social Research , New York. At the School of Visual Arts he made a significant impact while technically a student, influencing fellow students as well as more traditional teachers there at
10710-479: The founder of Lettrism , Isidore Isou , developed the notion of a work of art which, by its very nature, could never be created in reality, but which could nevertheless provide aesthetic rewards by being contemplated intellectually. This concept, also called Art esthapériste (or "infinite-aesthetics"), derived from the infinitesimals of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – quantities which could not actually exist except conceptually. The current incarnation (As of 2013 ) of
10836-551: The highest number of homicides in 39 years, according to the Toledo Police Department's 50-year trend chart. Beginning with the pandemic in 2020, homicides jumped to a record 61. There were a record of 70 homicides in Toledo in 2021. Toledo was one of 12 major U.S. cities to have broken annual homicide records in 2021. Before the Industrial Revolution , Toledo was important as a port city on
10962-420: The intersection of Fassett and Fort Streets on the right bank of the Maumee River. Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples. According to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of Swan Creek about 1805, as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its earlier history there. The United States continued to work to transition
11088-404: The last bastion of late, institutionalized modernism more than anything else. It also for him concluded at the time what he had learned from Wittgenstein - dosed with Walter Benjamin among others - as applied to that very transitional moment in art. In the early 1970s, concerned with his "ethnocentricity as a white, male artist", Kosuth enrolled in the New School to study anthropology. He visited
11214-400: The late 1990s. Heightened levels of blue-green algae can affect both human and ecosystem health by causing fish to die, the water to be discolored and foul smelling, and oxygen deficient dead zones may even start to form. Sometimes the blooms are so thick that they slow boats. These large blooms are caused by agricultural runoff flowing into the lake. Agricultural runoff dumps phosphorus into
11340-420: The late 20th century, industrial restructuring reduced the number of these well-paying jobs. Conceptual art Conceptual art , also referred to as conceptualism , is art in which the concept (s) or idea (s) involved in the work are prioritized equally to or more than traditional aesthetic , technical, and material concerns. Some works of conceptual art may be constructed by anyone simply by following
11466-526: The lines a definition of "art" of which Joseph Kosuth meant to assure us. "Art is an analytical proposition of context, thought, and what we do that is intentionally designated by the artist by making the implicit nature of culture, of what happens to us, explicit - internalizing its 'explicitness' (making it again, 'implicit') and so on, for the purpose of understanding that is continually interacting and socio-historically located. These words, like actual works of art, are little more than historical curiosities, but
11592-492: The major form of transportation. They were faster and had greater capacity. Toledo soon became a hub for several railroad companies and a hotspot for industries such as furniture producers, carriage makers, breweries, and glass manufacturers. Large immigrant populations came to the area. In the 1920s, Toledo had one of the highest rates of industrial growth in the United States. Toledo continued to expand in population and industry, but because of its dependence on manufacturing,
11718-441: The many factors that influenced the gravitation toward language-based art, a central role for conceptualism came from the turn to linguistic theories of meaning in both Anglo-American analytic philosophy , and structuralist and post structuralist Continental philosophy during the middle of the twentieth century. This linguistic turn "reinforced and legitimized" the direction the conceptual artists took. Osborne also notes that
11844-635: The mid-1960s, stripping art of personal emotion, reducing it to nearly pure information or idea and greatly playing down the art object. Along with Lawrence Weiner , On Kawara , Hanne Darboven and others, Kosuth gives special prominence to language. His art generally strives to explore the nature of art rather than producing what is traditionally called "art". Kosuth's works are frequently self-referential . He remarked in 1969: Kosuth's works frequently reference Sigmund Freud 's psycho-analysis and Ludwig Wittgenstein 's philosophy of language. His first conceptual work Leaning Glass , consisted of an object,
11970-640: The mouth of the Maumee River to Indian Territory in Kansas. An almost bloodless conflict between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, called the Toledo War (1835–1836), was "fought" over a narrow strip of land from the Indiana border to Lake Erie , now containing the city and the suburbs of Sylvania and Oregon, Ohio . The strip, which varied between five and eight miles (13 km) in width,
12096-435: The museums holding work by Joseph Kosuth. 'A Biographical Sketch', Fiona Biggiero, ed. 2003 Guide to Contemporary Art, Special Edition. Boston: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Charta edizioni, 2003 Toledo, Ohio Toledo ( / t ə ˈ l iː d oʊ / tə- LEE -doh ) is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio , United States. At the 2020 census , it had a population of 270,871, making Toledo
12222-565: The numerous treaties made between the Ottawa and the United States were two signed in this area: at Miami (Maumee) Bay in 1831 and Maumee, Ohio, upriver of Toledo, in 1833. These actions were among US purchases or exchanges of land to accomplish Indian Removal of the Ottawa from areas wanted for European-American settlement. The last of the Odawa did not leave this area until 1839, when Ottokee, grandson of Pontiac , led his band from their village at
12348-644: The original parties remained in the town. The canal and its Toledo sidecut entrance were completed in 1843. Soon after the canal was functional, the new canal boats had become too large to use the shallow waters at the terminus in Manhattan. More boats began using the Swan Creek sidecut than its official terminus, quickly putting the Manhattan warehouses out of business and triggering a rush to move business to Toledo. Most of Manhattan's residents moved out by 1844. The 1850 census recorded Toledo as having 3,829 residents and Manhattan 541. The 1860 census shows Toledo with
12474-403: The owner and distributor of art. Lawrence Weiner said: "Once you know about a work of mine you own it. There's no way I can climb inside somebody's head and remove it." Many conceptual artists' work can therefore only be known about through documentation which is manifested by it, e.g., photographs, written texts or displayed objects, which some might argue are not in and of themselves the art. It
12600-645: The permanent collection of the Brooklyn Museum of Art . He culled objects from nearly every department of the museum, including religious paintings, many depictions of nudes, social satire and some erotica; among the selected works, therew were sculptures by Auguste Rodin of lesbians embracing, and furniture from the Bauhaus , the avant-garde German design school closed down by the Nazis . These were then juxtaposed with pithy and frequently moving observations from
12726-481: The pioneers of Conceptual art and installation art; initiating language-based works as well as photo-based works and appropriation strategies since the beginning of his work in the mid-1960s. His activity has consistently explored the production and role of language and meaning within art. Kosuth's nearly thirty-five year inquiry into the relation of language to art has taken the form of installations, museum exhibitions, public commissions and publications throughout Europe,
12852-400: The population in 2000. The most common ancestries cited were German (23.4%), Irish (10.8%), Polish (10.1%), English (6.0%), American (3.9%), Italian (3.0%), Hungarian (2.0%), Dutch (1.4%), and Arab (1.2%). In 2000 there were 128,925 households in Toledo, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had
12978-541: The poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over. In the second decade of the 21st century, the city had a gradual peak in violent crime. In 2010, there was a combined total of 3,272 burglaries, 511 robberies, 753 aggravated assaults, 25 homicides, as well as 574 motor vehicle thefts out of what was then a decreasing population of 287,208. In 2011, there were 1,562 aggravated assaults, 30 homicides, 1,152 robberies, 8,366 burglaries, and 1,465 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2012, there were
13104-474: The problem of defining the term itself. As the artist Mel Bochner suggested as early as 1970, in explaining why he does not like the epithet "conceptual", it is not always entirely clear what "concept" refers to, and it runs the risk of being confused with "intention". Thus, in describing or defining a work of art as conceptual it is important not to confuse what is referred to as "conceptual" with an artist's "intention". The French artist Marcel Duchamp paved
13230-791: The rise of Modernism with, for example, Manet (1832–1883) and later Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968). The first wave of the "conceptual art" movement extended from approximately 1967 to 1978. Early "concept" artists like Henry Flynt (1940– ), Robert Morris (1931–2018), and Ray Johnson (1927–1995) influenced the later, widely accepted movement of conceptual art. Conceptual artists like Dan Graham , Hans Haacke , and Lawrence Weiner have proven very influential on subsequent artists, and well-known contemporary artists such as Mike Kelley or Tracey Emin are sometimes labeled "second- or third-generation" conceptualists, or " post-conceptual " artists (the prefix Post- in art can frequently be interpreted as "because of"). Contemporary artists have taken up many of
13356-723: The role of the artist was to create special kinds of material objects . Through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, in popular usage, particularly in the United Kingdom, "conceptual art" came to denote all contemporary art that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture . One of the reasons why the term "conceptual art" has come to be associated with various contemporary practices far removed from its original aims and forms lies in
13482-401: The second half of the 20th century during industrial restructuring cost many jobs. By the 1980s, Toledo had a depressed economy. The destruction of many buildings downtown, along with several failed business ventures in housing in the core, led to a reverse city-suburb wealth problem common in small cities with land to spare. Several initiatives have been taken by Toledo's citizens to improve
13608-430: The steel industry. The plant was slated to create over 1,200 jobs. Construction was completed in 2020, as planned. Toledo is located at 41°39′10″N 83°32′16″W / 41.65278°N 83.53778°W / 41.65278; -83.53778 (41.6525, −83.5375). The city has a total area of 84.12 square miles (217.87 km ), of which 3.43 square miles (8.88 km ) is covered by water. The city straddles
13734-407: The time such as Mel Bochner. As Kosuth's reputation grew, he was removed from the student body and given a position as a teacher, by Silas Rhodes the founder and President of the school, in 1967. This caused a near revolt of the faculty, as he had been a disruptive presence in the opinion of many of the instructors, several who had unhappily faced his questioning of basic presumptions. His elevation to
13860-520: The time. Language was a central concern for the first wave of conceptual artists of the 1960s and early 1970s. Although the utilisation of text in art was in no way novel, only in the 1960s did the artists Lawrence Weiner , Edward Ruscha , Joseph Kosuth , Robert Barry , and Art & Language begin to produce art by exclusively linguistic means. Where previously language was presented as one kind of visual element alongside others, and subordinate to an overarching composition (e.g. Synthetic Cubism ),
13986-510: The water unsafe to interact with. On August 3, the Ohio National Guard was brought in to deliver over 10,000 gallons of water to citizens due to a rapid depletion of bottled water locally. The warning against using water lasted nearly three days, finally ending late on August 4. In 2018, Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. invested $ 700 million into an East Toledo location as the site of a new hot-briquetted iron plant, designed to modernize
14112-551: The way for the conceptualists, providing them with examples of prototypically conceptual works — the readymades , for instance. The most famous of Duchamp's readymades was Fountain (1917), a standard urinal-basin signed by the artist with the pseudonym "R.Mutt", and submitted for inclusion in the annual, un-juried exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists in New York (which rejected it). The artistic tradition does not see
14238-552: The west bank of the Maumee River and originally incorporated as part of the Michigan Territory . It was re-founded in 1837 after the conclusion of the Toledo War , when it was incorporated in Ohio. After the 1845 completion of the Miami and Erie Canal , Toledo grew quickly; it also benefited from its position on the railway line between New York City and Chicago . The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in
14364-587: The western basin of Lake Erie and acts as a fertilizer for the blue-green algae, and the warmer weather seen in July through October in Northern Ohio helps speed up the growing process. Because of Toledo's closeness to the lake, Toledo citizens are affected each year. Algal blooms can cause water bills to increase in this area $ 100 per year for a family of five. The effects of these blooms go beyond higher water bills as heightened blooms can even shut down parts of
14490-432: The works can be made and remade for exhibition purposes. One of his most famous works is One and Three Chairs . The piece features a physical chair, a photograph of that chair, and the text of a dictionary definition of the word "chair". The photograph is a representation of the actual chair situated on the floor, in the foreground of the work. The definition, posted on the same wall as the photograph, delineates in words
14616-428: Was 3,365.4. The racial makeup of Toledo was 60.6% White, 28.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian, and 1.3% were Asian. 6.7% of the population belonged to two or more races. Hispanic or Latino citizens make up 8.8% of the population. People who identified as White, not Hispanic or Latino, made up 57.3% of the population, down from 61.4% in 2010. Out of 270,871 people, 23.3% were under
14742-406: Was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 32,546, and the median income for a family was $ 41,175. Males had a median income of $ 35,407 versus $ 25,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,388. About 14.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below
14868-460: Was a total of 139,871 housing units in the city, of which 10,946 (9.8%) were vacant. The median age in the city was 34.2 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 313,619 people, and 77,355 families residing in
14994-497: Was claimed by both the state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory due to conflicting legislation concerning the location of the Ohio-Michigan state line. Militias from both states were sent to the border, but never engaged. The only casualty of the conflict was a Michigan deputy sheriff —stabbed in the leg with a penknife by Two Stickney during the arrest of his elder brother, One Stickney—and the loss of two horses, two pigs, and
15120-512: Was established on the 50th anniversary of Sigmund Freud's death, and is a society of artists engaged, through contributions by members, in forming a collection of contemporary art in honor of and in relevance to Sigmund Freud. The foundation's exhibition space is in the former offices of Anna Freud at the Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna. Kosuth belongs to a broadly international generation of conceptual artists that began to emerge in
15246-524: Was increasingly culturally and politically uncomfortable with all that seemed naturally acceptable to his location. His study of cultural anthropology (and it was the New School perspective of Vico, Rousseau, Marx that provided him a direction out of the Ango-American philosophical context) led him to decide to spend time within other cultures, deeply embedded in other world views. He spent time in
15372-634: Was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio , behind Cleveland , Columbus , Cincinnati , Dayton , and Akron . The larger Toledo-Fremont Combined Statistical Area had a population of 712,373. According to the Toledo Metropolitan Council of Governments, the Toledo/Northwest Ohio region of 10 counties has over one million residents. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated Toledo's population as 297,806 in 2006 and 295,029 in 2007. In response to an appeal by
15498-541: Was to connect the city of Cincinnati to Lake Erie for water transportation to eastern markets, including to New York City via the Erie Canal and Hudson River. At that time, no highways had been built in the state, and goods produced locally had great difficulty reaching the larger markets east of the Appalachian Mountains . During the canal's planning phase, many small towns along the northern shores of
15624-567: Was too closely allied with art-and-technology. Another vital intersection was explored in Ascott's use of the thesaurus in 1963 telematic connections:: timeline , which drew an explicit parallel between the taxonomic qualities of verbal and visual languages – a concept that would be taken up in Joseph Kosuth's Second Investigation, Proposition 1 (1968) and Mel Ramsden's Elements of an Incomplete Map (1968). Proto-conceptualism has roots in
15750-499: Was traveling in Spain at the time, suggested the name to his brother, a local resident; this explanation ignores the fact that Irving returned to the United States in 1832. Others award the honor to Two Stickney, son of the major who quaintly numbered his sons and named his daughters after States. The most popular version attributes the naming to Willard J. Daniels, a merchant, who reportedly suggested Toledo because it 'is easy to pronounce,
15876-417: Was unavailable, however 51.9% of housing units were either owned or co-owned by its inhabitants. The median household income (in 2021 dollars) in Toledo was $ 41,671, with the per capita income in the past 12 months coming to $ 23,795. 24.5% of the population was living in poverty, compared to the national average at this time of 11.6% of the U.S. population. For education, 87.1% of people 25 years or older were
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