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92-457: Jauja, which flourished for a short time, was once the capital of Spanish Peru, prior to the founding of Lima as the new capital. Its name is referenced in the popular Spanish expression país de Jauja , which literally means "country of Jauja", but is used figuratively to mean a "never never land" or a "land of milk and honey". The town, with a laid back ambiance and salubrious climate, has narrow streets with houses painted blue. Laguna de Paca lake

184-619: A Xauxa wife. Eventually, the Waskar's troops lost the city at the hands of the Inca general Challco Chima as Atawallpa's army continued advancing south towards Cusco. After capturing Cusco, the Atawallpa general Quiz Quiz took Waskar hostage and imprisoned him in a fortress of Xauxa, he would be later drowned in the nearby Andamarca river. Months after the Battle of Cajamarca , impatient for

276-615: A desire to make public demonstration of fearlessness and godlike command of situation. The main view is that the Inca were eventually defeated due to inferior weapons, 'open battle' tactics , disease, internal unrest, the bold tactics of the Spanish, and the capture of the Inca's Emperor. Spanish armor was very effective against most of the Andean weapons, though it was not entirely impenetrable to maces, clubs, or slings . Later, most natives adapted in 'guerrilla fashion' by only shooting at

368-451: A display of "excellent horsemanship" in close proximity. Atahualpa displayed hospitality by serving refreshments. Atahualpa responded only after Francisco Pizarro's brother, Hernando Pizarro , arrived. He replied with what he had heard from his scouts, that that the Spanish had been killing and enslaving countless numbers of people and civilians on the coast. Pizarro denied the report and Atahualpa, with limited information, reluctantly let

460-477: A few days ago, By a misty embankment along the Laguna de Paca. Here, here I stood, stood within its grip, trance: Aloft in the eldritch dark—it lingered This shadowy configuration of the ghoul, The ghoul l…l… of the lake, Laguna de Paca--. And there in the giant eucalyptus, Grande Tree It shifted and swayed, peering: looking at me… Then at forth glance, it disappeared, As if it sank—submerged! …into

552-449: A planned expressway near Lima in 2007. Forensic evidence suggests that European weapons killed some of the natives, probably during the uprising in 1536, but that the vast majority had been killed by local, indigenous weapons. After the Spanish re-occupied Cuzco, Manco Inca and his armies retreated to the fortress at Ollantaytambo where he, for a time, successfully launched attacks against Pizarro based at Cuzco and even managed to defeat

644-487: A storage capacity of 85,500 cubic metres (3,020,000 cu ft). It is a popular tourist attraction visited by people from the Mantaro Valley and other regions of Peru. The lake harbors a variety of wildlife, birds in particular. The introduced trout is found the lake, which is fished and served fried in restaurants located around the lake The historic culture of the region represented as Huanca culture

736-645: A witness, in a modern adobe church built later in the town. Dating from 1564, the Jauja Cathedral (Iglesia Matriz de Jauja) was built in Baroque and Rococo style. Interior highlights include double drop ceiling tiles, finely carved wooden altars , colonial retablos , and the image of Our Lady of the Rosary (patron of Jauja).The church required rebuilding after collapsing in March 1836 when Estanilslao Marquez

828-530: Is a lake in Peru . It is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of the historic town of Jauja , which was once the first capital of Peru. The lake is habitat for a variety of flora and fauna. The lake is fed from springs. Lake Paca is one of the three lakes in the Mantaro River Valley in the central highlands of Peru formed by high Cordillera ranges, which has three tributary valleys known as

920-478: Is a golden eagle. An archaeological museum is located in the town, which has exhibits of the ancient Huari culture . The town also has a fossil museum, a collection by a local man. The hill that forms the backdrop for the town has a fine row of Inca Stores and large number of circular buildings representing the Xauxa culture. Laguna de Paca lake also has number of such stone buildings in ruins. The cultural life in

1012-414: Is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the south east of La Oroya town (a smelting centre of mining industry), 60 kilometres (37 mi) to the south of Tarma and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the north of Huancayo . The dry climate of the city made Jauja a common place for tuberculosis sufferers to move to since the dry air was good for the kidneys and lungs. Its climate and its relative proximity to

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1104-623: Is called the Mantaro River . It flows near the Jauja town into a large alluvial plain. Formation of this region and its lake system is attributed to diverse sedimentary, glacial and tectonic activity. The valley formation is dated to the Late Pliocene and early Pleistocene uplift unconformity. The lake is located at an elevation of 3,418 metres (11,214 ft) within the districts of Paca , Chunán and Pancán . The lake has

1196-528: Is close to the city. Previous to Inca era, the area formed part of the Xauxa-Wanka confederation, a town was inhabited by Xauxa people in the vicinity before the Incas. The Xauxas eventually accepted Inca domination, being renowned warriors Xauxa contributed with soldiers to the campaigns of political and military expansion towards Quito. During the initial expansion of Inca civilization, Incas established

1288-455: Is seen in the precincts of the lake also, in the form of stone circular buildings, which are mostly in ruins. The west side of the lake has many popular restaurants catering to tourist traffic. According to legend cited by Dennis Siluk, in addition to the city which was buried near Chupaea in the lake Ñawinpuyku , Laguna de Paca lake area was also a city where the Wanka culture , also known as

1380-517: The Battle of Cajamarca . The battle began with a shot from a cannon and the battle cry " Santiago! " The Spaniards unleashed volleys of gunfire at the vulnerable mass of Incas and surged forward in a concerted action. Pizarro also used devastating cavalry charges against the Inca forces, which stunned them in combination with the supporting gunfire. However, many of the guns used by the Spaniards were hard to use in close-quarters combat. The effect

1472-567: The Huanca culture, flourished. It is conjectured that this culture existed even at the time of the birth of Christ . The legend of the lake has been further glorified by Dennis Siluk, the Poet Laureate of Peru, with the following verses of a poem. Part one I shall tell you a legend of long ago Of the sunken city of La Laguna de Paca, (Where I had met a lingering ghost) Wherein this region of Huancayo-Peru; Truth lies, but only

1564-518: The conquistadors ' demands. Pizarro knew that his forces were badly outnumbered but that capturing the Emperor and holding him hostage would give him a key edge. The majority of Atahualpa's troops were in the Cuzco region along with Quisquis and Challcuchima, the two generals he trusted the most. This was a major disadvantage for the Inca. Their undoing also resulted from a lack of self-confidence, and

1656-486: The Andes into the town of Cajamarca. Francisco Pizarro and his brothers ( Gonzalo , Juan , and Hernando ) were attracted by the rumors of a rich and fabulous kingdom. They had left the then-impoverished Extremadura , like many migrants after them. There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. Choose, each man, what best becomes a brave Castilian. In 1529, Francisco Pizarro obtained permission from

1748-611: The Atwallpa's ransom to be fully paid, waiting at Cajamarca, Francisco Pizarro sent his brother Hernando Pizarro to Pachacamac and Cusco in order to the recollect part of the ransom payment. Upon his return to Cajamarca, Hernando meets Challco Chima in the Xauxa Valley, where he was stationed with his army of 35,000, Hernando deceived Challco Chima by telling him Atawallpa himself requested of his immediate presence at Cajamarca, although suspicious of Hernando, Challco Chima accepted

1840-739: The Belgian artist Hergé . Jauja is connected by highway to Lima and La Oroya . Jauja is the only city in the center of the country with an airport, Francisco Carle Airport . Jauja airport was officially recognized in 1995 and currently receives daily commercial flights. It is currently served by one airline carrier, LATAM. Most travelers to domestic and international destinations connect in Lima 's Jorge Chávez International Airport . 11°46′30″S 75°30′00″W  /  11.77500°S 75.50000°W  / -11.77500; -75.50000 Laguna de Paca Lake Paca ( Spanish : Laguna de Paca )

1932-704: The Capilla Cristo Pobre church ("Poor Christ Chapel") is one of the most notable architectural examples in Jauja. It is patterned after Notre-Dame de Paris . Via Crucis's paintings, brought from France, are on display at the Capilla de Cristo Pobre. The church is administered by the Daughters of Charity and is part of the San Vicente de Paul High School. In Spanish language, Jauja is also the name of

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2024-405: The Inca civil war. Xauxa was a considerable town...seated in the midst of a verdant valley, fertilized by a thousand little rills , which the thrifty Indian husbandmen drew from the parent river. There were several capacious buildings of rough stone...and a temple of some note. Today the partial ruins of this settlement can be seen on a hill, approximately 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) southeast of

2116-453: The Inca had expanded their empire from about 400,000 km (150,000 sq mi) in 1448 to 1,800,000 km (690,000 sq mi) in 1528, just before the arrival of the Spanish. This vast area of land varied greatly in culture and climate. Because of the diverse cultures and geography, the Inca allowed many areas of the empire to be governed under the control of local leaders, who were watched and monitored by Inca officials. Under

2208-500: The Inca system- and illegitimate children, two sons are historically important. Prince Túpac Cusi Hualpa, also known as Huáscar , was the son of Coya Mama Rahua Occllo of the royal line. The second was Atahualpa , an illegitimate son who was likely born of a daughter of the last independent King of Quitu , one of the states conquered by Huayna Capac during the expansion of the Inca Empire. These two sons would play pivotal roles in

2300-589: The Jauja town into a large alluvial plain. Montaro River valley forms the central highlands of Peru bounded by towering Cordillera ranges which has three tributary valleys known as the Masma, the Paca and the Yanamarca. Formation of this region is attributed to diverse sedimentary, glacial and tectonic activity. The valley formation is dated to the Late Pliocene and early Pleistocene uplift unconformity. Its location

2392-550: The Mantaro Valley. Its streets are narrow and the houses are mainly built in the Republican Andean style from adobe plastered with plaster, with large wooden doors or hallways. The pristine town is famous for its Wednesday and Sunday markets. Barrio La Libertad is one of the older neighbourhoods and is nestled in the eastern part of the city. Its plaza, also named La Libertad, contains a monument atop of which

2484-405: The Masma, the Paca and the Yanamarca. Laguna Paca is the only lake in the Paca valley which has water throughout the year. However, floating mats of rushes and sedges cover the south side of the lake. The lake itself does not drain out, as like the other lakes in the valleys, has been “filled up by interglacial fill, and alluvial and eolian sedimentation .” The river that originates in this valley,

2576-567: The Pampa de Maquinwayo, 5 miles (8.0 km) south of present-day Jauja A Cusquenian noble accompanying the Spanish named Antamareca Mayta, a supporter of Waskar's faction on the civil war, fiercely faced Challco Chima, calling him on the assassinations, Challco Chima immediately responded by attacking the noble or "orejon" (name used by the Spaniards to refer Inca nobles because of the ceremonial earplugs they wore) but they were separated. Until when, Chalco Chima, your cruelties must end. When will it be

2668-694: The Spanish Monarchy to conquer the land they called Peru . According to historian Raúl Porras Barrenechea , Peru is not a Quechuan nor Caribbean word, but Indo-European or hybrid. Unknown to Pizarro, as he was lobbying for permission to mount an expedition, his proposed enemy was being devastated by the diseases brought to the American continents during earlier Spanish contacts. When Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, he found it vastly different from when he had been there just five years before. Amid

2760-449: The Spanish conquest was achieved, aided by factors like smallpox and a great communication and cultural divide. The Spaniards destroyed much of the Inca culture and imposed Spanish culture onto the native population. A struggle for power resulted in a long civil war between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in which Almagro was killed. Almagro's loyal followers and his descendants later avenged his death by killing Pizarro in 1541. This

2852-416: The Spanish in the long term due to factors such as the high mortality from disease and the resulting social disruption, and the superior military technology of the conquistadors, who possessed horses, dogs, metal armor, swords, cannons , and primitive, but effective, firearms. Atahualpa appeared to be more popular with the people than his brother, and he was certainly more valued by the army, the core of which

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2944-531: The Spanish occupiers in an open battle. When it became clear that defeat was imminent, Manco Inca retreated further to the mountainous region of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State , where Manco Inca and his successors continued to hold some power for several more decades. His son, Túpac Amaru , was the last Inca, being killed by the Spanish in 1572. In total, the conquest took about forty years to complete. Many Inca attempts to regain their empire had occurred, but none had been successful. Thus

3036-407: The Spanish soldiers taught him the game of chess . During Atahualpa's captivity, the Spanish, although greatly outnumbered, forced him to order his generals to back down by threatening to kill him if he did not. According to the Spanish envoy's demands, Atahualpa offered to fill a large room with gold and promised twice that amount in silver. While Pizarro ostensibly accepted this offer and allowed

3128-470: The Spanish, Cinquinchara returned to Atahualpa; they discussed whether or not the Spanish men were gods. Cinquinchara decided they were men because he saw them eat, drink, dress, and have relations with women. He saw them produce no miracles. Cinquinchara informed Atahualpa that they were small in number, about 170–180 men, and had bound the Native captives with "iron ropes". When Atahualpa asked what to do about

3220-636: The Texas-Mexico border, La ciudad de Jauja is known as a comic folksong about the legend of Jauja as the "Land of Cockaigne". The Legend of the Laguna de Paca, by Poet Laureate (of Jauja, and the Mantaro Valley), Dr. Dennis L. Siluk (2011) In a related vein, Jauja is the setting for an episode of " Prisoners of the Sun ", one of the books in the comics series on the Adventures of Tintin by

3312-514: The administrative mechanisms established by the Inca, all parts of the empire answered to, and were ultimately under the direct control of, the Inca Emperor. Scholars estimate that the population of the Inca Empire was more than 16,000,000. Some scholars, such as Jared Diamond , believe that while the Spanish conquest was undoubtedly the proximate cause of the collapse of the Inca Empire, it may very well have been past its peak and already in

3404-581: The aid of Cañari tribesmen who served as guides and allies to the conquering Spaniards. Rumiñahui fell back to Quito, and, while in pursuit of the Inca army, Benalcázar was joined by five hundred men led by Guatemalan Governor Pedro de Alvarado . Greedy for gold, Alvarado had set sail for the south without the crown's authorization, landed on the Ecuadorian coast, and marched inland to the Sierra. Finding Quito empty of its people's treasure, Alvarado soon joined

3496-452: The anniversary of the Spanish foundation of the city (April 25), Independence Day (July), Herranza (August), Feast of Mamanchic Rosario, patron saint of Jauja (October), and Adoration of the Child (December). The Xauxas were the earliest settlers in this town, before the Inca also made it their home. This historical town is now seen only in ruins, with three notable carved wooden altars seen as

3588-489: The army and its leading generals. When both Huayna Capac and his eldest son and designated heir, Ninan Cuyochic , died suddenly in 1528 from what was probably smallpox , a disease introduced by the Spanish into the Americas, the question of who would succeed as emperor was thrown open. Huayna had died before he could nominate the new heir. At the time of Huayna Capac's death, Huáscar was in the capital Cuzco, while Atahualpa

3680-432: The capital of Lima (250 kilometres (160 mi)) made it common for the inhabitants of the city of Lima to travel to this area continually. The weather is divided into three distinct seasons - the rainy season from November to April, winter from May to July and the dry sunny season, with strong winds from August to October. Today, Jauja is a city whose main activity is in the retail trade of agricultural products produced in

3772-605: The city is vibrant, with many festivals and social and religious events taking place throughout the year. The most popular festival is the Feast of San Sebastian and San Fabian (20 January) when Tunantada is celebrated for one week. Tunantada derives from the Spanish 'Tunantes'. Some believe that the origin of the dance lies at the end of the Viceroyalty of Peru and the dawn of the Republican era of Peru. Through this dance of

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3864-468: The city on 15 November 1532. Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto to the Atahualpa's camp. De Soto rode to meet Atahualpa on his horse, an animal that Atahualpa had never seen before. With one of his young interpreters, Soto read a prepared speech to Atahualpa telling him that they had come as servants of God to teach them the truth about God's word. He said he was speaking to them so that they might: "lay

3956-416: The combined Spanish force. Alvarado agreed to sell his fleet of twelve ships, his forces, plus arms and ammunition, and returned to Guatemala. After Atahualpa's murder, Pizarro installed Atahualpa's brother, Túpac Huallpa , as a puppet Inca ruler, but he soon died unexpectedly, leaving Manco Inca Yupanqui in power. He began his rule as an ally of the Spanish and was respected in the southern regions of

4048-445: The command of two of his leading generals, Challcuchima and Quisquis , who won an uninterrupted series of victories against Huáscar that soon brought them to the very gates of Cuzco . On the first day of the battle for Cuzco, the forces loyal to Huáscar gained an early advantage. However, on the second day, Huáscar personally led an ill-advised "surprise" attack, of which the generals Challcuchima and Quisquis had advanced knowledge. In

4140-548: The day that you and that fierce beast of your captain Quizquiz have had enough of human blood. Tell me, rabid puma (puma-ranra) Later, advancing towards Cuzco, Pizarro's force stopped in Xauxa, where Francisco had Challco Chimac burned alive because of suspicions of secret communications between him and Quiz Quiz, Spanish paranoid increased after the sudden death of Topa Wallpa , who was affiliated to Waskar's Cusco-based faction on

4232-495: The death of Túpac Huallpa . Pizarro's force entered the heart of the Tawantinsuyu on 15 November 1533. Benalcázar, Pizarro's lieutenant and fellow Extremaduran, had already departed from San Miguel with 140 foot soldiers and a few horses on his conquering mission to Ecuador. At the foot of Mount Chimborazo , near the modern city of Riobamba (Ecuador) he met and defeated the forces of the great Inca warrior Rumiñawi with

4324-444: The decision was made in 1535 to move the capital to Lima to take advantage of proximity to the port ( Callao ), Lima began to overshadow Jauja's importance. During colonial times, Jauja became dependent upon Tarma . Later Huancayo , increased in importance and surpassed Jauja as a commercial centre. Between 1742 and 1756, Juan Santos Atahuala led an uprising in the mountains of Jauja, one of many revolts that would occur in Peru over

4416-410: The degrading state of Inca morale coupled with the superior Spanish siege weapons soon made Manco Inca realize his hope of recapturing Cuzco was failing. Manco Inca eventually withdrew to Tambo. Archaeological evidence of the rebellion incident exists, showing that the Spanish conquistadors were aided by native Indian allies. The remains of about 70 men, women, and adolescents were found in the path of

4508-503: The disagreement between Almagro and Pizarro to his advantage and attempted the recapture of Cuzco starting in April 1536. The siege of Cuzco was waged until the following spring, and during that time Manco's armies managed to wipe out four relief columns sent from Lima, but was ultimately unsuccessful in its goal of routing the Spaniards from the city. The Inca leadership did not have the full support of all its subject peoples and furthermore,

4600-484: The dramatic expansion of the Inca Empire from its cultural and traditional base in the area around Cusco . On his accession to the throne, Huayna Capac had continued the policy of expansion by conquest, taking Inca armies north into what is today Ecuador . While he had to put down a number of rebellions during his reign, by the time of his death, his legitimacy was as unquestioned as was the primacy of Inca power. Expansion had caused its own set of problems. Many parts of

4692-480: The empire retained distinct cultures, which were at best reluctant to become part of the greater imperial project. Due to its size, and the fact that all communication and travel had to take place by foot or by boat, the Inca Empire proved increasingly difficult to administer and govern, with the Inca Emperor having increasingly less influence over local areas. Huayna Capac relied on his sons to support his reign. While he had many legitimate-born of his sister-wife, under

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4784-400: The empire, but there was still much unrest in the north near Quito where Atahualpa's generals were amassing troops. Atahualpa's murder meant that there was no hostage left to deter these northern armies from attacking the invaders. Led by Atahualpa's generals Rumiñahui, Zope-Zupahua and Quisquis , the native armies were finally defeated, effectively ending any organized rebellion in the north of

4876-419: The empire. Manco Inca initially had good relations with Francisco Pizarro and several other Spanish conquistadors. However, in 1535 he was left in Cuzco under the control of Pizarro's brothers, Juan and Gonzalo, who so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately rebelled. Under the pretense of recovering a statue of pure gold in the nearby Yucay valley, Manco was able to escape Cuzco. Manco Inca hoped to use

4968-408: The ensuing battle, Huáscar was captured, and resistance completely collapsed. The victorious generals sent word north by chasqui messenger to Atahualpa, who had moved south from Quito to the royal resort springs outside Cajamarca . The messenger arrived with news of the final victory on the same day that Pizarro and his small band of adventurers, together with some indigenous allies, descended from

5060-515: The festival, the natives imitate the Spanish, commemorating the years that the Spanish and natives existed alongside in Jauja. Locals dress up in the form of satirical wire mesh masks, eyes, whiskers and painted white complexion. Some of the dancers carry a baton and wear their pants to the knee, as if they were pure-blooded Spanish. The music initially starts with violin sounds, and then the sounds of clarinets, Andean harps, saxophones, etc. Other important festivals include Carnival (February and March),

5152-436: The final years of the Inca Empire. The Spanish conquistador Pizarro and his men were greatly aided in their enterprise by invading when the Inca Empire was in the midst of a war of succession between the princes Huáscar and Atahualpa. Atahualpa seems to have spent more time with Huayna Capac during the years when he was in the north with the army conquering Ecuador. Atahualpa was thus closer to and had better relations with

5244-497: The folks of the town. Part Three But there is more to this legend: For it is said, wherein the dark night (The ink dark macabre star-lit nights) Wherein the eeriness of the full moon Ebbs across the Laguna de Paca, gives birth, To the Great Bull, who scorches the hillside! Scorches the foliage to its bones…! Scorches with fire and brimstone. Part Four And now I tell you of my tale— A tale that took place but

5336-518: The foundation of concord, brotherhood, and perpetual peace that should exist between us, so that you may receive us under your protection and hear the divine law from us and all your people may learn and receive it, for it will be the greatest honor, advantage, and salvation to them all." Additionally, they invited the Inca leader to visit Pizarro at his quarters along the Cajamarca plaza. When De Soto noticed Atahualpa's interest in his horse, he put on

5428-424: The gold to pile up, he had no intention of releasing the Inca. He needed Atahualpa's influence over his generals and the people in order to maintain the peace. The treasure began to be delivered from Cuzco on 20 December 1532 and flowed steadily from then on. By 3 May 1533 Pizarro received all the treasure he had requested; it was melted, refined, and made into bars. Hernando Pizarro went to gather gold and silver from

5520-528: The great lake… Of La Laguna de Paca!... Spanish conquest of Peru Spanish victory [REDACTED]   Spanish Empire (1537–54) [REDACTED]   Inca Empire (since 1533) Native allies 2nd phase (1536–72): Conflicts between conquistadors and rebellions End of the Neo-Inca state The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire , also known as the Conquest of Peru ,

5612-460: The interpreter Felipillo met them and proceeded to "expound the doctrines of the true faith" ( requerimiento ) and seek his tribute as a vassal of King Charles. The unskilled translator likely contributed to problems in communication. The friar offered Atahualpa the Bible as the authority of what he had just stated. Atahualpa stated, "I will be no man's tributary." Pizarro urged attack, starting

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5704-600: The interpreter Felipillo made the Spaniards paranoid. They were told that Atahualpa had ordered secret attacks and his warriors were hidden in the surrounding area. Soto went with a small force to scout for the hidden army, and the show trial of Atahualpa was held in his absence. Among the charges were polygamy, incestuous marriage, and idolatry, all frowned upon in Catholicism but common in Inca culture and religion. The men who were against Atahualpa's conviction and murder argued that he should be judged by King Charles since he

5796-531: The legs of the conquistadors if they happened to be unarmored. However, ensuing hostilities such as the Mixtón Rebellion , Chichimeca War , and Arauco War would require that the conquistadors ally with friendly tribes in these later expeditions. By February 1533, Almagro had joined Pizarro in Cajamarca with an additional 150 men with 50 horses. After the Spanish captured Atahualpa at the massacre at Cajamarca, they allowed his wives to join him, and

5888-410: The matter go. At the end of their meeting, the men agreed to meet the next day at Cajamarca. The next morning, on 16 November 1532, Pizarro had arranged an ambuscade around the Cajamarca plaza, where they were to meet. At this point, Pizarro had in total 168 men under his command: 106 on foot and 62 on horseback. When Atahualpa arrived with about 6,000 unarmed followers, Friar Vincente de Valverde and

5980-468: The most loyal to his cause of pacifying the northern provinces, roughly modern-day Ecuador. When Inca civil war broke out, Xauxas supported the Waskar-led faction. Xauxa became military headquarters for the southern faction army against Atawallpa, Xauxa provided soldiers, supplies, storage, etc. to a number of Waskar's generals such as Atoc "The Fox", Hango, or Guanca Auqui the son of Wayna Qhapaq and

6072-408: The natives, Pizarro and his men were thought to be Viracocha Cuna or "gods". The Natives described Pizarro's men to the Inca. They said that capito was tall with a full beard and was completely wrapped in clothing. The Natives described the men's swords and how they killed sheep with them. The men did not eat human flesh, but rather sheep, lamb, duck, pigeons, and deer, and cooked the meat. Atahualpa

6164-419: The process of decline. In 1528, Emperor Huayna Capac ruled the Inca Empire. He could trace his lineage back to a "stranger king" named Manco Cápac , the mythical founder of the Inca clan, who, according to tradition, emerged from a cave in a region called Paqariq Tampu . Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler, Túpac Inca , and the grandson of Pachacuti , the Emperor who, by conquest, had commenced

6256-513: The proverbial La Tierra de Jauja , "Land of Cockaigne " where people can live without having to work. Over time, in folk song and legend, the Valley of Jauja became associated with the Land of Cockaigne. However, it was the riches of the real Jauja at the time of the Spanish conquest that created this myth. The myths sometimes depict Jauja as an island and other times as a city in a mythical land. Along

6348-619: The provincial administrative center of "Hatun Xauxa", the head of the province or wanami of Xauxa. The city of Xauxa was interconnected with the rest of the empire by the main section of the Qhapaq Ñam highway, a royal road connecting Cusco to Quito. After the Inca Emperor Wayna Qhapaq died in Quito, his body paused at Xauxa, en route to Cusco, as means of respect for the city and his inhabitants because they had been some of

6440-648: The region as the Viceroyalty of Peru . The conquest of the Inca Empire (called "Tahuantinsuyu" or "Tawantinsuyu" in Quechua , meaning "Realm of the Four Parts"), led to spin-off campaigns into present-day Chile and Colombia , as well as expeditions to the Amazon Basin and surrounding rainforest. When the Spanish arrived at the borders of the Inca Empire in 1528, it spanned a considerable area and

6532-454: The request and left his army in order to travel with Hernando to Cajamarca where he would be taken captive. Shortly before Hernando Pizarro arrival to Xauxa, the Waskar's supporting inhabitants revolted against occupying Atawallpa's army and Challco Chima responded by beheading the leaders of the revolt and putting their heads on pikes, for their supporters he ordered the mutilation of men's and women's hands and tongues and that this occurred in

6624-432: The ruins of the city of Tumbes , he tried to piece together the situation before him. From two local boys, whom Pizarro had taught how to speak Spanish in order to translate for him, Pizarro learned of the civil war and of the disease that was destroying the Inca Empire. After four long expeditions, Pizarro established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru, calling it San Miguel de Piura . When first spotted by

6716-517: The soul knows. Part two “The legend goes, of long ago: During the raising of the full moon The mermaid of the La Laguna de Paca, appears And to the nearby town’s folks, she echoes… Echoes, her cries and moans Then when one thinks all is well— The enchanting rings, the rings…! Of the bells, the Great Bells, bells Of the sunken church of La Laguna de Paca Are heard, heard by

6808-457: The strangers, Cinquinchara advised that they be killed because they were evil thieves who would take whatever they wanted, and were " supai cuna" or "devils". He recommended trapping the men inside of their sleeping quarters and burning them to death. After his victory and the capture of his brother Huáscar , Atahualpa was fasting in the Inca baths outside Cajamarca . Pizarro and his men reached

6900-672: The temples in Pachacamac in January 1533, and on his return in March, captured Chalcuchimac in the Jauja Valley. Francisco Pizzaro sent a similar expedition to Cuzco, bringing back many gold plates from the Temple of the Sun. The question eventually came up of what to do with Atahualpa; both Pizarro and Soto reportedly spoke against killing him, but the other Spaniards were loud in their demands for death. False interpretations from

6992-468: The town. After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru by taking Cusco in 1533, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro established Xauxa as Peru's first capital in April 1534. It was named "Santa Fe de Hatun Xauxa" in keeping with the Quechua name. In the same year, Pizarro and his men discovered that Xauxa was home to huge accumulations of Inca food, clothing and wealth. The Spaniards recognized that they could live comfortably for months. When

7084-442: The war to a rapid and decisive conclusion, as troops loyal to him took Atahualpa prisoner, while he was attending a festival in the city of Tumebamba . However, Atahualpa quickly escaped and returned to Quito. There, he was able to amass what is estimated to be at least 30,000 well-trained soldiers. While Huáscar managed to muster about the same number of soldiers, they were much less experienced. Atahualpa sent his forces south under

7176-487: The west of the town, near the village of Chocon, is the Laguna Tragadera. Villages located in close proximity to Jauja include Huerta, Jauja|Huerta, Viscap, Huaripampa, Julcán, Jauja, Ataura, Masma, Mantaro, Huamali, Muquiyauyo, Chocon and San Pedro de Chulan and Yauli, to the east of Laguna de Paca to the north. The river that originates in the Mantaro River Valley , is called the Mantaro River that flows near

7268-486: The world, making Jauja a cosmopolitan city. This was described in the novel País de Jauja , by Edgardo Rivera Martínez . Tombstones with names from all over the world can be seen in the Jauja cemetery, but after the development of antibiotics, the city began to lose its importance as a health mecca. The small city, however, has retained much of its colonial-era charm. Over the years the people of Jauja have come to refer to their town and region as "el país de Jauja"; this name

7360-464: The years. The first mayor of Jauja was Don Arias Villalobos. Jauja's dry climate was recognized, however, as being beneficial for patients with respiratory tract tuberculosis. In this regard, the Jauja hospital cared for many Spaniards. The wealth that they brought to Jauja helped it regain in popularity and strengthened the legend of "the land of Cockaigne". With the establishment of the sanatorium "Domingo Olavegoya" Jauja patients came from many parts of

7452-496: Was also used in Rivera's book on the area and its culture. Jauja lies in the fertile Mantaro Valley at an altitude of 3,352 metres (10,997 ft). It is located along Highway 3S which eventually leads to Lima , 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the northwest of the regional capital of Huancayo . 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the north of the town is Laguna de Paca , covering an area of 21.4 square kilometres (8.3 sq mi). To

7544-503: Was based in the recently conquered northern province of Quito . At the outset of the conflict, each brother controlled his respective domains, with Atahualpa secure in the north, and Huáscar controlling the capital of Cuzco and the large territory to the south, including the area around Lake Titicaca . This region had supplied large numbers of soldiers for Huáscar's forces. After a period of diplomatic posturing and jockeying for position, open warfare broke out. Huáscar seemed poised to bring

7636-696: Was by far the largest of the four grand pre-Columbian civilizations. Extending southward from the Ancomayo, which is now known as the Patía River , in southern present-day Colombia to the Maule River in what would later be known as Chile, and eastward from the Pacific Ocean to the edge of the Amazonian jungles , it covered some of the most mountainous terrains on Earth. In less than a century,

7728-407: Was devastating, and the shocked Incas offered such feeble resistance that the battle has often been labeled a massacre , with the 2,000 Incas slain and the Spanish with only one soldier wounded. Though the historical accounts relating to the circumstances vary, the true Spanish motives for the attack seemed to be a desire for loot and flat-out impatience. The Inca likely did not adequately understand

7820-433: Was done inside the palace of Francisco Pizarro in a fight to the death by these assassins, most of which were former soldiers of Diego de Almagro who were stripped of title and belongings after his death. Despite the war, the Spaniards did not neglect the colonizing process. Spanish royal authority on these territories was consolidated by the creation of an Audiencia Real , a type of appellate court . In January 1535, Lima

7912-433: Was fearful of what the newly arrived white men were capable of. If they were runa quicachac or "destroyers of peoples," then he should flee. If they were Viracocha Cuna Runa allichac or "gods who are benefactors of the people," then he should not flee, but welcome them. The messengers went back to Tangarala, and Atahualpa sent Cinquinchara, an Orejon warrior, to the Spanish to serve as an interpreter. After traveling with

8004-528: Was founded, from which the political and administrative institutions were to be organized. In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castile, that shortly after would be called Viceroyalty of Peru . Nevertheless, the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of a later Viceroy, Francisco de Toledo , in 1569. Toledo ended the indigenous Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, executing

8096-521: Was in Quito with the main body of the Inca army. Huáscar had himself proclaimed Sapa Inca (i.e. "Only Emperor") in Cuzco, but the army declared loyalty to Atahualpa. The resulting dispute led to the Inca Civil War . The civil war between Atahualpa and Huascar weakened the empire immediately prior to its struggle with the Spanish. Historians are unsure if a united Inca Empire would have defeated

8188-544: Was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas . After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 Spanish soldiers under conquistador Francisco Pizarro , along with his brothers in arms and their indigenous allies , captured the last Sapa Inca , Atahualpa , at the Battle of Cajamarca in 1532. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of

8280-528: Was recovered, probably at his prior request, and borne to its final resting place in Quito. Upon de Soto's return, he was furious; he had found no evidence of any secret gathering of Atahualpa's warriors. Pizarro advanced with his army of 500 Spaniards toward Cuzco , accompanied by Chalcuchimac. The latter was burned alive in the Jauja Valley, accused of secret communication with Quizquiz, and organizing resistance. Manco Inca Yupanqui joined Pizarro after

8372-526: Was the pastor. The systematic reconstruction was initiated in 1914 by parish priest Fr Paul. The façade was completed in 1921 under Father Barrier, a leading architect of religious buildings. Interior renovations began in 1928. The back of the presbytery includes Solomonic additions. The bell tower is modern and contains brass bells that can be heard for miles. In 1906, a chiming clock was incorporated under pastor Dr. Sixto G. Davila. Built in Gothic style,

8464-429: Was the sovereign prince. Atahualpa was forced to submit to baptism to avoid being burned at the stake and in the hopes of one day rejoining his army and killing the Spanish; they referred to him as Francisco for the purposes of the ritual. On 29 August 1533 the Spanish captors murdered Atahualpa by garrotting . He was buried with Christian rites in the church of San Francisco at Cajamarca, but was soon disinterred. His body

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