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73-664: Once invited, the new member undergoes an evaluation by the JCP Executive Committee, ensuring that they can effectively contribute to the Java Specification Requests (JSRs). These formal documents describe proposed specifications and technologies to be added to the Java platform . New members are encouraged to engage actively and play a crucial role in supporting the Java community and its releases. It

146-436: A Lisp macro system. Clojure is a Lisp-1 and is not intended to be code-compatible with other dialects of Lisp, since it uses its own set of data structures incompatible with other Lisps. Clojure advocates immutability and immutable data structures and encourages programmers to be explicit about managing identity and its states. This focus on programming with immutable values and explicit progression-of-time constructs

219-497: A reference implementation , which is a free implementation of the technology in source code form, and a Technology Compatibility Kit to verify the API specification. The JCP itself is described by a JSR. As of 2020, JSR 387 describes the current version (2.11) of the JCP. There are hundreds of JSRs. Some of the more visible JSRs include: The JCP's executive board has been characterized as

292-683: A trademark search revealed that Oak Technology used the name Oak . Sun priced Java licenses below cost to gain market share. Although Java 1.0a became available for download in 1994, the first public release of Java, Java 1.0a2 with the HotJava browser, came on May 23, 1995, announced by Gage at the SunWorld conference. Accompanying Gage's announcement, Marc Andreessen , Executive Vice President of Netscape Communications Corporation , unexpectedly announced that Netscape browsers would include Java support. On January 9, 1996, Sun Microsystems formed

365-446: A virtual machine ), a compiler and a set of libraries ; there may also be additional servers and alternative libraries that depend on the requirements. Java platforms have been implemented for a wide variety of hardware and operating systems with a view to enable Java programs to run identically on all of them. The Java platform consists of several programs, each of which provides a portion of its overall capabilities. For example,

438-883: A " rubber stamp organization " since Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems (the original developer of the Java language ). The Apache Software Foundation resigned its seat on the board in December 2010 because Oracle was unwilling to license the Technology Compatibility Kit for Apache's version of Java. Source: Credit Suisse Oracle Red Hat Credit Suisse Java (software platform) 21.0.5 LTS (October 15, 2024 ; 40 days ago  ( 2024-10-15 ) ) [±] 17.0.13 LTS (October 15, 2024 ; 40 days ago  ( 2024-10-15 ) ) [±] 11.0.25 LTS (October 15, 2024 ; 40 days ago  ( 2024-10-15 ) ) [±] Java

511-406: A Lisp dialect, Clojure supports functions as first-class objects , a read–eval–print loop (REPL), and a macro system. Clojure's Lisp macro system is very similar to that of Common Lisp with the exception that Clojure's version of the backquote (termed "syntax quote") qualifies symbols with their namespace . This helps prevent unintended name capture, as binding to namespace-qualified names

584-650: A challenging and error-prone task. The team also worried about the C++ language's lack of portable facilities for security, distributed programming , and threading . Finally, they wanted a platform that would port easily to all types of devices. Bill Joy had envisioned a new language combining Mesa and C. In a paper called Further , he proposed to Sun that its engineers should produce an object-oriented environment based on C++. Initially, Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ (a proposed development that he referred to as "C++ ++ --") but soon abandoned that in favor of creating

657-584: A half years working on Clojure before releasing it publicly in October 2007, much of that time working exclusively on Clojure with no outside funding. At the end of this time, Hickey sent an email announcing the language to some friends in the Common Lisp community. Clojure's name, according to Hickey, is a word play on the programming concept " closure " incorporating the letters C, L, and J for C# , Lisp , and Java respectively—three languages which had

730-407: A lot of leeway to implementors regarding the implementation details. Since Java 1.3, JRE from Oracle contains a JVM called HotSpot. It has been designed to be a high-performance JVM. To speed-up code execution, HotSpot relies on just-in-time compilation. To speed-up object allocation and garbage collection, HotSpot uses generational heap. The Java virtual machine heap is the area of memory used by

803-566: A major influence on Clojure's design. Rich Hickey developed Clojure because he wanted a modern Lisp for functional programming , symbiotic with the established Java platform, and designed for concurrency . He has also stressed the importance of simplicity in programming language design and software architecture, advocating for loose coupling , polymorphism via protocols and type classes instead of inheritance , stateless functions that are namespaced instead of methods or replacing syntax with data . Clojure's approach to state

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876-521: A new language, which he called Oak , after the tree that stood just outside his office. By the summer of 1992, the team could demonstrate portions of the new platform, including the Green OS , the Oak language, the libraries, and the hardware. Their first demonstration, on September 3, 1992, focused on building a personal digital assistant (PDA) device named Star7 that had a graphical interface and

949-615: A proposal for a set-top box platform. However, the cable industry felt that their platform gave too much control to the user, so Firstperson lost their bid to SGI . An additional deal with The 3DO Company for a set-top box also failed to materialize. Unable to generate interest within the television industry, the company was rolled back into Sun. In June and July 1994 – after three days of brainstorming with John Gage (the Director of Science for Sun), Gosling, Joy, Naughton, Wayne Rosing , and Eric Schmidt  –

1022-475: A short delay during loading and once they have "warmed up" by being all or mostly JIT-compiled, tend to run about as fast as native programs. Since JRE version 1.2, Sun's JVM implementation has included a just-in-time compiler instead of an interpreter. Although Java programs are cross-platform or platform independent, the code of the Java Virtual Machines (JVM) that execute these programs

1095-616: A small office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California . They aimed to develop new technology for programming next-generation smart appliances, which Sun expected to offer major new opportunities. The team originally considered using C++, but rejected it for several reasons. Because they were developing an embedded system with limited resources, they decided that C++ needed too much memory and that its complexity led to developer errors. The language's lack of garbage collection meant that programmers had to manually manage system memory,

1168-502: A smart agent called "Duke" to assist the user. In November of that year, the Green Project was spun off to become Firstperson , a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun Microsystems, and the team relocated to Palo Alto, California . The Firstperson team had an interest in building highly interactive devices, and when Time Warner issued a request for proposal (RFP) for a set-top box , Firstperson changed their target and responded with

1241-454: A standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks. Finally, when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a Java application expects, the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components, either by emulation to provide a substitute, or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature. The word "Java", alone, usually refers to Java programming language that

1314-538: A supported version. Oracle released the last free-for-commercial-use public update for the legacy Java 8 LTS in January 2019, and will continue to support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Oracle extended support for Java 6 ended in December 2018. The Java platform is a suite of programs that facilitate developing and running programs written in the Java programming language. A Java platform includes an execution engine (called

1387-537: A very simple memory model where objects are allocated on the heap (while some implementations e.g. all currently supported by Oracle, may use escape analysis optimization to allocate on the stack instead) and all variables of object types are references . Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM. The latest version is Java 22 released in March 2024, and

1460-460: Is a dynamic and functional dialect of the programming language Lisp on the Java platform. Like most other Lisps, Clojure's syntax is built on S-expressions that are first parsed into data structures by a Lisp reader before being compiled . Clojure's reader supports literal syntax for maps , sets, and vectors along with lists, and these are compiled to the mentioned structures directly. Clojure treats code as data and has

1533-489: Is a JIT (Just In Time) compiler within the Java Virtual Machine , or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time and caches the native code in memory during execution. The use of bytecode as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on any platform that has a virtual machine available. The use of a JIT compiler means that Java applications, after

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1606-610: Is a set of computer software and specifications that provides a software platform for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers . Java applets , which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages. Writing in

1679-443: Is characterized by the concept of identities, which are represented as a series of immutable states over time. Since states are immutable values, any number of workers can operate on them in parallel, and concurrency becomes a question of managing changes from one state to another. For this purpose, Clojure provides several mutable reference types , each having well-defined semantics for the transition between states. Clojure runs on

1752-526: Is essential that members possess expertise and in-depth technical knowledge, combined with strong professional experience, to significantly contribute to the growth and usage of the Java language . Membership for organizations and commercial entities requires annual fees, but it is free for individuals. JSRs undergo formal public reviews before becoming final, and the JCP Executive Committee votes on their approval. A finalized JSR provides

1825-439: Is forbidden. It is possible to force a capturing macro expansion, but it must be done explicitly. Clojure does not allow user-defined reader macros, but the reader supports a more constrained form of syntactic extension. Clojure supports multimethods and for interface -like abstractions has a protocol based polymorphism and data type system using records , providing high-performance and dynamic polymorphism designed to avoid

1898-551: Is intended to facilitate developing more robust, especially concurrent , programs that are simple and fast. While its type system is entirely dynamic , recent efforts have also sought the implementation of a dependent type system . The language was created by Rich Hickey in the mid-2000s, originally for the Java platform; the language has since been ported to other platforms, such as the Common Language Runtime (.NET). Hickey continues to lead development of

1971-853: Is not. Every supported operating platform has its own JVM. The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a distribution of Java technology by Oracle Corporation . It implements the Java Language Specification (JLS) and the Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS) and provides the Standard Edition (SE) of the Java Application Programming Interface (API). It is derivative of the community driven OpenJDK which Oracle stewards. It provides software for working with Java applications. Examples of included software are

2044-415: Is provided to simplify the programmer's job. This code is typically provided as a set of dynamically loadable libraries that applications can call at runtime. Because the Java platform is not dependent on any specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the pre-existing OS libraries. Instead, the Java platform provides a comprehensive set of its own standard class libraries containing many of

2117-454: Is similar in purpose to the JVM. Like the JVM, the CLR provides memory management through automatic garbage collection, and allows .NET byte code to run on multiple operating systems. .NET included a Java-like language first named J++ , then called Visual J# that was incompatible with the Java specification. It was discontinued 2007, and support for it ended in 2015. The JVM specification gives

2190-622: The recur keyword. For parallel and concurrent programming Clojure provides software transactional memory , a reactive agent system , and channel -based concurrent programming. Clojure 1.7 introduced reader conditionals by allowing the embedding of Clojure, ClojureScript and ClojureCLR code in the same namespace. Transducers were added as a method for composing transformations. Transducers enable higher-order functions such as map and fold to generalize over any source of input data. While traditionally these functions operate on sequences , transducers allow them to work on channels and let

2263-428: The .NET Framework , appearing since 2002, which incorporates many of the successful aspects of Java. .NET was built from the ground-up to support multiple programming languages, while the Java platform was initially built to support only the Java language, although many other languages have been made for JVM since. Like Java, .NET languages compile to byte code and are executed by the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which

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2336-424: The Java platform and as a result, integrates with Java and fully supports calling Java code from Clojure, and Clojure code can be called from Java, too. The community uses tools such as Clojure command-line interface (CLI) or Leiningen for project automation, providing support for Maven integration. These tools handle project package management and dependencies and are configured using Clojure syntax. As

2409-547: The Java compiler , which converts Java source code into Java bytecode (an intermediate language for the JVM), is provided as part of the Java Development Kit (JDK). The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), complementing the JVM with a just-in-time (JIT) compiler , converts intermediate bytecode into native machine code on the fly. The Java platform also includes an extensive set of libraries. The essential components in

2482-623: The Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine (JVM); byte code compilers are also available for other languages, including Ada , JavaScript , Kotlin (Google's preferred Android language), Python , and Ruby . In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM, including Clojure , Groovy , and Scala . Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++ , but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective-C . Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has

2555-523: The Oracle Solaris operating system and SPARC architecture. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) released by Oracle is a freely available software distribution containing a stand-alone JVM (HotSpot), the Java standard library ( Java Class Library ), a configuration tool, and—until its discontinuation in JDK 9—a browser plug-in. It is the most common Java environment installed on personal computers in

2628-418: The expression problem . Clojure has support for lazy sequences and encourages the principle of immutability and persistent data structures . As a functional language , emphasis is placed on recursion and higher-order functions instead of side-effect-based looping. Automatic tail call optimization is not supported as the JVM does not support it natively; it is possible to do so explicitly by using

2701-541: The for-each loop , generics , autoboxing and var-args . Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006) – Codename Mustang . It was bundled with a database manager and facilitates the use of scripting languages with the JVM (such as JavaScript using Mozilla 's Rhino engine). As of this version, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with Java SE and dropped the ".0" from the version number. Other major changes include support for pluggable annotations ( JSR 269 ), many GUI improvements, including native UI enhancements to support

2774-546: The "JVM Ecosystem Report 2018" (which was claimed to be "the largest survey ever of Java developers"), that was prepared in collaboration by Snyk and Java Magazine, ranked Clojure as the 2nd most used programming language on the JVM for "main applications". Clojure is used in industry by firms such as Apple , Atlassian , Funding Circle , Netflix , Nubank , Puppet , and Walmart as well as government agencies such as NASA . It has also been used for creative computing, including visual art, music, games, and poetry. In

2847-413: The 2023 edition of Stack Overflow Developer Survey, Clojure was the fourth most admired in the category of programming and scripting languages, with 68.51% of the respondents who have worked with it last year saying they would like to continue using it. In the desired category, however it was marked as such by only 2.2% of the surveyed, whereas the highest scoring JavaScript was desired by 40.15% of

2920-530: The C++/ C programming languages. Engineer Patrick Naughton had become increasingly frustrated with the state of Sun's C++ and C application programming interfaces (APIs) and tools, as well as with the way the NeWS project was handled by the organization. Naughton informed Scott McNealy about his plan of leaving Sun and moving to NeXT ; McNealy asked him to pretend he was God and send him an e-mail explaining how to fix

2993-462: The Clojure JIRA project page. Anyone can ask questions or submit issues and ideas at ask.clojure.org. If it's determined that a new issue warrants a JIRA ticket, a core team member will triage it and add it. JIRA issues are processed by a team of screeners and finally approved by Rich Hickey. With continued interest in functional programming, Clojure's adoption by software developers using

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3066-408: The JVM for dynamic memory allocation . In HotSpot the heap is divided into generations : The permanent generation (or permgen ) was used for class definitions and associated metadata prior to Java 8. Permanent generation was not part of the heap. The permanent generation was removed from Java 8. Originally there was no permanent generation, and objects and classes were stored together in

3139-436: The JVM specification. (Instead, Google 's Android development tools take Java programs as input and output Dalvik bytecode, which is the native input format for the virtual machine on Android devices.) The last Critical Path Update version of JRE with an Oracle BCL Agreement was 8u201 and, the last Patch Set Update version with the same license was 8u202. The last Oracle JRE implementation, regardless of its licensing scheme,

3212-476: The Java Virtual Machine as separate entities, so that they are no longer considered a single unit. Third parties have produced many compilers or interpreters that target the JVM. Some of these are for existing languages, while others are for extensions to the Java language. These include: The success of Java and its write once, run anywhere concept has led to other similar efforts, notably

3285-545: The Java libraries provide the programmer a well-known set of functions to perform common tasks, such as maintaining lists of items or performing complex string parsing. Second, the class libraries provide an abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system. Tasks such as network access and file access are often heavily intertwined with the distinctive implementations of each platform. The java.net and java.io libraries implement an abstraction layer in native OS code, then provide

3358-433: The Java platform has continued to increase. The language has also been recommended by software developers such as Brian Goetz, Eric Evans, James Gosling , Paul Graham , and Robert C. Martin . ThoughtWorks , while assessing functional programming languages for their Technology Radar, described Clojure as "a simple, elegant implementation of Lisp on the JVM" in 2010 and promoted its status to "ADOPT" in 2012. In

3431-634: The Java platform. The Java Language Specification (JLS) specifies the language; changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901. Sun released JDK 1.1 on February 19, 1997. Major additions included an extensive retooling of the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) event model, inner classes added to the language, JavaBeans , and Java Database Connectivity (JDBC). J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998) – Codename Playground . This and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded Java 2 and

3504-526: The Java virtual machine, a compiler, performance monitoring tools, a debugger, and other utilities that Oracle considers useful for Java programmers. Oracle releases the current version of the software under the Oracle No-Fee Terms and Conditions (NFTC) license. Oracle releases binaries for the x86-64 architecture for Windows, macOS, and Linux based operating systems, and for the aarch64 architecture for macOS and Linux. Previous versions supported

3577-529: The JavaSoft group to develop the technology. While the so-called Java applets for web browsers no longer are the most popular use of Java (with it e.g. more used server-side) or the most popular way to run code client-side (JavaScript took over as more popular), it still is possible to run Java (or other JVM languages such as Kotlin) in web browsers, even after JVM support has been dropped from them, using e.g. TeaVM . On November 13, 2006, Sun Microsystems made

3650-560: The Project Nashorn JavaScript runtime, a new Date and Time API inspired by Joda Time, and the removal of PermGen. This version is not officially supported on the Windows XP platform, but is known to work there. Thus, due to the end of Java 7's lifecycle it is the recommended version for XP users. Previously, only an unofficial manual installation method had been described for Windows XP SP3. It refers to JDK8,

3723-722: The bulk of its implementation of Java available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The Java language has undergone several changes since the release of JDK ( Java Development Kit ) 1.0 on January 23, 1996, as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library . Since J2SE 1.4 the Java Community Process (JCP) has governed the evolution of the Java Language. The JCP uses Java Specification Requests (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to

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3796-548: The company. Naughton envisioned the creation of a small team that could work autonomously without the bureaucracy that was stalling other Sun projects. McNealy forwarded the message to other important people at Sun, and the Stealth Project started. The Stealth Project was soon renamed to the Green Project , with James Gosling and Mike Sheridan joining Naughton. Together with other engineers, they began work in

3869-705: The core classes. A Java Plug-in was released, and Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time. J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000) – Codename Kestrel . Notable changes included the bundling of the HotSpot JVM (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April, 1999 for the J2SE ;1.2 JVM), JavaSound , Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) and Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA). J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002) – Codename Merlin . This became

3942-642: The developing platform for Java that also includes a fully functioning Java Runtime Environment . Java 8 is supported on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows Vista SP2 and Windows 7 SP1, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and higher (and some other OSes). Java SE 9 and 10 have higher system requirements, i.e. Windows 7 or Server 2012 (and web browser minimum certified is upped to Internet Explorer 11 or other web browsers), and Oracle dropped 32-bit compatibility for all platforms, i.e. only Oracle's " 64-bit Java virtual machines (JVMs) are certified". Clojure Clojure ( / ˈ k l oʊ ʒ ər / , like closure )

4015-576: The discontinuation of the Java browser plug-in, any web page might have potentially run a Java applet, which provided an easily accessible attack surface to malicious web sites. In 2013 Kaspersky Labs reported that the Java plug-in was the method of choice for computer criminals. Java exploits are included in many exploit packs that hackers deploy onto hacked web sites. Java applets were removed in Java 11, released on September 25, 2018. The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems in December 1990, providing an alternative to

4088-575: The first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included regular expressions modeled after Perl , exception chaining , an integrated XML parser and XSLT processor ( JAXP ), and Java Web Start . J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004) – Codename Tiger . It was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. Developed under JSR 176, Tiger added several significant new language features including

4161-539: The language as its benevolent dictator for life . Rich Hickey is the creator of the Clojure language. Before Clojure, he developed dotLisp , a similar project based on the .NET platform, and three earlier attempts to provide interoperability between Lisp and Java : a Java foreign language interface for Common Lisp ( jfli ), A Foreign Object Interface for Lisp (FOIL), and a Lisp-friendly interface to Java Servlets (Lisplets). Hickey spent about two and

4234-526: The laptop and desktop form factor . Mobile phones including feature phones and early smartphones that ship with a JVM are most likely to include a JVM meant to run applications targeting Micro Edition of the Java platform. Meanwhile, most modern smartphones, tablet computers , and other handheld PCs that run Java apps are most likely to do so through support of the Android operating system , which includes an open source virtual machine incompatible with

4307-832: The latest long-term support (LTS) version is Java 21 released in September 2023, which is one of a few LTS versions still supported, down to Java 8 LTS. As an open source platform, Java has many distributors, including Amazon , IBM , Azul Systems , and AdoptOpenJDK . Distributions include Amazon Corretto, Zulu, AdoptOpenJDK, and Liberica. Regarding Oracle, it distributes Java 8, and also makes available e.g. Java 11, both also currently supported LTS versions. Oracle (and others) "highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java" than Java 8, because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues. Since Java 9 (as well as versions 10, and 12–16, and 18–20) are no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to "immediately transition" to

4380-506: The look and feel of Windows Vista , and improvements to the Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA) & JVM Tool Interface for better monitoring and troubleshooting. Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011) – Codename Dolphin . This version developed under JSR 336. It added many small language changes including strings in switch, try-with-resources and type inference for generic instance creation. The JVM

4453-499: The others avoids relying on either convention or context to convey elements not included in the base set. The primary platform of Clojure is Java , but other target implementations exist. The most notable of these is ClojureScript, which compiles to ECMAScript 3, and ClojureCLR, a full port on the .NET platform, interoperable with its ecosystem. Other implementations of Clojure on different platforms include: Tooling for Clojure development has seen significant improvement over

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4526-458: The platform are the Java language compiler, the libraries, and the runtime environment in which Java intermediate bytecode executes according to the rules laid out in the virtual machine specification. Different platforms target different classes of device and application domains : Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE

4599-495: The same area. But as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected, moving class structures to a specific area allowed significant performance improvements. The Java JRE is installed on a large number of computers. End users with an out-of-date version of JRE therefore are vulnerable to many known attacks. This led to the widely shared belief that Java is inherently insecure. Since Java 1.7, Oracle's JRE for Windows includes automatic update functionality. Before

4672-469: The same reusable functions commonly found in modern operating systems. Most of the system library is also written in Java. For instance, the Swing library paints the user interface and handles the events itself, eliminating many subtle differences between how different platforms handle components. The Java class libraries serve three purposes within the Java platform. First, like other standard code libraries,

4745-531: The team re-targeted the platform for the World Wide Web . They felt that with the advent of graphical web browsers like Mosaic the Internet could evolve into the same highly interactive medium that they had envisioned for cable TV. As a prototype, Naughton wrote a small browser, WebRunner (named after the movie Blade Runner ), renamed HotJava in 1995. Sun renamed the Oak language to Java after

4818-429: The use of tags , which consist of the character # followed by a symbol. When encountering a tag, the reader passes the value of the next element to the corresponding handler, which returns a data value. For example, this could be a tagged element: #myapp/Person {:first "Fred" :last "Mertz"} , whose interpretation will depend on the appropriate handler of the reader. This definition of extension elements in terms of

4891-498: The user define their own models for transduction. Extensible Data Notation , or edn , is a subset of the Clojure language intended as a data transfer format. It can be used to serialize and deserialize Clojure data structures, and Clojure itself uses a superset of edn to represent programs. edn is used in a similar way to JSON or XML , but has a relatively large list of built-in elements, shown here with examples: In addition to those elements, it supports extensibility through

4964-416: The version name "J2SE" ( Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition ) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE ( Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition ) and J2ME ( Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition ). Major additions included reflection , a collections framework, Java IDL (an interface description language implementation for CORBA interoperability), and the integration of the Swing graphical API into

5037-495: The years. The following is a list of some popular IDEs and text editors with plug-ins that add support for programming in Clojure: In addition to the tools provided by the community, the official Clojure command-line interface (CLI) tools have also become available on Linux , macOS , and Windows since Clojure 1.9. The development process is restricted to the Clojure core team, though issues are publicly visible at

5110-404: Was 9.0.4. Since Java Platform SE 9, the whole platform also was grouped into modules . The modularization of Java SE implementations allows developers to bundle their applications together with all the modules used by them, instead of solely relying on the presence of a suitable Java SE implementation in the user device. In most modern operating systems (OSs), a large body of reusable code

5183-472: Was designed for use with the Java platform. Programming languages are typically outside of the scope of the phrase "platform", although the Java programming language was listed as a core part of the Java platform before Java 7. The language and runtime were therefore commonly considered a single unit. However, an effort was made with the Java ;7 specification to more clearly treat the Java language and

5256-620: Was extended with support for dynamic languages, while the class library was extended among others with a join/fork framework, an improved new file I/O library and support for new network protocols such as SCTP . Java 7 Update 76 was released in January 2015, with expiration date April 14, 2015. In June 2016, after the last public update of Java 7, " remotely exploitable " security bugs in Java 6, 7, and 8 were announced. Java SE 8 (March 18, 2014) – Codename Kenai . Notable changes include language-level support for lambda expressions ( closures ) and default methods,

5329-417: Was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). The heart of the Java platform is the "virtual machine" that executes Java bytecode programs. This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware or operating system the program is running under. However, new versions, such as for Java 10 (and earlier), have made small changes, meaning the bytecode is in general only forward compatible . There

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