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50-536: The first permanent structure was constructed in Jackson in 1842. In 1926, the prison was relocated to a new building, and soon became the largest walled prison in the world with nearly 6,000 inmates. The prison was renamed the State Prison of Southern Michigan in 1935. Beginning in 1988, the prison was carved up into several correctional facilities. The Southern Michigan Correctional Facility (JMF), which contained

100-596: A bicycle cooperative . The first prison was built in Jackson, Michigan , and became the original nucleus of the city. The enclosed area of the old prison was about 20 acres (81,000 m). Almost from the beginning, the old prison was chronically overcrowded. In 1876, the problem was mitigated when new prisons were erected in Marquette and Ionia ; this only somewhat eased the overcrowding. Throughout its history, new buildings were added continuously. At its peak capacity,

150-416: A bicycle cooperatives takes the form of a retail cooperative , it often takes the form of multiple businesses within the industry coming together to achieve economies of scale to compete with big-box brands, department stores and direct-to-consumer bike sales. Retailers' cooperatives are governed by democratic member control, which generally means one vote per member. For many retailer co-ops, however, it

200-525: A change in the parole system, better living conditions and guarantee of no reprisals and other concessions in the exchange for their surrender. Frisbie led the negotiations and finally helped to secure all hostages and establish order again. Frisbie died of a heart attack on April 28, 1963, at Oak Knoll Naval Hospital and is buried together with his wife, Antoinette L. Frisbie (1896–1994) at Golden Gate National Cemetery in San Bruno, California . Here

250-423: A guard and used his keys to release the other inmates in their wing. Damaging several wings and using the canteen for food, they held nine guards hostage at knifepoint for five days. The rioters wanted Prison Warden - retired Marine Corps General, Julian N. Frisbie , to agree to a list of eleven demands and that these be published in the local newspaper, and also asked for a personal guarantee of an investigation into

300-399: A number of modular housing units. That disturbance was quelled in late afternoon, and the facility was locked down for two months. As a result of the riot, two corrections officers and the deputy warden at the prison were fired. Also, fourteen corrections officers were suspended for their actions during the riot. The deputy dismissed was Willie Cason, deputy warden of the northside unit. He

350-621: A one-year membership, including unlimited shop time, even after it began paying rent. The cost of new or used parts is usually added to the shop fee, but is typically substantially below retail prices. Some workshops stock new items such as brake pads, inner tubes, cables and housing, and bearings, for example. Parts may be sourced from public donations. Children's bikes are often donated when they are outgrown, and abandoned bikes are sometimes obtained through partnerships with police departments (evidence control), street cleaning firms, or from large institutions such as schools and universities. When

400-519: A regionally sorted list of hundreds of co-ops scattered across a few dozen countries. Bike co-ops are some of the most historical and long standing co-ops, for example, Edinburgh Bicycle Co-operative is the longest established worker co-operative in Scotland. A cooperative for American independent bicycle dealers was established in 2003 as "The Biking Solution". Now called The Bike Cooperative , this retailers' cooperative has 300+ members across

450-610: A set fee of between US$ 5 and US$ 20 per hour. Some bike co-ops will waive the fees for low-income users. Bike Pirates in Toronto , and Bike Again! in Halifax, are examples of co-ops which use a pay what you want strategy. They request that each user make a donation. Co-ops with lower overhead costs are often more relaxed about cost recovery. For example, one co-op inside an Australian "community environment park" existed rent-free until recently. That co-op continued to charge just US$ 8 for

500-496: Is an increase in votes based on business size, up to a certain point, say five or ten votes. This way, there is a varying degree of representation for member businesses, but no one member can gain too much control. In order to lower costs, retailers' cooperatives establish central buying locations, providing them with the opportunity to purchase in bulk. Retailers' cooperatives also engage in group advertising and promotion, uniform stock merchandising, and private branding. The aim of

550-406: Is closely based on the Jackson riot. In 1975 inmate Dale Remling attempted a daring escape from the prison by flying out of the prison in a helicopter . Morris Colosky, a friend of Remling's, paid helicopter pilot Richard Jackson to fly him from Plymouth to Lansing. Five minutes into the flight, he pulled a knife on the pilot and told him to change his course and head towards Jackson . They flew to

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600-417: Is difficult to achieve a democratic standard. Since the members are businesses rather than individuals, offering one vote per member will leave the larger member businesses underrepresented. If the number of votes is based on the size of the business, there is a risk of all smaller businesses within the cooperative being outvoted by a larger business. A democratic solution that many retailers' cooperatives employ

650-824: Is the ribbon bar of Brigadier General Julian N. Frisbie: The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Colonel Julian N. Frisbie (MCSN: 0-313), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service while serving as commanding officer of the Seventh Marines (Reinforced), FIRST Marine Division, serving with the SIXTH United States Army, during action against enemy Japanese forces at Cape Gloucester, New Britain, from 26 December 1943 to 16 January 1944. After his regiment had made

700-625: The 7th Marine Regiment . His regiment was sent to Australia for rest and refit after heavy fighting at Solomon Islands . Frisbie commanded the regiment during the next few months of intensive training and preparation for new deployment. During his time in Australia, he was promoted to the rank of colonel in October 1943. Weeks later, he led his regiment during the bloody Battle of Cape Gloucester in New Britain . Colonel Frisbie commanded

750-554: The army and with Order of the Cloud and Banner, 5th Grade by the Government of Republic of China . He commanded 5th Marines until October 15, 1945, when he was transferred to the staff of 1st Marine Division and appointed its chief of staff . Frisbie returned to 5th Marines on July 16, 1946, and commanded this regiment until the end of May 1947, when it was ordered to Guam and reassigned to 1st Provisional Marine Brigade under

800-587: The 141st Japanese Regiment (Reinforced), was accomplished. Colonel Frisbie's gallant devotion to duty throughout this period was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Lieutenant Colonel Julian N. Frisbie (MCSN: 0-313), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as executive officer of

850-897: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , 1st Marine Division was deployed to the South Pacific , and Frisbie himself was appointed regimental executive officer in February 1942. Frisbie served in this capacity with distinction during the Guadalcanal Campaign , and for his efforts and gallantry in action during the defense combat in Lunga Area in late 1942, Frisbie was decorated with the Silver Star . He remained in this capacity until June 22, 1943, when he relieved Colonel Amor L. Sims as commanding officer of

900-868: The Sea School Detachment within the San Diego base. He was later appointed base adjutant under the command of Major General Douglas C. McDougal . Frisbie was transferred to the Paymaster Department within Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C. , in January 1938. Promotion to major became effective in March 1938, and Frisbie was appointed post paymaster at Marine Barracks Parris Island , South Carolina , at

950-677: The Seventh Marines, FIRST Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces at Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, during the period September to December, 1942. When a large Japanese force attacked the defensive lines of a sector under his command in the Lunga Area, Lieutenant Colonel Frisbie, on the front line of his forces, tirelessly worked to replenish dwindling ammunition supplies in the forward area, obtain necessary artillery support, and direct timely reinforcements. By his determined efforts and heroic disregard for his own personal safety, he enabled his men to repulse repeated enemy attacks during

1000-739: The United States, one of the earliest and longest continuous running co-op is BICAS in Tucson, Arizona, founded in 1994 (named changed to BICAS in 1996.) Later, some bike co-ops were founded in the western US. Examples include the Salt Lake City Bicycle Collective in Utah, founded 2002, and the Bike Kitchen, founded in 2003 in San Francisco. Bike co-ops can be found worldwide. The Bike Collective Network includes

1050-473: The cell blocks at the prison and set fire to many parts of the prison. Two hundred corrections officers and 165 local law enforcement officers worked to keep the riot under control. When it was finally ended without loss of life, the riot had lasted for almost 11 hours. The prison was locked down over the weekend, but once the lock down was lifted, prisoners from the North complex of the facility rioted, burning down

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1100-499: The city in Blackman Township . In 1926, 625 prisoners were moved from the old prison to cell block one of the new penitentiary. The name of the prison was changed to the State Prison of Southern Michigan in 1935. The new prison was built on 3,469 acres (14.04 km) with an enclosed area of 57.6 acres (233,000 m). The prison was enclosed by a concrete wall that was 33.9 feet (10.3 m) high. The wall stretched around

1150-617: The command of Brigadier General Edward A. Craig . Frisbie was subsequently appointed 1st Brigade chief of staff on June 1, 1947. After spending almost three months in this capacity, Frisbie returned to the United States in August 1947 and was appointed commanding officer of the Portsmouth Naval Disciplinary Barracks . He finally retired from the Marine Corps on November 1, 1948, and was advanced to

1200-559: The complaints by the Governor of Michigan , G. Mennen Williams . In all, 2,600 inmates participated, doing $ 2.5 million ($ 28,700,000 in current dollar terms) worth of damage. The episode came to an end when officials agreed to publication, to allow outside inspectors and not to punish the participants. However, the leaders were eventually indicted for conspiracy and the demands remained largely unmet. The 1954 film Riot in Cell Block 11

1250-497: The conditions Souders went through were "torture." Bicycle cooperative A bicycle cooperative ("bike co-op") can take the many forms of the cooperative model. These often include co-ops composed of businesses to achieve economies of scale ( retail cooperative ), co-ops managed by those who work at the business ( worker cooperative ), and bicycle co-ops owned and managed by the cyclists that use their services ( consumers' co-operative ). To date, many bicycle co-ops have taken

1300-586: The cooperative is to improve buying conditions for its members, which are retail businesses in this case. The incentive to remain in the cooperative is largely due to the profits that members gain. An early bike co-op was the Fahrrad.Selbsthilfe.Werkstatt, founded in 1983 in a formerly squatted factory in Vienna , Austria. Another early co-op was "P'tit vélo dans la tête", founded in Grenoble, France, in 1994. In

1350-539: The country. Julian N. Frisbie Julian Neil Frisbie (November 30, 1894 – April 28, 1963) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general , who is most noted for his service as commanding officer of the 7th Marine Regiment during the Battle of Cape Gloucester and later as warden of Southern Michigan Prison during 1952 riots. Frisbie

1400-681: The end of February 1919. During his time in Dominican Republic, Frisbie was transferred to the staff of the 2nd Provisional Marine Brigade, where he was appointed aide to the commanding general, Brigadier General Logan Feland . He returned to the United States in July 1921 and subsequently was appointed officer in charge of the Marine Corps Recruiting Station in Cincinnati , Ohio . While serving there, he

1450-448: The entire prison, with parts joined at the ends of the cell houses. There were 12 watch towers and 16 cellblocks. Inmates were housed in 2,090 inside cells, 2,072 medium security cells, 1,312 outside cells, and 268 quarantine and detention cells, for a total of 5,742 cells. All of the cells were 10 feet (3.0 m) long, by 6 feet (1.8 m) wide, by 7 1 ⁄ 2 feet high. In April 1952, two maximum-security prisoners overpowered

1500-408: The first year after the prison was opened, 35 inmates were admitted, of whom seven managed to escape over the walls. The first mass break happened in 1840. Ten convicts overpowered two of the guards and broke free from the prison walls. They fled to Spring Arbor where they ran into a farmer, James Videto. He attempted to stop them, but the inmates took Videto's shotgun, beat him with it and left him on

1550-424: The form of community bike shops and cooperatives organized to give the local bike shop national scale and buying power. As a consumers' co-operative , community bike cooperatives are organized and owned by the cyclists who use them. Members often receive exclusive access and benefits to service and sales. Shop time is considered to be the use of the bike co-op's space and tools . Some bike co-ops charge users

Michigan State Prison - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-521: The heart of the 1926 prison structure, was finally closed on November 17, 2007. [1] After JMF was closed, much of the prison remains open however, 7 Block, which used to be quarantine, has been closed and changed into a prison museum and was open to the public for tours. The museum was maintained as a part of Ella Sharp Museum and has since been closed. [2] The original 1842 site was used as a Michigan National Guard armory for some time, and now houses residential apartments as well as several art galleries and

1650-579: The initial landing and secured the Division beachhead in the vicinity of Borgen Bay, Colonel Frisbie, maintaining continuous pressure on the enemy, advanced the troops of his command steadily until the assigned sector was entirely secured. Although his Command Post was constantly harassed by Japanese small-arms fire, Colonel Frisbie daily traversed the front lines within the dense and treacherous jungle and, by his brilliant fearless leadership, inspired his command to such valiant effort that virtual annihilation of

1700-531: The initial landing and securing of the beachhead and later defeated Japanese 141st Infantry Regiment. For his actions during the battle, he was decorated with the Navy Cross . He was relieved by Colonel Herman H. Hanneken on 20 February 1944 and sent back to the United States and assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps . Following one month of duties there, he was transferred to San Diego , where he

1750-451: The prison and landed in the yard where they picked up Remling. They then flew six miles (10 km) away to where two getaway cars were located. Once on the ground, Remling sprayed mace in the pilot's eyes to disable him, but he still managed to fly the helicopter and follow one of the cars while radioing for help. The car was caught by police only a few minutes later. The original escapee got away but surrendered himself to authorities over

1800-564: The prison housed around 2,200 inmates in four cell blocks and a dormitory. In the older blocks, the cells were very small at only 7 feet (2.1 m) long, by 3 1 ⁄ 3 feet wide, by 6 1 ⁄ 2 feet high. In the newer blocks built in 1904, the cells measured 9 feet (2.7 m) × 5 1 ⁄ 2 feet × 7 feet (2.1 m). Women prisoners were confined at the Michigan State Prison up until 1852; there had been 10 female prisoners committed up until that date. During

1850-633: The rank of brigadier general on the retired list for having been specially commended in combat. Following his retirement from the Marine Corps, Frisbie was appointed warden of the Southern Michigan Prison in Jackson, Michigan . The position very similar to his last one in the Marine Corps. In April 1952, two prisoners from the maximum-security prison wing overpowered a guard and released other inmates in their cell block. They took 10 guards as hostages, and after damaging several prison wings they demanded an end to alleged guard's brutality,

1900-843: The rebel forces of Augusto César Sandino . For his service during the combat around the village of Santa María , he was decorated with the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit with Star and Diploma. Frisbie returned to the United States in March 1930 and was assigned to the Marine barracks within Naval Air Station Pensacola , Florida . After two years of service there, he attended the Company Officers's course at Marine Corps School at Quantico Base in June 1932. After his graduation, Frisbie

1950-483: The riot lasted for six days. On the sixth day, the 90 or so inmates who were leading the riot were beaten and the riot eventually came to an end, but not until after the governor had called in the National Guard . Despite additions to the old prison, it was evident that eventually a new prison would need to be built. In 1924, a new prison with a capacity of 5,280 inmates was built three miles (5 km) north of

2000-412: The road. After a few days, George Norton, the leader of the escape, was killed by another farmer. All but two of the rest of the convicts were eventually caught. On September 1, 1912, a riot that is described by many as the worst riot in the prison's history began. The first sign of trouble was when inmates started throwing plates against the walls of the dining halls. Many fights followed after this and

2050-408: The same time. In April 1941, Major Frisbie was assigned to the 1st Marine Division located at Marine Barracks New River , North Carolina under the command of Major General Holland Smith . He was subsequently appointed commanding officer of the 3rd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment . During his service in this capacity, Frisbie was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in July 1941. Following

Michigan State Prison - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-408: The soft restraints three days later, prison guards restrained him on a concrete slab. Souders went through the days being restrained in a cell lying naked in his own urine with temperatures rising higher than 100 degrees. After the incident, prison officials made a change to restraint policies so that misbehaving inmates could only be shackled for a maximum of six hours. A federal judge later said that

2150-436: The weekend at a bar just north of Jackson. On May 22, 1981, prisoners assaulted and seriously injured two corrections officers in Cell Block 4. The following morning, staff requested a shakedown of the facility. The administration refused and staff initiated an unauthorized lockdown. Those prisoners that had not been secured rebelled at 10:00 in the morning. Around 800 inmates from the maximum-security block took over two of

2200-594: Was appointed commanding officer of the Training Camp within Camp Pendleton . Colonel Frisbie was assigned back to his well-known 1st Marine Division in June 1945. He was appointed commanding officer of the 5th Marine Regiment on June 25 and led his regiment to Tianjin , China . For his part in the occupation of North China , Frisbie was decorated with the Legion of Merit and Commendation Medal by

2250-599: Was born on November 30, 1894, in Virden, Illinois . He attended Illinois College in Jacksonville, Illinois , and graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1917. Frisbie enlisted in the Marine Corps in June 1917 and quickly reached the rank of sergeant . He was subsequently appointed drill instructor at a training center within Marine Barracks Parris Island , South Carolina , and

2300-607: Was decorated with the Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal for his service there. In August 1918, Frisbie was assigned to the Officer Candidates School at Marine Barracks Quantico , Virginia . He graduated from the officer's course on December 15, 1918, and was commissioned second lieutenant on the same date. His first assignment as an officer was with 15th Marine Regiment , which was sent to suppress rebels in Dominican Republic at

2350-600: Was dismissed because it was discovered that he had prior knowledge that the riot might happen after the earlier riot. In 2006, an inmate's death at the Southern Michigan Correctional Facility gained national attention. Timothy Joe Souders died on August 6, 2006, after spending four days in a segregation cell. Souders, who suffered from a severe mental disorder, was originally transferred to the segregation cell and placed in soft restraints on July 31 for disobeying orders. After he broke out of

2400-577: Was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant on October 21, 1922. Frisbie was transferred to the Marine detachment aboard submarine tender USS Savannah in June 1924 and participated in the cruise to the Gulf of Mexico and later to Hawaii . In April 1925, his detachment was transferred to another submarine tender, USS Camden , and he served with this ship within East Coast of the United States . Frisbie served with USS Camden until May 1926, when he

2450-502: Was transferred back to Marine Barracks Quantico , Virginia . He subsequently served there on the staff of the commanding general of Marine Corps Expeditionary Force and participated in the Fleet exercises at Guantanamo Bay , Cuba . After return from Cuba, Frisbie served at Quantico Base as assistant to the athletic officer. He was subsequently assigned again to the 2nd Provisional Marine Brigade and sailed for Nicaragua , where he fought

2500-496: Was transferred to the Marine Corps Base San Diego , California , and after a brief period of service, he was assigned to Marine detachment aboard the cruiser USS Louisville . While serving there, he was promoted to the rank of captain and transferred to the battleship USS Colorado . Frisbie was back at Marine Base San Diego in June 1935, and, due to his experiences at sea, he was appointed commander of

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