44-606: Jacksonian may refer to: Jacksonian democracy , American political philosophy Jacksonian seizure , in neurology Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jacksonian . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacksonian&oldid=1169544533 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
88-476: A state legislature , and state courts , including a state supreme court (a few states have two high courts, one for civil cases, the other for criminal cases). They also provide general governmental framework for what each branch is supposed to do and how it should go about doing it. Additionally, many other provisions may be included. Many state constitutions, unlike the federal constitution, also begin with an invocation of God . Some states allow amendments to
132-523: A description of organic instruments with respect to additional territory. Constitutions of states that were independent countries prior to admission, and constitutions used by rebelling states participating in the American Civil War are not counted. The District of Columbia has a charter similar to charters of major cities, instead of having a constitution like the states and territories. The District of Columbia Home Rule Act establishes
176-845: A few opponents led by Andrew Johnson . In the North, Jacksonians Martin Van Buren, Stephen A. Douglas and the War Democrats fiercely opposed secession, while Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan and the Copperheads did not. In addition to Jackson, his second Vice President and one of the key organizational leaders of the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Martin Van Buren , served as president. He helped shape modern presidential campaign organizations and methods. Van Buren
220-471: A more active government. However, Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform and the establishment of a public education system. For instance, they believed that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools. Jackson looked at the Indian question in terms of military and legal policy, not as
264-678: A network of factions called the National Republicans , but he was defeated by Jackson. By the late 1830s, the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs —a fusion of the National Republicans and other anti-Jackson parties—politically battled it out nationally and in every state. The spirit of Jacksonian democracy animated the party that formed around him, from the early 1830s to the 1850s, shaping the era, with
308-472: A number of federal institutions. Originating with the seventh U.S. president , Andrew Jackson and his supporters, it became the nation's dominant political worldview for a generation. The term itself was in active use by the 1830s. This era, called the Jacksonian Era or Second Party System by historians and political scientists , lasted roughly from Jackson's 1828 presidential election until
352-459: A problem due to their race. In 1813, Jackson adopted and treated as his own son a three-year-old Indian orphan—seeing in him a fellow orphan that was "so much like myself I feel an unusual sympathy for him". In legal terms, when it became a matter of state sovereignty versus tribal sovereignty he went with the states and forced the Indians to fresh lands with no white rivals in what became known as
396-567: A result which the Jacksonians celebrated. Jacksonian democracy also promoted the strength of the presidency and the executive branch at the expense of Congress , while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government. The Jacksonians demanded elected, not appointed, judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values . In national terms, they favored geographical expansionism , justifying it in terms of manifest destiny . Jackson's expansion of democracy
440-471: A strong supporter of Jackson, became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, but by then Jacksonian democracy had been pushed off the stage of American politics. Notes Bibliography State constitution (United States) ( Alabama to Missouri , Montana to Wyoming ) In the United States, each state has its own written constitution. They are much longer than
484-440: A wide array of issues deemed by the states to be of sufficient importance to be included in the constitution rather than in an ordinary statute. Often modeled after the federal Constitution, they outline the structure of the state government and typically establish a bill of rights , an executive branch headed by a governor (and often one or more other officials , such as a lieutenant governor and state attorney general ),
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#1732764938557528-464: A wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society. They viewed a central government as the enemy of individual liberty and they believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special-interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich. They sought to restore the independence of the individual—the artisan and
572-403: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jacksonian democracy Anti-corruption Anti- elitism Civic engagement Classical liberalism Jeffersonianism Jacksonian democracy was a 19th-century political philosophy in the United States that expanded suffrage to most white men over the age of 21 and restructured
616-569: The Council of the District of Columbia , which governs the entire district and has certain devolved powers similar to those of major cities. Congress has full authority over the district and may amend the charter and any legislation enacted by the Council. Attempts at statehood for the District of Columbia have included the drafting of three constitutions in 1982 1987, and 2016 all referring to
660-836: The Democratic Party , particularly as led by Andrew Jackson , who was president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. American historian James Schouler called Jackson's political alliance "the Jackson Democracy" in his 1889 History of the United States Under the Constitution , and in 1890 future president Theodore Roosevelt called the antebellum Democratic Party "the Jacksonian Democracy". Later historians, including Frederick Jackson Turner and William MacDonald , generalized
704-627: The First Party System were dead and with no effective opposition, the old Democratic-Republican Party withered away. Every state had numerous political factions, but they did not cross state lines. Political coalitions formed and dissolved and politicians moved in and out of alliances. More former Democratic-Republicans supported Jackson, while others such as Henry Clay opposed him. More former Federalists, such as Daniel Webster , opposed Jackson, although some like James Buchanan supported him. In 1828, John Quincy Adams pulled together
748-629: The National Republican Party , which would afterward combine with other anti-Jackson political groups to form the Whig Party . Broadly speaking, the era was characterized by a democratic spirit. It built upon Jackson's equal political policy, subsequent to ending what he termed a monopoly of government by elites . Even before the Jacksonian era began, suffrage had been extended to a majority of white male adult citizens,
792-637: The Trail of Tears . Among the leading followers was Stephen A. Douglas , senator from Illinois, who was the key player in the passage of the Compromise of 1850 , and was a leading contender for the 1852 Democratic presidential nomination . According to his biographer Robert W. Johanssen: Douglas was preeminently a Jacksonian, and his adherence to the tenets of what became known as Jacksonian democracy grew as his own career developed. ... Popular rule, or what he called would later call popular sovereignty, lay at
836-580: The United States Constitution , which only contains 4,543 words. State constitutions are all longer than 8,000 words because they are more detailed regarding the day-to-day relationships between government and the people. The shortest is the Constitution of Vermont , adopted in 1793 and currently 8,295 words long. The longest was Alabama 's sixth constitution , ratified in 1901, about 345,000 words long, but rewritten in 2022. Both
880-446: The Whig Party the main opposition. The new Democratic Party became a coalition of poor farmers, city-dwelling laborers and Irish Catholics . The new party was pulled together by Martin Van Buren in 1828 as Jackson crusaded on claims of corruption by President John Quincy Adams . The new party (which did not get the name Democrats until 1834) swept to a landslide. As Mary Beth Norton explains regarding 1828: Jacksonians believed
924-593: The federal and state constitutions are organic texts : they are the fundamental blueprints for the legal and political organizations of the United States and the states, respectively. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (part of the Bill of Rights ) provides that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to
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#1732764938557968-525: The practice of slavery became the dominant issue with the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 and the political repercussions of the American Civil War dramatically reshaped American politics. It emerged when the long-dominant Democratic-Republican Party became factionalized around the 1824 presidential election . Jackson's supporters began to form the modern Democratic Party . His political rivals John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay created
1012-597: The CNMI is based upon a series of constitutional documents, the most important of which are the 1976 Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States of America, which controls the relationship between the CNMI and the United States; and the local commonwealth constitution, drafted in 1976, ratified by the people of the CNMI in March 1977, accepted by
1056-754: The Money Power into one against the Slave Power and became Republicans. He points to the struggle over the Wilmot Proviso of 1846, the Free Soil Party revolt of 1848, and the mass defections from the Democrats in 1854 over the Kansas–Nebraska Act . Other Jacksonian leaders such as Chief Justice Roger B. Taney endorsed slavery through the 1857 Dred Scott decision . Southern Jacksonians overwhelmingly endorsed secession in 1861, apart from
1100-487: The Southeast. Jackson was denounced as a tyrant by opponents on both ends of the political spectrum such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun . This led to the rise of the Whig Party . Jackson created a spoils system to clear out elected officials in government of an opposing party and replace them with his supporters as a reward for their electioneering. With Congress controlled by his enemies, Jackson relied heavily on
1144-435: The States respectively, or to the people." The Guarantee Clause of Article 4 of the Constitution states that "The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government ." These two provisions indicate states did not surrender their wide latitude to adopt a constitution, the fundamental documents of state law , when the U.S. Constitution was adopted. Typically state constitutions address
1188-542: The U.S. Government or operate as military bases. The commonwealths of Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) do not have organic acts but operate under local constitutions. Pursuant to the acquisition of Puerto Rico under the Treaty of Paris, 1898 , the relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States is controlled by Article IV of the United States Constitution. Constitutional law in
1232-543: The United States Government in October 1977, and effective from 9 January 1978. The following is a list of the current constitutions of the states in the United States. Each entry shows the ordinal number of the current constitution, the official name of the current constitution, the date on which the current constitution took effect, and the estimated length of the current constitution. Also below are
1276-463: The base of his political structure. Like most Jacksonians, Douglas believed that the people spoke through the majority, that the majority will was the expression of the popular will. Jackson fulfilled his promise of broadening the influence of the citizenry in government, although not without vehement controversy over his methods. Jacksonian policies included ending the bank of the United States, expanding westward and removing American Indians from
1320-399: The belief that the people are sovereign, that their will is absolute and that the majority rules . William S. Belko, in 2015, summarized "the core concepts underlying Jacksonian Democracy" as: equal protection of the laws; an aversion to a moneyed aristocracy, exclusive privileges, and monopolies, and a predilection for the common man; majority rule ; and the welfare of the community over
1364-759: The constitution by initiative . Many states have had several constitutions over the course of their history. The territories of the United States are "organized" and, thus, self-governing if the United States Congress has passed an Organic Act . Two of the 14 territories without commonwealth status — Guam and the United States Virgin Islands — are organized, but have not adopted their own constitutions. One unorganized territory, American Samoa, has its own constitution. The remaining 13 unorganized territories have no permanent populations and are either under direct control of
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1408-470: The individual. Historian and social critic Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. argued in 1945 that Jacksonian democracy was built on the following: An important movement in the period from 1800 to 1830—before the Jacksonians were organized—was the gradual expansion of the right to vote from only property owning men to include all white men over 21. Older states with property restrictions dropped them, namely all but Rhode Island , Virginia , and North Carolina by
1452-431: The local parties. They systematically sought out potential voters and brought them to the polls. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of adult white male population in the 1840 presidential election . Tax-paying qualifications remained in only five states by 1860—Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware and North Carolina. One innovative strategy for increasing voter participation and input
1496-521: The mid-1820s. No new states had property qualifications although three had adopted tax-paying qualifications— Ohio , Louisiana , and Mississippi , of which only in Louisiana were these significant and long lasting. The process was peaceful and widely supported, except in the state of Rhode Island. In Rhode Island, the Dorr Rebellion of the 1840s demonstrated that the demand for equal suffrage
1540-412: The ordinary farmer—by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency. Jackson vetoed more legislation than all previous presidents combined. The long-term effect was to create the modern, strong presidency. Jackson and his supporters also opposed progressive reformation as a movement. Progressive reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for
1584-403: The people's will had finally prevailed. Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president. The Democrats became the nation's first well-organized national party. The platforms, speeches and editorials were founded upon a broad consensus among Democrats. As Norton et al. explain: The Democrats represented
1628-558: The phrase "Jacksonian democracy" to describe democracy writ large in the United States and what they saw as the influence of the American frontier on the character of American political culture. In the 1945 book The Age of Jackson , Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. influentially reinterpreted "Jacksonian Democracy" as a phenomenon of labor struggle against business power rather than of frontier regional influence. Historian Robert V. Remini , in 1999, stated that Jacksonian Democracy involved
1672-527: The power of the veto to block their moves. One of the most important of these was the Maysville Road veto in 1830. A part of Clay's American System , the bill would have allowed for federal funding of a project to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky, Clay's home state. His primary objection was based on the local nature of
1716-549: The project. He argued it was not the federal government's job to fund projects of such a local nature and/or those lacking a connection to the nation as a whole. The debates in Congress reflected two competing visions of federalism. The Jacksonians saw the union strictly as the cooperative aggregation of the individual states, while the Whigs saw the entire nation as a distinct entity. Carl Lane argues "securing national debt freedom
1760-457: Was a core element of Jacksonian democracy". Paying off the national debt was a high priority which would make a reality of the Jeffersonian vision of America truly free from rich bankers, self-sufficient in world affairs, virtuous at home, and administered by a small government not prone to financial corruption or payoffs. What became of Jacksonian Democracy, according to Sean Wilentz was diffusion. Many ex-Jacksonians turned their crusade against
1804-403: Was broad and strong, although the subsequent reform included a significant property requirement for any resident born outside of the United States. However, free black men lost voting rights in several states during this period. The fact that a man was now legally allowed to vote did not necessarily mean he routinely voted. He had to be pulled to the polls, which became the most important role of
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1848-606: Was defeated in 1840 by Whig William Henry Harrison . Harrison died just 30 days into his term and his Vice President John Tyler quickly reached accommodation with the Jacksonians. Tyler was then succeeded by James K. Polk , a Jacksonian who won the election of 1844 with Jackson's endorsement. Franklin Pierce had been a supporter of Jackson as well. James Buchanan served in Jackson's administration as Minister to Russia and as Polk's Secretary of State, but he did not pursue Jacksonian policies. Finally, Andrew Johnson , who had been
1892-555: Was developed outside the Jacksonian camp. Prior to the presidential election of 1832 , the Anti-Masonic Party conducted the nation's first presidential nominating convention . Held in Baltimore, Maryland, September 26–28, 1831, it transformed the process by which political parties select their presidential and vice-presidential candidates. The period from 1824 to 1832 was politically chaotic. The Federalist Party and
1936-414: Was exclusively limited to White men, as well as voting rights in the nation were extended to adult white males only. There was also little to no improvement, and in many cases a reduction of the rights of non-white U.S citizens , during the extensive period of Jacksonian democracy, spanning from 1829 to 1860. In its earliest usage, the phrase "Jacksonian democracy" had a narrower meaning referring to
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