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62-684: The Icemen were formerly known as the Muskegon Fury from 1992 to 2008, the Muskegon Lumberjacks from 2008 to 2010, and the Evansville IceMen from 2010 to 2016. On November 16, 2015, Evansville IceMen owner Ron Geary wrote a letter to the fans that the team's operating lease with the Ford Center was ending after the 2015–16 season. Despite attempts to negotiate a lease extension with the city since February 2015,

124-502: A black screen. The standard HTML color purple is created by red and blue light of equal intensity, at a brightness that is halfway between full power and darkness. In color printing, purple is sometimes represented by the color magenta , or sometimes by mixing magenta with red or blue. It can also be created by mixing just red and blue alone, but in that case the purple is less bright, with lower saturation or intensity. A less bright purple can also be created with light or paint by adding

186-419: A certain quantity of the third primary color (green for light or yellow for pigment). Purple is closely associated with violet . In common usage, both refer to a variety of colors between blue and red in hue . Historically, purple has tended to be used for redder hues and violet for bluer hues. In optics , violet is a spectral color ; it refers to the color of any different single wavelength of light on

248-522: A handkerchief. In the year 2000, a gram of Tyrian purple made from ten thousand mollusks according to the original formula cost two thousand euros. In ancient China, purple was obtained not through the Mediterranean mollusc, but purple gromwell . The dye obtained did not easily adhere to fabrics, making purple fabrics expensive. Purple became a fashionable color in the state of Qi (齊, 1046 BC–221 BC) because its ruler, Duke Huan of Qi , developed

310-638: A mantle of Tyrian purple, and was buried in 814 in a shroud of the same color, which still exists (see below). However, after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the color lost its imperial status. The great dye works of Constantinople were destroyed, and gradually scarlet , made with dye from the cochineal insect, became the royal color in Europe. In 1464, Pope Paul II decreed that cardinals should no longer wear Tyrian purple, and instead wear scarlet, from kermes and alum, since

372-466: A preference for it. As a result, the price of purple fabric was over five times that of plain fabric. His minister, Guan Zhong (管仲), eventually convinced him to relinquish this preference. China was the first culture to develop a synthetic purple color. An old hypothesis suggested links between the Chinese purple and blue and Egyptian blue , however, molecular structure analysis and evidence such as

434-616: A reddish to a bluish purple. According to the Roman writer Vitruvius , (1st century BC), the murex shells coming from northern waters, probably Bolinus brandaris , produced a more bluish color than those of the south, probably Hexaplex trunculus . The most valued shades were said to be those closer to the color of dried blood, as seen in the mosaics of the robes of the Emperor Justinian in Ravenna . The chemical composition of

496-592: A sea snail called the spiny dye-murex . Clothing colored with the Tyrian dye was mentioned in both the Iliad of Homer and the Aeneid of Virgil . The deep, rich purple dye made from this snail became known as Tyrian purple. The process of making the dye was long, difficult and expensive. Thousands of the tiny snails had to be found, their shells cracked, the snail removed. Mountains of empty shells have been found at

558-587: Is associated with eroticism , femininity , and seduction . The modern English word purple comes from the Old English purpul, which derives from Latin purpura , which, in turn, derives from the Greek πορφύρα ( porphura ), the name of the Tyrian purple dye manufactured in classical antiquity from a mucus secreted by the spiny dye-murex snail. The first recorded use of the word purple dates to

620-469: Is known as the line of purples , or the purple line. During the Middle Ages, artists usually made purple by combining red and blue pigments; most often blue azurite or lapis-lazuli with red ochre , cinnabar , or minium . They also combined lake colors made by mixing dye with powder; using woad or indigo dye for the blue, and dye made from cochineal for the red. The most famous purple dye in

682-401: Is not one of the colors of the visible spectrum . It was not one of the colors of the rainbow identified by Isaac Newton . According to some authors, purple does not have its own wavelength of light. For this reason, it is sometimes called a non-spectral color . It exists in culture and art, but not, in the same way that violet does, in optics. According to some speakers of English, purple

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744-403: Is simply a combination, in various proportions, of two primary colors, red and blue. According to other speakers of English, the same range of colors is called violet. In some textbooks of color theory , and depending on the geographical-cultural origin of the author, a "purple" is defined as any non-spectral color between violet and red (excluding violet and red themselves). In that case,

806-467: Is used by the pigment maker to lower the melting point of the barium in Han Purple. Purple was regarded as a secondary color in ancient China. In classical times, secondary colors were not as highly prized as the five primary colors of the Chinese spectrum, and purple was used to allude to impropriety, in contrast to crimson, which was deemed a primary color and symbolized legitimacy. Nevertheless, by

868-543: The 2003–04 season , the Fury would win their third championship by going undefeated through all eleven games of the three playoff series to claiming the Colonial Cup. They won the regular season championship in 2004–05 and a back-to-back Colonial Cup championship. On August 30, 2006, Bruce Ramsay was named the head coach for the 2006–07 season , replacing Todd Nelson who had accepted the assistant coaching position for

930-676: The Book of Exodus , God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet," to be used in the curtains of the Tabernacle and the garments of priests. The term used for purple in the 4th-century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is purpura or Tyrian purple. In the Iliad of Homer , the belt of Ajax is purple, and

992-536: The CMYK printing process is near the center of the line of purples, but most people associate the term "purple" with a somewhat bluer tone, such as is displayed by the color "electric purple" (a color also directly on the line of purples), shown below. On the CIE xy chromaticity diagram , violet is on the curved edge in the lower left, while purples are on the straight line connecting the extreme colors red and violet; this line

1054-799: The Chicago Wolves a few days earlier after three head coaching seasons in Muskegon. In 2007, the United Hockey League changed names again to the International Hockey League in honor of the now defunct league. On September 12, 2008, new owners Stacey Patulskey, Jeff Patulskey and Tim Taylor changed the team's name from the Muskegon Fury to the Lumberjacks to reflect back on what many remember as

1116-651: The Colonial Cup finals in their third season after losing in the first round of the playoffs after their first two seasons. However, they lost to the Thunder Bay Senators in six games. In the 1995–96 season , they won their division but were upset in the first round to the Detroit Falcons in five games. Erin Whitten, one of the few female hockey players to play professionally, played for

1178-472: The RGB color model used in computer and television screens, purple is created by mixing red and blue light in order to create colors that appear similar to violet light. Purple has long been associated with royalty, originally because Tyrian purple dye—made from the secretions of sea snails—was extremely expensive in antiquity. Purple was the color worn by Roman magistrates; it became the imperial color worn by

1240-709: The Roman Republic , it was worn by generals in their triumphs , and by the Praetor Urbanus when he rode in the chariot of the gods into the circus at the Ludi Apollinares . During the Empire, the toga picta was worn by magistrates giving public gladiatorial games, and by the consuls , as well as by the emperor on special occasions. During the Roman Republic, when a triumph was held,

1302-833: The Southern Professional Hockey League to play at the Ford Center beginning in the 2016–17 season , thus displacing the IceMen franchise from Evansville. Finally, on March 14, the IceMen and the ECHL announced the franchise's relocation to Owensboro had been approved but the franchise would have to go dormant for the 2016–17 season to allow time for the necessary renovations on the Owensboro Sportscenter to be completed. However, by September 2016, Geary still had not taken over management of

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1364-440: The spectral colors violet and indigo would not be shades of purple. For other speakers of English, these colors are shades of purple. In the traditional color wheel long used by painters, purple is placed between crimson and violet. However, also here there is much variation in color terminology depending on cultural background of the painters and authors, and sometimes the term violet is used and placed in between red and blue on

1426-478: The 20th century, purple retained its historic connection with royalty; George VI (1896–1952), wore purple in his official portrait, and it was prominent in every feature of the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953, from the invitations to the stage design inside Westminster Abbey . But at the same time, it was becoming associated with social change; with the Women's Suffrage movement for the right to vote for women in

1488-466: The 4th century BC shows a nobleman wearing a deep purple and embroidered toga. In Ancient Rome, the Toga praetexta was an ordinary white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border. It was worn by freeborn Roman boys who had not yet come of age, curule magistrates , certain categories of priests, and a few other categories of citizens. The Toga picta was solid purple, embroidered with gold. During

1550-514: The 6th century AD, purple was ranked above crimson. Several changes to the ranks of colors occurred after that time. Through the early Christian era, the rulers of the Byzantine Empire continued the use of purple as the imperial color, for diplomatic gifts, and even for imperial documents and the pages of the Bible. Gospel manuscripts were written in gold lettering on parchment that was colored Tyrian purple. Empresses gave birth in

1612-899: The Central Hockey League. From 2008 to 2010, the Lumberjacks were affiliated with the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League (AHL). In 2008, the Evansville IceMen of the All American Hockey League (AAHL) served as a farm team affiliate. In 2009, the Battle Creek Revolution of the AAHL served as the farm team affiliate. NOTE: The league's name has changed over the years from

1674-609: The Colonial Hockey League (until 1997), United Hockey League (1997–2007), and the International Hockey League (2007–2010). Purple Purple is a color similar in appearance to violet light. In the RYB color model historically used in the arts, purple is a secondary color created by combining red and blue pigments. In the CMYK color model used in modern printing, purple is made by combining magenta pigment with either cyan pigment, black pigment, or both. In

1736-461: The ECHL playoffs for the first time since it joined the league in 2012. Following the season, Geary sold his shares of the team and the controlling interest was acquired by SZH Hockey LLC, a group led by Andrew Kaufmann on July 16, 2019. On December 1, 2020, the team added three members of SZH Hockey LLC, all past or present NFL players with a connection to the area: Tim Thibault , Myles Jack , and Reggie Hayward . After four seasons as affiliates of

1798-626: The English rock band of Deep Purple which formed in 1968. Later, in the 1980s, it was featured in the song and album Purple Rain (1984) by the American musician Prince . The Purple Rain Protest was a protest against apartheid that took place in Cape Town , South Africa on 2 September 1989, in which a police water cannon with purple dye sprayed thousands of demonstrators. This led to

1860-543: The Fury during the 1995–96 season before being traded to the Flint Generals . The CoHL was renamed the United Hockey League in 1997. In the 1998–99 season , the Fury finished with the best record during the regular season and won their first Colonial Cup by defeating the Quad City Mallards in six games. The Fury would win their second title in 2002 . Despite finishing third in their division during

1922-524: The Great and other rulers, by bishops and, in lighter shades, by members of the aristocracy, but rarely by ordinary people, because of its high cost. But in the 19th century, that changed. In 1856, an eighteen-year-old British chemistry student named William Henry Perkin was trying to make a synthetic quinine . His experiments produced instead the first synthetic aniline dye , a purple shade called mauveine , shortened simply to mauve . It took its name from

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1984-760: The Jets, the Icemen switched their affiliation to the New York Rangers of the NHL and their AHL affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack , beginning with the 2021–22 season. On July 29, 2021, head coach Jason Christie was hired by the Buffalo Sabres as an assistant coach and was replaced by Nick Luukko as head coach of the Icemen. Muskegon Lumberjacks (1992%E2%80%932010) The Muskegon Lumberjacks

2046-604: The Purple Chamber, and the emperors born there were known as "born to the purple," to separate them from emperors who won or seized the title through political intrigue or military force. Bishops of the Byzantine church wore white robes with stripes of purple, while government officials wore squares of purple fabric to show their rank. In western Europe, the Emperor Charlemagne was crowned in 800 wearing

2108-597: The Sportscenter and the City of Owensboro announced a different management company would take over the Sportscenter on October 1. On the September 30 deadline, Geary sent a letter to mayor Ron Payne stating he would not be purchasing the Sportscenter because of too much cost to convert and refurbish the arena. In January 2017, Geary sold part of the franchise to an ownership group based out of Jacksonville, Florida , and

2170-578: The absence of lead in Egyptian blue and the lack of examples of Egyptian blue in China, argued against the hypothesis. The use of quartz, barium, and lead components in ancient Chinese glass and Han purple and Han blue has been used to suggest a connection between glassmaking and the manufacture of pigments, and to prove the independence of the Chinese invention. Taoist alchemists may have developed Han purple from their knowledge of glassmaking. Lead

2232-414: The ancient sites of Sidon and Tyre. The snails were left to soak, then a tiny gland was removed and the juice extracted and put in a basin, which was placed in the sunlight. There, a remarkable transformation took place. In the sunlight the juice turned white, then yellow-green, then green, then violet, then a red which turned darker and darker. The process had to be stopped at exactly the right time to obtain

2294-485: The ancient world was Tyrian purple , made from a type of sea snail called the murex , found around the Mediterranean. (See history section above). In western Polynesia , residents of the islands made a purple dye similar to Tyrian purple from the sea urchin . In Central America, the inhabitants made a dye from a different sea snail, the purpura , found on the coasts of Costa Rica and Nicaragua . The Mayans used this color to dye fabric for religious ceremonies, while

2356-555: The clergy, and they often wore square/violet or purple/violet caps and robes, or black robes with purple/violet trim. Purple/violet robes were particularly worn by students of divinity. Purple and violet also played an important part in the religious paintings of the Renaissance. Angels and the Virgin Mary were often portrayed wearing purple or violet robes. In the 18th century, purple was still worn on occasion by Catherine

2418-463: The color of the women's liberation movement . In the concentration camps of Nazi Germany , prisoners who were members of non-conformist religious groups, such as the Jehovah's Witnesses , were required to wear a purple triangle . During the 1960s and early 1970s, it was also associated with counterculture , psychedelics , and musicians like Jimi Hendrix with his 1967 song " Purple Haze ", or

2480-408: The color terms violet and purple varies even among native speakers of English, for example between United Kingdom and United States. Optics research on purple and violet contains contributions of authors from different countries and different native languages, it is likely to be inconsistent in the use and meaning of the two colors. According to some speakers/authors of English, purple, unlike violet,

2542-469: The desired color, which could range from a bright crimson to a dark purple, the color of dried blood. Then either wool, linen or silk would be dyed. The exact hue varied between crimson and violet, but it was always rich, bright and lasting. Tyrian purple became the color of kings, nobles, priests and magistrates all around the Mediterranean. It was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament ); in

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2604-483: The dye from Byzantium was no longer available. Bishops and archbishops, of a lower status than cardinals, were assigned the color purple, but not the rich Tyrian purple. They wore cloth dyed first with the less expensive indigo blue, then overlaid with red made from kermes dye. While purple was worn less frequently by Medieval and Renaissance kings and princes, it was worn by the professors of many of Europe's new universities. Their robes were modeled after those of

2666-605: The dye from the murex is close to that of the dye from indigo , and indigo was sometimes used to make a counterfeit Tyrian purple, a crime which was severely punished. What seems to have mattered about Tyrian purple was not its color, but its luster, richness, its resistance to weather and light, and its high price. In modern times, Tyrian purple has been recreated, at great expense. When the German chemist Paul Friedander tried to recreate Tyrian purple in 2008, he needed twelve thousand mollusks to create 1.4 ounces of dye, enough to color

2728-477: The early decades of the century, with Feminism in the 1970s, and with the psychedelic drug culture of the 1960s. In the early 20th century, purple, green, and white were the colors of the Women's Suffrage movement, which fought to win the right to vote for women, finally succeeding with the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Later, in the 1970s, in a tribute to the Suffragettes, it became

2790-510: The general being honored wore an entirely purple toga bordered in gold, and Roman Senators wore a toga with a purple stripe. However, during the Roman Empire , purple was more and more associated exclusively with the emperors and their officers. Suetonius claims that the early emperor Caligula had the King of Mauretania murdered for the splendour of his purple cloak, and that Nero forbade

2852-677: The glory days of hockey in Muskegon. Head coach Bruce Ramsay resigned after the 2008–09 season to become the head coach of the Tulsa Oilers in the Central Hockey League . Ramsay was replaced for the 2009–10 season by Rich Kromm. On February 8, 2010 it was announced that the Lumberjacks franchise would fold following the 2009–10 season. The announcement coincided with the United States Hockey League awarding an expansion team to Muskegon taking on

2914-624: The late 900s AD. Purple first appeared in prehistoric art during the Neolithic era. The artists of Pech Merle cave and other Neolithic sites in France used sticks of manganese and hematite powder to draw and paint animals and the outlines of their own hands on the walls of their caves. These works have been dated to between 16,000 and 25,000 BC. Purple textiles, dating back to the early second millennium BCE, were found in Syria , making them

2976-491: The mallow flower, which is the same color. The new color quickly became fashionable, particularly after Queen Victoria wore a silk gown dyed with mauveine to the Royal Exhibition of 1862. Prior to Perkin's discovery, mauve was a color which only the aristocracy and rich could afford to wear. Perkin developed an industrial process, built a factory, and produced the dye by the ton, so almost anyone could wear mauve. It

3038-540: The name Muskegon Lumberjacks . On June 23, 2010, the International Hockey League announced that Ron Geary had finalized the transaction to purchase the Muskegon Lumberjacks' IHL franchise from the IHL and move it to Evansville, Indiana , as the Evansville IceMen at the conclusion of the 2009–10 IHL season. However, the IHL would not play another season and the remaining teams, including the new IceMen, joined

3100-546: The oldest known purple textiles in the world. These findings include textiles from a burial site in Chagar Bazar , dating back to the 18th-16th centuries BCE, as well as preserved textile samples discovered in gypsum at the Royal Palace of Qatna . As early as the 15th century BC, the citizens of Sidon and Tyre , two cities on the coast of Ancient Phoenicia (present day Lebanon), were producing purple dye from

3162-419: The original Muskegon Lumberjacks of the previous International Hockey League relocated to Cleveland, Ohio . Up to that point, hockey had been in Muskegon for 32 consecutive seasons and Tony Lisman, owner and president of the Fury, would not let that tradition end. Lisman kept his vow to keep hockey in Muskegon by establishing the Fury in the one-season-old Colonial Hockey League (CoHL). The Fury made it to

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3224-408: The relocation was approved by the ECHL on February 8, 2017. Geary remained as the primary owner. The team hired Jason Christie as their first head coach and then affiliated with the Winnipeg Jets (NHL) and the Manitoba Moose (AHL), the organization familiar with Christie from his time as the head coach of the Tulsa Oilers . In the team's second season in Jacksonville, the franchise qualified for

3286-426: The rulers of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire , and later by Roman Catholic bishops . Similarly in Japan , the color is traditionally associated with the emperor and aristocracy. According to contemporary surveys in Europe and the United States, purple is the color most often associated with rarity, royalty, luxury, ambition, magic, mystery, piety and spirituality. When combined with pink , it

3348-476: The short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, between approximately 380 and 450 nanometers, whereas purple is the color of various combinations of red, blue, and violet light, some of which humans perceive as similar to violet. On a chromaticity diagram , the straight line connecting the extreme spectral colors (red and violet) is known as the line of purples (or 'purple boundary'); it represents one limit of human color perception . The color magenta used in

3410-421: The slogan The Purple Shall Govern . The violet or purple necktie became very popular at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, particularly among political and business leaders. It combined the assertiveness and confidence of a red necktie with the sense of peace and cooperation of a blue necktie, and it went well with the blue business suit worn by most national and corporate leaders. The meanings of

3472-455: The tails of the horses of Trojan warriors are dipped in purple. In the Odyssey , the blankets on the wedding bed of Odysseus are purple. In the poems of Sappho (6th century BC) she celebrates the skill of the dyers of the Greek kingdom of Lydia who made purple footwear, and in the play of Aeschylus (525–456 BC), Queen Clytemnestra welcomes back her husband Agamemnon by decorating the palace with purple carpets. In 950 BC, King Solomon

3534-430: The traditional color wheel. In a slightly different variation, on the color wheel , purple is placed between magenta and violet. This shade is sometimes called electric purple (see shades of purple ). In the RGB color model , named for the colors red, green, and blue, used to create all the colors on a computer screen or television, the range of purples is created by mixing red and blue light of different intensities on

3596-403: The two parties had not yet come to an agreement on new terms. The City of Evansville and Geary were unable to come to an agreement. Geary then agreed to terms with the city of Owensboro, Kentucky , to relocate the team to the Owensboro Sportscenter if the IceMen were forced to leave the Ford Center. On February 8, 2016, the City of Evansville announced that it had secured an expansion team in

3658-406: The use of certain purple dyes. In the late empire the sale of purple cloth became a state monopoly protected by the death penalty. According to the New Testament , Jesus Christ , in the hours leading up to his crucifixion , was dressed in purple (πορφύρα: porphura ) by the Roman garrison to mock his claim to be ' King of the Jews '. The actual color of Tyrian purple seems to have varied from

3720-573: Was an International Hockey League ice hockey team located in Muskegon, Michigan . After the 2010 season, the team folded and Ron Geary, the owner of the Evansville IceMen of the AAHL , purchased the franchise rights of the former Muskegon Lumberjacks from the IHL. Geary then moved the franchise to Evansville, Indiana where they became the Evansville IceMen . The Muskegon Fury were an International Hockey League ice hockey team located in Muskegon, Michigan . The team's colors were teal , purple , and black . The Fury were established in 1992 after

3782-426: Was reported to have brought artisans from Tyre to provide purple fabrics to decorate the Temple of Jerusalem . Alexander the Great (when giving imperial audiences as the basileus of the Macedonian Empire ), the basileus of the Seleucid Empire , and the kings of Ptolemaic Egypt all wore Tyrian purple. The Roman custom of wearing purple togas may have come from the Etruscans ; an Etruscan tomb painting from

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3844-423: Was the first of a series of modern industrial dyes which completely transformed both the chemical industry and fashion. Purple was popular with the pre-Raphaelite painters in Britain, including Arthur Hughes , who loved bright colors and romantic scenes. At the turn of the century, purple was a favorite color of the Austrian painter Gustav Klimt , who flooded his pictures with sensual purples and violets. In

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