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41-559: Jacob Smith may refer to: Jacob Smith (fur trader) (1773–1825), fur trader, American spy, and founder of Flint, Michigan Jacob Smith (actor) (born 1990), Laurier University Jacob Smith (politician) (1816–1891), ship's captain, Mayor and MHA in South Australia Jacob H. Smith (1840–1918), U.S. Army general during the Philippine–American War in 1901, and

82-647: A Saginaw tribe in late July 1812. After David Henderson, his wife, and their children were taken prisoner, Smith talked to Saginaws, with whom he was friends, with and convinced them to release the Henderson family. Smith served in the Michigan Militia during the War of 1812 under Captain Richard Smyth's Company of Twelve Months Volunteers Cavalry from June 30 to August 16, 1812 and was present during

123-544: A clause in the treaty to curtail Smith's proposal by outlining that reservations could only be granted to true Indians. The children claimed the land, but the United States government refused to grant the land titles. After petitioning Congress and getting ten of the original 114 Chippewa chiefs who signed the Treaty of Saginaw to testify that it was the original intention of the treaty that Smith's children would inherit

164-637: A journey to Fort Mackinac in an attempt to alert Porter Hanks about a potential British attack at Mackinac Island after learning about the American declaration of war against Great Britain . British commanders found out about the declaration of war many days before Americans in Detroit did, let alone the commanding officer on Mackinac Island . Smith clashed with the Detroit Postmaster, James Abbott, whom he accused of intentionally delaying

205-451: A knife, and larger pieces might require the use of a saw. No matter what wood is selected or tool used, the wood sculptor must always carve either across or with the grain of the wood, never against the grain. Once the general shape is made, the carver may use a variety of tools for creating details. For example, a "veiner" or "fluter" can be used to make deep gouges into the surface, or a "v-tool" for making fine lines or decorative cuts. Once

246-435: A major city that has played a critical role throughout Michigan's history. Jacob Smith at FindAGrave.com Wood carving Wood carving is a form of woodworking by means of a cutting tool (knife) in one hand or a chisel by two hands or with one hand on a chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine , or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object. The phrase may also refer to

287-415: A sheen to the wood which, by reflecting light, helps the observer 'read' the form. Carvers seldom use gloss varnish as it creates too shiny a surface, which reflects so much light it can confuse the form; carvers refer to this as 'the toffee apple effect'. Objects made of wood are frequently finished with a layer of wax, which protects the wood and gives a soft lustrous sheen. A wax finish (e.g., shoe polish)

328-638: A very influential role in securing these treaties, even proposing the eventual compromise in the 1819 Treaty of Saginaw , which set aside eleven, 640-acre sections of land for the Chippewa tribes located near the Grand Traverse of the Flint River . Each of the 114 Chippewa chiefs that eventually signed onto the treaty had previously interreacted with Smith and knew him to be an honest and hospitable fur trader. He used these connections to help move

369-675: A veteran of the Wounded Knee Massacre Jacob W. Smith (1851–1926), businessman and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada Jacob Getlar Smith (1898–1958), painter and muralist Jacob Smith (boxer) , English boxer, participated in Boxing at the 1930 British Empire Games Jacob Smith (field hockey) , played for New Zealand men's national field hockey team See also [ edit ] Jake Smith (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

410-448: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Jacob Smith (fur trader) Working as an intelligence gatherer and confidential agent for the United States in the War of 1812 , Smith was captured at Fort Mackinac in an attempt to inform Lieutenant Porter Hanks of the impending war. Smith served as a captain in the War of 1812 and

451-415: Is done with abrasive paper. Large grained paper with a rougher surface is used first, with the sculptor then using finer grained paper that can make the surface of the sculpture slick to the touch. After the carving and finishing is completed, the artist may seal & colour the wood with a variety of natural oils, such as walnut or linseed oil which protects the wood from dirt and moisture. Oil also imparts

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492-410: Is instead employed, since a design may have multiple weak points in different directions, or orientation of these along the grain would necessitate carving detail on end grain, (which is considerably more difficult). Carving blanks are also sometimes assembled, as with carousel horses, out of many smaller boards, and in this way, one can orient different areas of a carving in the most logical way, both for

533-656: Is to be painted and of not too delicate a nature is often carved in pine , which is relatively soft and inexpensive. A wood carver begins a new carving by selecting a chunk of wood the approximate size and shape of the figure he or she wishes to create or if the carving is to be large, several pieces of wood may be laminated together to create the required size. The type of wood is important. Hardwoods are more difficult to shape but have greater luster and longevity. Softer woods may be easier to carve but are more prone to damage. Any wood can be carved but they all have different qualities and characteristics. The choice will depend on

574-747: The Au Sable River , Girard and Smith eventually made it back to Detroit . Smith is credited as the first white settler in Flint, Michigan . He located his first trading post there in 1810 where the Saginaw Trail from the Detroit River and Grand Traverse of the Flint River separate and lead to Saginaw and Birch Run – a central point which made it very easy to trade with the Native Americans. While Smith's trading post

615-544: The Chippewa tribe. Smith helped the United States government secure land from many Native American tribes, playing a key role in the 1807 Treaty of Detroit and the 1819 Treaty of Saginaw , which ceded millions of acres of land to the United States that make up a majority of Michigan's Lower Peninsula . The 1807 treaty, made in Detroit with the Ottawa , Chippewa , Wyandot and Potawatomi nations, ceded to

656-631: The Chippewa - Ottawa dialect of the Algonquin language . Smith married his first wife, Mary Reed, on July 25, 1798 in the Holy Trinity Anglican Church in Quebec . They went on to have five children while Smith began working in the family butchery. He later married a Native American woman, with whom he had one child, while engaging in the fur trade. Smith began his career as a fur trader among many Native American tribes along

697-525: The Flint and Saginaw Rivers . Known for being honest in his dealings, assimilating to Native ways of life, and greatly admired for his skills in woodcraft , Smith became very close and well trusted among the Native Americans in Michigan Territory . Smith had a confidence placed in him that no other white man had in the region and was given the Indian name of "Wahbesins," meaning "Young Swan," by

738-487: The United States present-day Southeast Michigan and Northwest Ohio and was hailed as the first major land cession in the region. Reluctant to cede more land in the central portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula during the 1819 talks, in what was deemed to be a hunter and fisherman's paradise, the Chippewas secured an ample number of land reservations in the area from the United States government. Smith played

779-520: The Boyer family release in the summer of 1814 was the most notable. After the Boyer home was burned by Indians and the family taken captive, Smith went into the local village with a horse full of saddled goods to use as ransom. The Boyer family was released unharmed as the Indians were impressed by Smith's bravery in coming to the village. Smith also helped aid in the release of the Henderson family from

820-657: The Indians the British breast plate , they presumed him to be a British agent and were assured he was not working with the Americans. This act of foresight by Smith allowed him to trick the Saginaw tribe into releasing him as he told them he was going north on a mission for the British Army . While the Indians followed Smith and his compatriots to make sure he told the truth, Smith told Girard that if his true identity

861-451: The assistants, while drunk in the village, unknowingly revealed to the tribe that they were spies – a mistake that cost him his life. Smith managed to escape the village but sustained a permanent eye injury when brush caught his face while fleeing in haste on horseback. By successfully gaining the information needed in this very dangerous mission, Smith was immediately made a captain in the Michigan Militia . In July 1812, Smith embarked upon

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902-520: The carving process and for durability. Less commonly, this same principle is used in solid pieces of wood, where the fork of two branches is utilized for its divergent grain, or a branch off of a larger log is carved into a beak (this was the technique employed for traditional Welsh shepherd's crooks, and some Native American adze handles). The failure to appreciate these primary rules may constantly be seen in damaged work, when it will be noticed that, whereas tendrils, tips of birds beaks, etc., arranged across

943-534: The current corner of Woodbridge Street and Woodward Avenue . His family continued to live there after his death in 1825 while Smith's son-in-law, Major John Garland, took possession of the trading post in Flint . Smith, the earliest white pioneer in Flint , also became the first white pioneer to die in Genesee County after passing in poor condition in 1825 from heart problems. In the 1819 Treaty of Saginaw , many Native American names were listed to receive

984-570: The finer details have been added, the woodcarver finishes the surface. The method chosen depends on the required quality of the surface finish. The texture left by shallow gouges gives 'life' to the carving's surface and many carvers prefer this 'tooled' finish. If a completely smooth surface is required general smoothing can be done with tools such as "rasps," which are flat-bladed tools with a surface of pointed teeth. "Rifflers" are similar to rasps, but smaller, usually double-ended, and of various shapes for working in folds or crevasses. The finer polishing

1025-662: The finest extant examples of early European wood carving are from the Middle Ages in Germany , Russia , Italy , and France , where the typical themes of that era were Christian iconography . In England , many complete examples remain from the 16th and 17th century, where oak was the preferred medium. The oldest wood carved sculpture, the Shigir Idol carved from larch , is around 12,000 years old. Pattern, Blocking, Detailing, Surfacing, and Smoothening The nature of

1066-474: The finished product, from individual sculptures to hand-worked mouldings composing part of a tracery . The making of sculpture in wood has been extremely widely practised , but does not survive undamaged as well as the other main materials like stone and bronze , as it is vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. Therefore, it forms an important hidden element in the art history of many cultures. Outdoor wood sculptures do not last long in most parts of

1107-609: The grain have been broken away, similar details designed more in harmony with the growth of the wood and not too deeply undercut remain intact. Probably the two most common woods used for carving in North America are basswood (aka tilia or lime) and tupelo ; both are hardwoods that are relatively easy to work with. Chestnut , butternut, oak, American walnut , mahogany and teak are also very good woods; while for fine work Italian walnut, sycamore maple , apple , pear , box or plum , are usually chosen. Decoration that

1148-739: The land, some of the land in the reservations was granted to the Smith family. Although Smith died penniless, his children eventually inherited great sums of property from his work. Years after both Smith and Ne-o-me, the principal of the four chiefs of the Pewanigos of the Flint River , with whom Smith was very close, had died, the Indians spoke of them as brothers. While Jacob Smith was an influential and controversial figure in his lifetime, his name garners very little attention in Michigan history today. Regardless, his settlement in Flint grew to become

1189-488: The mission. Abbott denied Smith's mission was government business, which resulted in a national controversy after the fact. Smith left Detroit traveling alongside three Native Americans, one of whom was a young Ottawa carrying an important wampum with a message from his chief that advised the northern Michigan Indians not to join the British cause in the war. When Smith arrived in Saginaw along his journey he met with veteran fur trader Charles Girard to disclose that he

1230-565: The process forward on behalf of the United States government. For his efforts in helping broker the Saginaw Treaty , Smith received five hundred dollars from the Territorial Governor of Michigan , Lewis Cass , and was hailed as a wise counsel during the talks. In addition, Smith rendered admirable service in using his relationships with Native American tribes to help liberate prisoners captured by Indians – to which

1271-404: The requirements of carving being done: for example, a detailed figure would need a wood with a fine grain and very little figure as a strong figure can interfere with 'reading' fine detail. Once the sculptor has selected their wood, he or she begins a general shaping process using gouges of various sizes. The gouge is a curved blade that can remove large portions of wood smoothly. For harder woods,

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1312-405: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Smith&oldid=1222930359 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1353-403: The sculptor may use gouges sharpened with stronger bevels, about 35 degrees, and a mallet similar to a stone carver's. The terms gouge and chisel are open to confusion. Correctly, a gouge is a tool with a curved cross-section and a chisel is a tool with a flat cross-section. However, professional carvers tend to refer to them all as 'chisels'. Smaller sculptures may require the woodcarver to use

1394-458: The surrender at the Siege of Detroit . Using his close relations with many Native American tribes, Smith helped gather intelligence for the United States government during the war. In one instance, Smith rode into a Saginaw village with two assistants pretending to be on a trading expedition in an attempt decipher the tribe's position in the war and level of sympathy to the British cause. One of

1435-545: The various reservations outlined in the compromise. Later, five of the eleven reservations came under intense national debate. Smith wrote into the treaty five Native American names that were willed reservation numbers seven, eight, nine, ten, and eleven. After his death, it was discovered that these reservations were actually willed to Jacob Smith's five white children under Native American names that were given to them by Indians who frequented their house in Detroit . Lewis Cass later wrote about knowing of Smith's plan and added

1476-401: The wood being carved limits the scope of the carver in that wood is not equally strong in all directions: it is an anisotropic material. The direction in which wood is strongest is called " grain " (grain may be straight, interlocked, wavy or fiddleback, etc .). It is smart to arrange the more delicate parts of a design along the grain instead of across it. Often, however, a "line of best fit"

1517-516: The world, so it is still unknown how the totem pole tradition developed. Many of the most important sculptures of China and Japan, in particular, are in wood, and so are the great majority of African sculpture and that of Oceania and other regions. Wood is light and can take very fine detail so it is highly suitable for masks and other sculpture intended to be worn or carried. It is also much easier to work on than stone and can be carved more thinly and precisely due to its fibrous strength. Some of

1558-411: Was carrying letters for American authorities on Mackinac Island alerting them of the war declaration. However, Smith was detained by pro-British Indians in Saginaw on the suspicion that he was working on behalf of the United States . Knowing of this possibility, Smith had prepared by hiding the American orders and wearing a British military breast plate underneath his clothing. When he revealed to

1599-496: Was compromised to ensure the return of the American orders to Postmaster Abbott in Detroit . The Indians eventually stopped following Smith and he ultimately reached Mackinac . However, unknown to Smith was that the fort had been taken by the British just days earlier. Flying an American flag on the canoe to the island, Smith was taken prisoner by British forces. Smith's imprisonment did not last long as he hired three Indians to smuggle himself and his crew out. Hiding in canoes down

1640-453: Was founded in 1810, it was not his permanent residence as he continued to live in Detroit until 1819. After the death of his wife, Mary Reed, and the signing of the Treaty of Saginaw , Smith built a sizeable log trading store in Flint in 1819. This became his permanent residence until his death and was the first building erected by a white man in present-day Genesee County . Before the 1819 Treaty of Saginaw , Smith lived in Detroit at

1681-454: Was present during the surrender of Detroit under General William Hull . Smith also served as an Indian interpreter-liaison for the United States and helped negotiate the release of several white families taken prisoner by Native American tribes. Jacob Smith was born to a soap-maker of Canadian and German descent in Quebec , Canada, and learned to speak fluently in English , French , and

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