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69-650: Jailolo was a component in the politico-ritual quadripartition of northern Maluku, Maloko Kië Raha or the Four Mountains of Maluku. Its king was known as Jika ma-kolano, Ruler of the Bay, highlighting the Jailolo Bay as the major port in Halmahera. It is locally believed that the kingdom encompassed the entire island or at least the major part. However, in historical times it only ruled over part of Halmahera while

138-481: A century. The old possessions of Jailolo on Halmahera continued to be administered by Ternate, now securely under Dutch colonial tutelage. According to one source the last Kolano was a person called Doa who was deposed by the local grandees due to mismanagement. He then fled to Ternate where he died around 1715. After this, the Ternatan court did not appoint any new Kolano but charged the foremost village leader with

207-573: A consequence of this alliance, Jailolo also allied with the Spanish who were periodically posted in Tidore, and opposed the might of Portugal which had built a stronghold in Ternate in 1522-23 and tried to appropriate the clove trade. With the help of Spanish munitions and weapon technology, Jailolo expanded its influence in Halmahera at the cost of Ternate. The old and ailing Yusuf died in 1530, leaving

276-585: A daughter of Sultan Saidi Berkat and fought with the latter's son Sultan Mudafar Syah I against the Spanish invaders who conquered Ternate in April 1606 in alliance with the Sultan of Tidore. During the struggle Jailolo was also captured by the enemy in 1611 and Doa and his followers moved over to Ternate, which for the most part had been recaptured with Dutch assistance in 1607. This meant that Jailolo ceased to be

345-482: A massive work of five parts published in eight volumes and containing 1,200 engraved illustrations and some of the most accurate maps of the Indies of the time. Apart from Malay manuscripts , he had Indian miniatures at his disposal, which Valentyn used not only as illustration material but also as a historical source. Cornelis Jan Simonsz , a former governor of Dutch Ceylon , gave him translations of chronicles of

414-409: A paved road linking those on the east coast starts from Daruba and will eventually reach Bere-Bere , the principal town on Morotai's east coast, 68 kilometres (42 mi) from Daruba. Daruba, the main settlement and the seat of the regency has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from August to October and heavy rainfall in the remaining months. At the 2010 census, the regency

483-549: A penchant for self-aggrandisement. Many of the natural history illustrations were copied from Rumpf's Het Amboinsche Kruid-boek . Several fish illustrations were copied from Poissons, Ecrévisses et Crabes published in 1718 by Louis Renard. Beekman nevertheless cites him as an important figure and, given his writing style, diction and aptitude for narrative, considers him one of the greatest Dutch prose writers of all time. He died in The Hague , Netherlands in 1727. In 2003/2004,

552-550: A police brigade made a quick end to the attempt to recreate Jailolo. The position of Jailolo was not an issue for a long time. However, at the end of the 20th century a wave of revivalism for old royal traditions (sultanism) emerged in Indonesia. Ternate enthroned a new titular sultan in 1986 and Tidore followed suit in 1999. The reformation era after the fall of the Suharto regime with its emphasis on bureaucratic centralization,

621-583: A power struggle between two elite lineages around 1500. The losing side emigrated from Jailolo to Hitu in Ambon Island where their leader Jamilu became a renowned Muslim chief who fought the Portuguese invaders. The first Muslim ruler Yusuf is in fact a well-documented person who was in power when the Portuguese and Spanish seafarers arrived to Maluku in search of spices and made contact with

690-788: A ravine; according to his son he was treacherously assassinated by Ternatans. Muhammad Arif Bila left several children of whom Muhammad Asgar inherited the pretensions to Jailolo and resided in Bicole. However, the Dutch possessions in Maluku were captured by the English East India Company in 1810, and the British promptly arrested the pretender-Sultan in 1811 and kept him in custody in Ambon , since they had no interest in maintaining

759-496: A son of 5–6 years called Sultan Firuz Alauddin Syah as the titular ruler. However, he appointed two nephews called Kaicili Tidore and Kaicili Katarabumi to act as regents. Katarabumi had previously lived in exile since he claimed the right to the kingdom and had even tried to murder the old king, but was nevertheless pardoned and placed in a position of power. The new Portuguese captain in Ternate, Tristão de Atayde eventually had enough of

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828-496: A way by Nuku to strengthen his position vis-à-vis the Dutch-allied Ternate and Bacan. As Nuku negotiated with the Dutch in Ternate in 1804, he demanded that they should recognize the position of Muhammad Arif Bila. When they refused to do so, Nuku and Muhammad Arif Bila invaded Halmahera with a fleet of 47 kora-koras and summoned the local elite to a conference to anchor their claims. Sultan Jailolo set out to subjugate

897-434: Is the location of the last known Japanese holdout , Teruo Nakamura , who surrendered in 1974, almost 30 years after the end of hostilities in 1945. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Morotai was generally within the sphere of influence of the powerful sultanate on the island of Ternate . It was the core of a larger region, called Moro , that included the island and the coastline of Halmahera closest to Morotai to

966-604: The Bacan Islands also chose rulers of their own. The four kings eventually held a meeting on Moti Island in the 1320s where they agreed to create a bond where the Kolano of Jailolo would have the precedence position. In spite of this, warfare flared up from time to time and Jailolo's position was not always respected. According to Valentijn a Ternatan prince married the daughter of the King of Jailolo in c. 1375 and succeeded to

1035-448: The CIA . AUREV aircraft attacked Morotai on April 21 and again early on April 26. The second air raid was immediately followed by an amphibious Permesta landing force that quickly captured the island. Within hours, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft landed on the now captured airstrip, carrying senior Permesta representative and two Americans. One was a USAF officer who inspected

1104-641: The Magellan expedition, who visited Maluku in 1521–1522, says that there were two Muslim kings in Jailolo Island (that is, Halmahera), each with several hundred wives. There was also a Raja Papua who was lord over the heathen people in Halmahera and had much access to gold. One of the Muslim rulers was Raja Yusuf who was a close ally with Tidore and was feared and respected in the Maluku Islands. As

1173-605: The North Halmahera Regency . After assessing three potential spaceport sites in 2012, the national space agency LAPAN announced Morotai Island as a future spaceport site. Planning started in December 2012. The launch site's completion is expected in 2025. In 2013, LAPAN planned to launch an RX-550 experimental satellite launcher from a location in Morotai to be decided. This island was selected according to

1242-575: The Sinhalese kings . Valentyn probably had access to the VOC's archive of maps and geographic trade secrets, which they had always guarded jealously. Johannes II van Keulen (d. 1755) became hydrographer to the VOC, at the time Valentyn's Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën was published. It was in Van Keulen's time that many of the VOC charts were first published, one signal of the decline of Dutch dominance in

1311-653: The VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) at the age of 19 as minister to the East Indies, where he became a friend of the German naturalist Georg Eberhard Rumpf . He returned and lived in Holland for about ten years before returning to the Indies in 1705 where he was to serve as army chaplain on an expedition in eastern Java. When he finally returned to Dordrecht he would go on to write his Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën (1724–26)

1380-682: The Allied troops. The formal surrender of the Second Japanese Army took place at Morotai on 9 September 1945. The last confirmed Japanese holdout from the war, Private Teruo Nakamura ( Amis : Attun Palalin), was discovered by the Indonesian Air Force on Morotai, and surrendered to a search patrol on December 18, 1974. The Dutch Empire withdrew in the Indonesian National Revolution in

1449-525: The Jailolo-Spanish alliance and attacked and destroyed the royal center in 1533. The small Spanish detachment in Jailolo gave up without a fight. The young Firuz was brought to Ternate where he was later poisoned by his captors with the understanding of Katarabumi, who seized the throne in about 1536. Being a strong Muslim, he nevertheless turned out to become a major opponent of European influence in

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1518-466: The Portuguese in 1514. Tomé Pires , in his geographical work Suma Oriental (c. 1515) confirms that Jailolo and Ternate were often at war, and writes that much wild clove grew in the kingdom, which was still largely heathen in spite of the king being a Muslim. Jailolo was in fact the only real port in Halmahera, though the clove production was centered on the smaller islands Ternate, Tidore, Moti and Makian along Halmahera's west coast. Antonio Pigafetta of

1587-466: The Raja Jailolo movement, and the Sultan was even able to cooperate with the pirates of Maguindanao in southern Philippines . The Governor of Ambon , P. Merkus, tried in vain to stop the widespread piracy, which continued after Hatiling had been captured in 1823, As a last resort he finally called back the ex-sultan Muhammad Asgar from Java in 1825. The idea was to stabilize the area by making him

1656-525: The Raja Jailolo movement. Meanwhile, his brothers Hajuddin, Sugi and Niru turned to piracy and raided the waters of Sulawesi with the help of warriors from Halmahera and the Papuan Islands. While the Raja Jailolo movement had failed to create a new kingdom, the idea of a fourth Moluccan kingdom gained currency in Halmahera and gave rise to new forms of anti-colonial resistance. When the Dutch returned to power in Maluku in 1817, Muhammad Asgar petitioned

1725-527: The Ternate princess had a son whose personal name is unclear but who later appeared as the Raja Jailolo. He was a man of some ability who married a stepdaughter of Sultan Hamza of Ternate . This prince took part on the side of the rebels in the Great Ambon War where dissatisfied Malukans fought the monopolistic Dutch East India Company from 1651 to 1656. He served as the foremost adviser for the Ternatan rebel prince Kalamata who tried to gain power with

1794-518: The ancestors of the kings of Bacan, Jailolo, Tidore, and Ternate. Darajat was first established on Moti Island and then moved to the Jailolo Bay and set up a royal seat there. He was followed by fifteen descendants, the last of whom was a certain Talabuddin. Only a few persons in the list can be positively identified with rulers from contemporary historical sources. The oldest Malukan chronicle, Hikayat Tanah Hitu (mid-17th century), says that Islam

1863-567: The central parts of Maluku. He established a stronghold in Kobi on the north coast of Ceram , later moved to Waru and finally to Hatiling. The Dutch sent a few expeditions to capture him in 1819-1820 but failed to do so. Instead, the following of the Sultan grew as many people from the Ternatan and Tidorese parts of Halmahera migrated to his domain in Ceram, escaping oppressive conditions at home. The Papuan Islands and West Papua were also influenced by

1932-471: The colonial government to be restored to royal powers. The argument was that the people wished for a return to the old kingdom, and that a central ruler would unite the Halmaherans and stop the widespread piracy and unrest. This was ignored by the Dutch officials who exiled the pretender-Sultan to Java. Nevertheless, his brother Hajuddin was now proclaimed Sultan of Jailolo in 1818 or 1819 and began to raid

2001-534: The colonial system as such. In fact Baba Hasan tried to win Dutch support to reestablish Jailolo. However, the colonial authorities were bound by their contracts with the Malukan sultans and were not in a mood to alter the political order. Baba Hasan was proclaimed Sultan Jailolo in June 1876 and was able to dominate wide regions on the island such as Weda , Maba , Patani and Gane. Now the Dutch stepped in and destroyed

2070-465: The complete work was published again as a facsimile . With this, the stipulation in Valentyn's will that the work would never be republished was broken. Morotai Morotai Island Regency ( Indonesian : Kabupaten Pulau Morotai ) is a regency of North Maluku province, Indonesia , located on Morotai island ( Indonesian : Pulau Morotai ). It covers an area of 2,336.6 km including

2139-413: The economic importance of Ternate or Tidore. Katarabumi earned a widespread reputation in Maluku for being a ruler with outstanding capabilities, and was seen as a “second Muhammad ”. Among his achievements was the invention of a script to write down the local language; unfortunately, no such texts have been preserved. He resided in a stone fort close to the Jailolo Bay that was considered impenetrable and

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2208-921: The end of the 17th century. The island was captured by the Japanese in early 1942 as part of its Dutch East Indies Campaign . Morotai's southern plain was taken by American forces in September 1944 during the Battle of Morotai , and used as a staging point for the Allied invasion of the Philippines in early 1945, and of Borneo in May and June of that year. In the latter part of 1944, 61,000 personnel landed on Morotai. Two thirds of them were engineers, who rapidly established facilities including harbors and two airstrips plus extensive fuel stores. Imperial Japanese forces on Morotai held out until 1945 but failed to expel

2277-461: The following criteria: Morotai is a rugged, forested island lying to the north of Halmahera . It has an area of some 2,336.6 square kilometres (902.2 sq mi), including Rao Island off the west coast of Morotai. It stretches 80 kilometres (50 mi) north-south and no more than 42 kilometres (26 mi) wide. The regency's largest town is Daruba , on the island's south coast. Almost all of Morotai's numerous villages are coastal settlements;

2346-489: The function of Gogugu (first minister) in Ternate and married Mahir Gam-ma-lamo, a daughter of Sultan Mandar Syah . The Sultan of Tidore, Saifuddin , believed that four Malukan kingdoms were necessary to restore the region to its old prosperity. He therefore asked the Dutch Governor Padtbrugge to enthrone Alam as Sultan Jailolo. However, Alam died in 1684 and ideas of a restoration were put to rest for

2415-511: The governing tasks. However, local genealogies identify a large number of descendants of the old sultans up to modern times. A person called Giolo turned up in England around 1692 and claimed to be a son of the King of Jailolo. According to his story, he and his parents were captured by pirates and enslaved by a ruler of Tomini on Sulawesi . In fact, Giolo appears to have been a Filipino slave who claimed royal connections. Dissatisfaction with

2484-608: The head of the Halmaherans living in northern Ceram. He was formally called “Sultan Ceram” since Hajuddin kept the title of Jailolo ruler. The experiment was however a failure since the adherents of the Raja Jailolo movement persisted in piratical activities and the area where the Halmaheran had migrated was unhealthy. Eventually the Dutch arrested Sultan Ceram and Sultan Jailolo in 1832 and exiled them to Cianjur in Java . Muhammad Asgar died there in 1839 while Hajuddin died in 1843. This

2553-483: The help of the Makassarese and briefly resided in Jailolo in 1652–1653. At the close of this war, that ravaged parts of Central Maluku extensively, Raja Jailolo was captured by a Dutch officer off the coast of Buru Island in 1656. Together with 25 followers he was killed in cold blood and thrown into the sea. He left a son called Kaicili Alam who inherited the claim to be Raja Jailolo. Alam was an apt figure who held

2622-564: The intrusive policy of the Dutch East India Company led to a rebellion in Maluku and Papua after 1780, which was headed by the Tidore prince Nuku . Nuku shared the old vision of a return to the four kingdoms of Maluku, Maloko Kië Raha, which required the restoration of the Sultanate of Jailolo. A former Jojau (chief minister) of Tidore called Muhammad Arif Bila, originally from Makian , traced his pedigree from Alam and

2691-658: The island. The Permesta force's surrender was as quick as its capture of the island less than a month before. It alarmed the Permesta rebels who had captured Jailolo, many of whom promptly fled back to North Sulawesi . Thereafter the rebellion was largely confined to the Minahasa Peninsula of Sulawesi, where Permesta remnants waged a guerilla campaign until the last unit surrendered in January 1962. Morotai became its own regency on 29 October 2008, separating from

2760-534: The island. Almost all of Morotai's numerous villages are coastal settlements; a paved road linking those on the east coast starts from Daruba and will eventually reach Berebere , the principal town on Morotai's east coast, 68 km (42 mi) from Daruba. Between Halmahera and the islets and reefs of the west coast of Morotai is the Morotai Strait, which is about 10 km (6.2 mi) wide. In mid 2022 it had an estimated population of 78,270. The island

2829-597: The late 1940s, after which the new Indonesian Air Force (AURI) kept one of the Allied-built airstrips in use. During the Permesta rebellion in 1958, AURI North American B-25 Mitchell bomber aircraft used the airstrip in transit on their way to attack the rebel center at Manado in North Sulawesi . Permesta had its own "Revolutionary Air Force", AUREV, whose aircraft, munitions and pilots were supplied by

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2898-497: The lesser title Sangaji ("honoured prince", regional lord). He must also honour Sultan Hairun as his suzerain. The fortress was thoroughly destroyed. With these events the independent Jailolo sultanate came to an end. In order to avoid actual subjugation to Ternate, Katarabumi and his family left the main residence and moved to a simple dwelling in the forest, while the Portuguese tried in vain to persuade him to hail Hairun. However, most of his retainers acknowledged Ternate's power, and

2967-400: The north of Halmahera. It has an area of some 2,336.6 km (902.2 sq mi), including Rao Island which lies to the west of Morotai and forms an administrative district within the regency. It stretches 80 km (50 mi) north-south and no more than 42 km (26 mi) wide. The island's largest town is Daruba, on the island's south coast. Leo Wattimena Airport is located on

3036-444: The number of administrative villages (all rural desa ) in each district, and the post codes. Note: (a) the population in 2010 of Rao Island is included in the figure for Morotai Selatan Barat District, from which it was cut out. The island is heavily wooded and produces timber and resin and has a subsistence fishing industry. Currently 3MW Diesel generators across 3 locations one with 2MW, and 2 at 0.5MW. The electrification ratio

3105-506: The old and destitute ruler died in 1552 after taking poison. Katarabumi left three sons and three daughters, of whom Kaicili Gujarati succeeded him as Sangaji . He must agree to deliver large tributes of sago and other items. For Ternate, Jailolo with its large hinterland became important as deliverer of foodstuff. The Portuguese had a low opinion about his personal qualities. However, in 1558 Captain Duarte d’Eça found reason to give him back

3174-411: The old domains of the kingdom in 1804–1805, but did not succeed entirely. His protector Nuku died in the same year and the new Sultan of Tidore, Zainal Abidin , did not have the same influence. The Dutch struck back and conquered Tidore Island in 1806 and Zainal Abidin and Muhammad Arif Bila had to flee to Halmahera. The latter hid in the forests of Mount Kia with his family, but was killed when he fell in

3243-550: The population to move off the island. Early in the century most of the population was moved to Dodinga, a small town in a strategic spot on Halmahera's west coast. Later, in 1627 and 1628, Sultan Hamzah of Ternate had much of the Christian population of the island moved to Malayu , on Ternate, where they could be more easily controlled. The Ternate Sultanate was a vassal of the Dutch East India Company by

3312-550: The rebel fleet at Papile. The uprising was finally suppressed when the sultan surrendered himself on 21 June 1877. Dano Baba Hasan was exiled to Muntok off Sumatra where he died in 1895. A last effort was made by a relative of Baba Hasan called Dano Jayudin, also from Ambon. In 1914 he took up residence in the Weda district in south-eastern Halmahera. Waigeo , one of the Papuan Islands , sent tributary gifts to him, before

3381-602: The region. He allied with the Tobaru people in northern Halmahera and violently attacked areas hitherto under Ternate. When he invaded Gamkonora and the recently Christianized villages in Morotai and Morotia (in north Halmahera), he invoked the enmity of the Portuguese, who made strong proselytizing efforts to spread Catholicism. By this time the immediate sphere of the kingdom had about 4,000 able-bodied men. It produced much foodstuff but little or no cloves, and therefore never gained

3450-404: The rest was dominated by the spice sultanates Ternate and Tidore. It emerged long before the introduction of Islam (1460s or 1470s), but the concrete history of the kingdom can only be followed since the early 16th century, and the pre-Islamic era is only known via later traditions. The oldest available version was written down by the Dutch priest François Valentijn (1724), long after the demise of

3519-481: The runway and pronounced that Boeing B-29 Superfortress heavy bomber aircraft could use it. In May 1958 Indonesian National Armed Forces started to gather amphibious forces to retake both Morotai and the rebel-held town of Jailolo on the neighboring island of Halmahera . By May 16 the assault fleet started to gather in Ambon harbour and on May 20 its troops landed on Morotai while élite Pasukan Gerak Tjepat (PGT or "Quick Reaction Force") troops parachuted onto

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3588-613: The seat of a vassal king. In April 1613 a Ternatan fleet of kora-koras (large outriggers) clashed with a fleet from Tidore. The gunpowder kept in a large kora-kora was lit and the vessel exploded whereby Doa and two Ternatan princes succumbed. In 1620 the Spaniards nevertheless left their post in Jailolo to the care of the Tidorese, who in turn were unable to hold the place against the Dutch-backed Ternate. Prince Doa and

3657-408: The silver and spice trade . One uncommon grace afforded Valentijn was that he lived to see his work published; the VOC strictly enforced a policy prohibiting former employees from publishing anything about the region or their colonial administration. And while, as Suárez notes, by the mid-18th century the Dutch no longer feared sharing geographic secrets, Beekman notes how "the execution of this policy

3726-460: The smaller Rao Island to the west of Morotai. The population was 52,860 at the 2010 census and 74,436 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 80,566 (comprising 41,461 males and 39,105 females). The island in the Halmahera group of eastern Indonesia 's Maluku Islands (Moluccas); it is one of Indonesia's northernmost islands. Morotai is a rugged, forested island lying to

3795-435: The south. In the mid-sixteenth century, the island was also the site of a Portuguese Jesuit mission . The Muslim states on Ternate and Halmahera resented the outpost for its proselytising activities, and managed to drive the mission from the island in 1571, as a part of a larger Portuguese retreat in the region. In the seventeenth century, Ternate further exerted its power over Morotai by repeatedly forcing major parts of

3864-424: The sultanate. Valentijn relates that Jailolo was a strong kingdom in Halmahera by 1250, and that the oppressive governance of the king ( Kolano ) caused an exodus of people to Ternate , an island to the south-west of the Jailolo Bay, where a new trade-oriented kingdom emerged in 1257. In the following centuries Jailolo and Ternate had intermittent conflicts with shifting success. In the early 14th century, Tidore and

3933-526: The throne since the old ruler had no sons. Nevertheless, a later Ternatan ruler called Komalo Pulo (1377-1432) conquered some villages on Halmahera and forced the King of Jailolo to cede his precedence position. Another set of legends tells that an Arab immigrant called Jafar Sadik came to Maluku and married a heavenly nymph called Nurus Safa, daughter of the Lord of Heaven. The couple sired four sons called Buka, Darajat, Sahajat and Mashur-ma-lamo , who became

4002-486: The time when Hairun himself was murdered by the Portuguese in 1570, Jailolo was governed by an offspring of his sister whose name is not known, but who assisted Hairun's son Babullah in fighting the Portuguese. The vassal status of the Jailolo princes was henceforth sealed by regular marriages with the Ternatan Sultan's family, where Ternate acted as wife-givers. Towards the end of the 16th century an unnamed ruler

4071-432: The title of Sultan in order to enlist his help against the rebellious Ternatans. The rebellion receded in 1559-1560 as Sultan Hairun made an agreement with the Portuguese. However, Hairun took a severe revenge on Kaicili Gujarati in about 1560 as he was attacked on a sea trip by a Ternatan fleet and killed with arrows together with part of the nobility of the kingdom. Very little is known about Jailolo after this incident. At

4140-551: Was a Dutch Calvinist minister, naturalist and author whose Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën ("Old and New East-India") describes the history of the Dutch East India Company while also making notes on geography, ethnography, and natural history; half is about the Moluccas . The work is characterised by vanity, randomness, imbalance and the lack of systematics. Valentyn even used sources that he considered unreliable and some of his descriptions were considered far-fetched. François Valentyn

4209-649: Was born in 1666 in Dordrecht , Holland, where he lived most his life; however, he is known for his activities in Southeast Asia, notably in Ambon , in the Maluku Islands . Valentyn read theology and philosophy at the University of Leiden and the University of Utrecht before leaving for a career as a preacher in the Indies. Valentyn lived in the East Indies for 16 years, he was first employed by

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4278-403: Was divided into five districts ( kecamatan ), but a sixth district has subsequently been added by cutting off Rao Island from Morotai Selatan Barat District. The districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres,

4347-466: Was erratic and based on personal motives". While Valentyn's maps and diagrams were prized possessions, his scholarship, is now considered unscrupulous. He included illustrations of a merman who he claimed to have seen in May 1714 on the way from Old Batavia to Holland. He however did describe some molluscs and fishes with engravings. Valentyn's use of the products of other scientists' and writers' intellectual labour, passing it off as his own, reveals

4416-509: Was forced by his brother to flee Jailolo and settle with his brother-in-law, the Sultan of Brunei , with his mother and daughters. The Flemish traveler Jacques de Coutre met him in Brunei in 1597 and gave him medical advice. The next known ruler was Kodrat who married Babullah's daughter Ainalyakin and governed until about 1605. The pair sired Doa who was born around 1593 and succeeded his father as vassal ruler in about 1606. Doa married his cousin,

4485-539: Was garrisoned by 1,200 soldiers of whom 100 were musketeers. The defiant stance of Katarabumi eventually led to an invasion in Halmahera by the Portuguese Captain Bernaldim de Sousa and Sultan Hairun of Ternate. Jailolo fell after a long siege in March 1551, after provisions had run out. The conditions of surrender were hard; Katarabumi lost the title of Kolano or king and had to be content with

4554-409: Was groomed by Nuku as throne candidate. When Nuku temporarily managed to take control over Jailolo in 1796 he formally enthroned Muhammad Arif Bila, thus recreating the old quadripartition. His dignity was confirmed in the next year when Nuku captured Tidore and became Sultan. Whether the Jailolo sultanate was still in living memory among the population of Halmahera is unclear; the restoration was in fact

4623-441: Was introduced in the late 15th century by Mahadum, who was the son of a Sultan of Samudra Pasai . Mahadum performed missionary work in several places in Indonesia and successively traveled in eastern direction. Via the Banda Islands he proceeded to Jailolo whose king he converted and gave the name Yusuf. From there he went to the nearby Tidore and Ternate islands where he was equally successful. The Hikayat Tanah Hitu also mentions

4692-487: Was more allowing for local cultural expressions. Thus the idea of the four peaks of Maluku, Maloko Kië Raha began to be reshaped. During the period 2002–2017, four titular sultans were elevated to power in succession, namely Abdullah Sjah, Ilham Dano Toka, Muhammad Siddik Kaitjil Sjah, and Ahmad Abdullah Sjah, though not without internal local disputes about the right selection. Fran%C3%A7ois Valentijn François Valentyn or Valentijn (17 April 1666 – 6 August 1727)

4761-574: Was the definitive end of the sultanate, and the Halmaherans largely left for their home island; however, the unrest continued with widespread piracy and slaving that was not entirely suppressed until the early 20th century. In fact there were a few further attempts to revive the Jailolo state, since the rule of Ternate and Tidore in Halmahera remained oppressive. A grandnephew of the last Sultan Jailolo, Dano Baba Hasan, left his home in Ambon in 1875 and started to make followers in eastern Halmahera. People under his influence resisted Ternate and Tidore, but not

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