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116-547: Construction of the planetarium was an initiative of President Sukarno when in the early 1960s he envisaged a monumental large-scale planetarium project. However, by the next half of the 1960s, the design was made more modest. The construction of the Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory began in 1964 as part of the construction of the Taman Ismail Marzuki art complex. The construction was funded by

232-558: A Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959 , which among other things contained the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and the replacement of the constitution from the 1950 Constitution to the 1945 Constitution again. This event marked the end of Parliamentary Democracy and the beginning of the Guided Democracy Era . The government then formed Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) institutions in

348-549: A decree dissolving the Constitutional Assembly and restoring the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia . The position of Prime Minister of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Perdana Menteri Republik Indonesia ) was the main head of government of Indonesia during the Liberal Democracy Era, with the president officially only acting as a figurehead. During this period, the prime minister was in charge of

464-431: A guided democracy that implemented a political system of balance. The Provisional Constitution of 1950 differed markedly from the 1945 Constitution in many ways; it mandated a parliamentary system of government, and stipulated at length constitutional guarantees for human rights, drawing heavily on the 1948 UN 's Universal Declaration of Human Rights . It was abrogated on 9 July 1959 when President Sukarno issued

580-524: A 21-person committee tasked with creating the specific governmental structure of the future Indonesian state. On 9 August, the top leaders of PPKI (Sukarno, Hatta and KRT Radjiman Wediodiningrat ), were summoned by Commander-in-Chief of Japan's Southern Expeditionary Forces, Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi , to Da Lat , 100 km from Saigon . Terauchi gave Sukarno the freedom to proceed with preparation for Indonesian independence, free of Japanese interference. After much wining and dining, Sukarno's entourage

696-799: A chance to be opposed, either by the government or opposition . As such, some cabinets lasted only a few months. Throughout the Liberal Democracy era, a large number of political parties existed within Indonesia. The main four were the Indonesian National Party (PNI), the Masyumi Party , the Nahdlatul Ulama , and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). Other smaller parties existed, including

812-619: A co-operative ' Nasakom ' government. This was intended to appease the three main factions in Indonesian politics – the army, Islamic groups, and the communists. With the support of the military, he proclaimed in February 1957, ' Guided Democracy ', and proposed a cabinet of representing all the political parties of importance (including the PKI). This shift into a more authoritarian form of democracy culminated on 5 July 1959. Sukarno issued

928-557: A deteriorating economy, which resulted in the NU withdrawing, and the collapse of the cabinet. Following the dissolution of the First Ali Sastroamidjojo cabinet, vice president Mohammad Hatta announced the names of three candidates for the new cabinet formation, namely Wilopo , Soekiman , and Assaat . However, these three candidates agreed to choose Hatta as prime minister and Minister of Defense. However, because Hatta

1044-506: A dismissal of a pro-government officer in July 1952, the parliament began demanding a significant restructuring of armed forces leadership, and after three months tensions culminated in thousands of demonstrators mobilized by the army in Jakarta . President Sukarno managed to temper the demonstrators and assure the army officers, but refused to concede to any demands. Soon after the incident,

1160-526: A focus on architecture ) at the Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (Bandoeng Institute of Technology), where he obtained an Ingenieur degree (abbreviated as "Ir.", a Dutch-type engineer's degree ) in 1926. During his study in Bandung , Sukarno became romantically involved with Inggit Garnasih  [ id ] , the wife of Sanoesi, the owner of the boarding house where he lived as

1276-571: A foreign policy crisis, which committed Indonesia to the 'free world.' Resulting in the resignation of Foreign Minister Achmad Soebardjo and the fall of the whole cabinet in February 1952. After the fall of the Soekiman cabinet, another Masyumi-PNI cabinet followed, this time, it was led by the PNI, under Prime Minister Wilopo . During the Wilopo cabinet , a major political realignment occurred. The PNI

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1392-540: A national army, for fear of antagonizing the Allied occupation forces and their doubt over whether they would have been able to form an adequate military apparatus to maintain control of seized territory. The members of various militia groups formed during Japanese occupation such as the disbanded PETA and Heiho , at that time were encouraged to join the BKR - Badan Keamanan Rakjat (The People's Security Organization), itself

1508-762: A new cabinet led by the PNI, with support by the NU, was formed with Ali Sastroamidjojo serving as Prime Minister. This time, the Masyumi was excluded, along with the PSI. Under the Ali Sastroamidjojo's first cabinet, the bureaucracy was expanded with more PNI officials, the economy was under a period of Indonesianization, with the government encouraging indigenous businessmen to open new firms. In practice, however, many new firms were bogus fronts for arrangements between government supporters and Chinese, which became known as " Ali Baba firms," in which an Indonesian (‘Ali’)

1624-497: A platform for himself to spread nationalist ideas to the mass population. The Japanese, on the other hand, needed Indonesia's workforce and natural resources to help its war effort. The Japanese recruited millions of people, mainly from Java, to be forced labour called romusha in Japanese. They were forced to build railways, airfields, and other facilities for the Japanese within Indonesia and as far away as Burma . Additionally,

1740-472: A pro-independence party, the Indonesian National Party (PNI), of which Sukarno was elected the first leader. The party advocated independence for Indonesia , and opposed imperialism and capitalism because it opined that both systems worsened the life of Indonesian people. The party also advocated secularism and unity amongst the many different ethnicities in the Dutch East Indies, to establish

1856-410: A result, he was given the title "Father of Proclamation." After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy , Sukarno established an autocratic system called " Guided Democracy " in 1959 that successfully ended the instability and rebellions which were threatening the survival of the diverse and fractious country. In the early 1960s Sukarno embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under

1972-676: A series of raids throughout Java. Sukarno himself was arrested while on a visit to Yogyakarta . During his trial at the Bandung Landraad courthouse from August to December 1930, Sukarno made a series of long political speeches attacking colonialism and imperialism, titled Indonesia Menggoegat ( Indonesia Accuses ). In December 1930, Sukarno was sentenced to four years in prison, which were served in Sukamiskin prison in Bandung. His speech, however, received extensive coverage by

2088-469: A significant proportion of the army's high command was replaced. In March 1953, the cabinet fell, after what is now called the " Tanjung Morawa affair ." Where police killed five peasants near Medan while removing squatters from foreign-owned estate lands. Before a vote of no confidence could be taken in parliament, the cabinet returned its mandate to Sukarno on 16 March 1953. After over six weeks of bargaining and five attempts at various party combinations,

2204-534: A small house in Rengasdengklok, Karawang , owned by a Chinese family and occupied by PETA. There they gained Sukarno's commitment to declare independence the next day. That night, the youths drove Sukarno back to the house of Admiral Tadashi Maeda, the Japanese naval liaison officer in the Menteng area of Jakarta, who sympathised with Indonesian independence. There, he and his assistant Sajoeti Melik prepared

2320-482: A student. Inggit was 13 years older than Sukarno. In March 1923, Sukarno divorced Siti Oetari to marry Inggit (who also divorced her husband Sanoesi). Sukarno later divorced Inggit and married Fatmawati. Atypically even among the country's small educated elite, Sukarno was fluent in several languages. In addition to the Javanese language of his childhood, he was a master of Sundanese , Balinese and Indonesian , and

2436-655: A subordinate of the "War Victims Assistance Organization". It was only in October 1945 that the BKR was reformed into the TKR – Tentara Keamanan Rakjat ( People's Security Army ) in response to the increasing Allied and Dutch presence in Indonesia. The TKR armed themselves mostly by attacking Japanese troops and confiscating their weapons. Due to the sudden transfer of Java and Sumatra from General Douglas MacArthur 's American-controlled Southwest Pacific Command to Lord Louis Mountbatten 's British-controlled Southeast Asian Command,

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2552-489: A united Indonesia. Sukarno also hoped that Japan would commence a war against the western powers and that Indonesia could then gain its independence with Japan's aid . Coming soon after the disintegration of Sarekat Islam in the early 1920s and the crushing of the Indonesian Communist Party after its failed rebellion of 1926 , the PNI began to attract a large number of followers, particularly among

2668-638: The Asian-African Conference in Bandung were implemented, and domestic reforms were enacted. After a year, the cabinet had to return their mandate to the President, following a split between the PNI and Masyumi parties. Following the fall of the Second Ali Sastroamidjojo cabinet, president Sukarno expressed his desire for a gotong royong (mutual assistance) cabinet, in which all of the four major parties, including

2784-486: The CIA and British intelligence services , resulting in an estimated 500,000 to over 1,000,000 deaths. In 1967, Suharto officially assumed the presidency, replacing Sukarno, who remained under house arrest until his death in 1970. His eldest daughter Megawati Sukarnoputri , who was born during her father's rule in 1947, later served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. The name Sukarno comes from

2900-558: The Cabinet of Indonesia , one of the three branches of government along with the Provisional People's Representative Council and the president . Under the constitution of the unitary state , the cabinet was once again responsible to parliament, with the prime minister appointed by the president. Due to the instability of the coalition cabinets, prime ministers often faced votes of no confidence . Every major policy change had

3016-495: The Central Indonesian National Committee instead of the president. On 14 November 1945, Sukarno appointed Sutan Sjahrir as first prime minister, he was a European-educated politician who was never involved with the Japanese occupation authorities. In late 1945 Dutch administrators who led the Dutch East Indies government-in-exile and soldiers who had fought the Japanese began to return under

3132-664: The Darul Islam rebellion, Makassar Uprising , APRA coup d'état , and the Republic of South Maluku independence movement. Negotiations on the West Irian issue were also held during this cabinet, though these only resulted in a stalemate. On 22 January 1951, the parliament passed a vote of no confidence , resulting in Prime Minister Natsir returning his mandate to the president on 21 March 1951. Following

3248-675: The United States of Indonesia (RIS). However, the RIS government lacked cohesion inside and was opposed by many republicans. These factors among many others, resulted in the dissolution of all the constituents of the RIS, which were later merged again as part of the unitary Republic of Indonesia by 17 August 1950, the fifth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence . However, divisions in Indonesian society began to appear. Regional differences in customs, morals, tradition, religion,

3364-618: The independence of the Republic of Indonesia in front of a crowd of 500 people. This most historic of buildings was later ordered to be demolished by Sukarno himself, without any apparent reason. On the following day, 18 August, the PPKI declared the basic governmental structure of the new Republic of Indonesia: Sukarno's vision for the 1945 Indonesian constitution comprised the Pancasila ( five principles ). Sukarno's political philosophy

3480-460: The western coast of Sumatra , in February 1938. In Bengkulu, Sukarno became acquainted with Hassan Din, the local head of Muhammadiyah organization, and he was allowed to teach religious teachings at a local school owned by the Muhammadiyah. One of his students was 15-year-old Fatmawati , daughter of Hassan Din. He became romantically involved with Fatmawati, which he justified by stating

3596-542: The "foremost collaborationist leaders". On 29 April 1945, when the Philippines were liberated by American forces, the Japanese allowed for the establishment of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence ( Indonesian ; Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan; BPUPK ), a quasi-legislature consisting of 67 representatives from most ethnic groups in Indonesia. Sukarno

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3712-601: The Brahmin caste named Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai from Buleleng , Bali, Sukarno was born in Surabaya , East Java, in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), where his father had been sent following an application for a transfer to Java . He was originally named Kusno Sosrodihardjo . Following Javanese custom, he was renamed after surviving a childhood illness. After graduating from a native primary school in 1912, he

3828-507: The British") to promote anti-Allied sentiments. In later years, Sukarno was lastingly ashamed of his role with the romusha . Additionally, food requisitioning by the Japanese caused widespread famine in Java, which killed more than one million people in 1944–1945. In his view, these were necessary sacrifices to be made to allow for the future independence of Indonesia. He also was involved with

3944-426: The British, repatriated more than 70,000 Japanese and Allied POWs and internees by the end of 1946. However, due to the relative weakness of the military of the Republic of Indonesia, Sukarno sought independence by gaining international recognition for his new country rather than engage in battle with British and Dutch military forces. Sukarno was aware that his history as a Japanese collaborator and his leadership in

4060-694: The Central and Regional Election Committees were formed. The plan at that time was that elections for the legislative branch would be held on September 29 and for the Constitutional Assembly would be held on December 15 . However, again as experienced by the Wilopo Cabinet, the Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet dissolved in July 1955 and was replaced by the Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet the following month, after

4176-720: The Dutch PID . In mid-1933, Sukarno published a series of writings titled Mentjapai Indonesia Merdeka ("To Attain Independent Indonesia"). For this writing, he was arrested by Dutch police while visiting fellow nationalist Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin in Jakarta on 1 August 1933. This time, to prevent providing Sukarno with a platform to make political speeches, the hardline governor-general Jonkheer Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge utilised his emergency powers to send Sukarno to internal exile without trial. In 1934, Sukarno

4292-492: The Dutch . In the hands of a young and inexperienced government, the economy was unable to boost production of food and other necessities to keep pace with the rapidly increasing population. Most of the population were illiterate, unskilled, and suffered from a dearth of management skills. Inflation was rampant, smuggling cost the central government much needed foreign exchange, and many of the plantations had been destroyed during

4408-591: The Dutch and Indonesians to the negotiating table. The result of these negotiations was the Linggadjati Agreement signed in November 1946, where the Dutch acknowledged de facto Republican sovereignty over Java, Sumatera, and Madura. In exchange, the Republicans were willing to discuss a future Commonwealth-like United Kingdom of Netherlands and Indonesia. Sukarno's decision to negotiate with

4524-565: The Dutch to halt their invasion force in August 1947. Sjahrir, who has been replaced as prime minister by Amir Sjarifuddin , flew to New York City to appeal Indonesian case in front of United Nations . UN Security Council issued a resolution calling for an immediate ceasefire and appointed a Good Offices Committee (GOC) to oversee the ceasefire. The GOC, based in Jakarta, consisted of delegations from Australia (led by Richard Kirby , chosen by Indonesia), Belgium (led by Paul van Zeeland , chosen by

4640-654: The Dutch was met with strong opposition by various Indonesian factions. Tan Malaka , a communist politician, organized these groups into a united front called the Persatoean Perdjoangan (PP). PP offered a "Minimum Program" which called for complete independence, nationalisation of all foreign properties, and rejection of all negotiations until all foreign troops are withdrawn. These programmes received widespread popular support, including from armed forces commander General Sudirman . On 4 July 1946, military units linked with PP kidnapped Prime Minister Sjahrir who

4756-623: The Dutch, and its former members formed two different parties; the Indonesia Party (Partindo) under Sukarno's associate Sartono who were promoting mass agitation, and the Indonesian Nationalist Education (New PNI) under Mohammad Hatta and Sutan Sjahrir , two nationalists who recently returned from studies in the Netherlands, and who were promoting a long-term strategy of providing modern education to

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4872-557: The Indonesian government and the Indonesian Batik Cooperatives Association ( Gabungan Koperasi Batik Indonesia or GKBI). The 22-meter dome of the planetarium was completed in 1968. On November 10, 1968, the building was officially inaugurated by the Governor of Jakarta Ali Sadikin together with the Taman Ismail Marzuki art complex. The planetarium was opened to the public on March 1, 1969;

4988-473: The Indonesian independence cause. In February 1942, Imperial Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies quickly defeating Dutch forces who marched, bussed and trucked Sukarno and his entourage three hundred kilometres from Bengkulu to Padang , Sumatra . They intended keeping him prisoner and shipping him to Australia but abruptly abandoned him to save themselves upon the impending approach of Japanese forces on Padang. The Japanese had their own files on Sukarno, and

5104-579: The Japanese commander in Sumatra approached him with respect, wanting to use him to organize and pacify the Indonesians. Sukarno, on the other hand, wanted to use the Japanese to gain independence for Indonesia: "The Lord be praised, God showed me the way; in that valley of the Ngarai I said: Yes, Independent Indonesia can only be achieved with Dai Nippon...For the first time in all my life, I saw myself in

5220-474: The Japanese formed a new organization called Poesat Tenaga Rakjat (POETERA/Center of People's Power) under Sukarno, Hatta, Ki Hadjar Dewantara , and KH Mas Mansjoer . These organizations aimed to galvanise popular support for recruitment of romusha , to requisition of food products, and to promote pro-Japanese and anti-Western sentiments amongst Indonesians. Sukarno coined the term Amerika kita setrika, Inggris kita linggis ("Let's iron America, and bludgeon

5336-525: The Japanese occupation, the Outer Islands (excluding Java and Sumatra) were occupied by the Japanese Navy ( Kaigun ), who did not allow for political mobilisation of the islanders. Consequently, there was little Republican activity in these islands post-proclamation. Australian and Dutch forces were able to quickly take control of these islands without much fighting by the end of 1945 (excluding

5452-487: The Japanese requisitioned rice and other food produced by Indonesian peasants to supply their troops, while forcing the peasantry to cultivate castor oil plants to be used as aviation fuel and lubricants. To gain cooperation from Indonesian population and to prevent resistance to these measures, the Japanese put Sukarno as head of 3A Japanese propaganda movement or the Tiga-A mass organization movement. In March 1943,

5568-532: The Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Japanese surrender , Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno was appointed president. He led the Indonesian resistance to Dutch re-colonisation efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence in 1949. As

5684-420: The Japanese were in confusion and before the arrival of Allied forces. Faced with this quick turn of events, Sukarno procrastinated. He feared bloodbath due to hostile response from the Japanese to such a move and was concerned with prospects of future Allied retribution. On the early morning on 16 August, the three youth leaders, impatient with Sukarno's indecision, kidnapped him from his house and brought him to

5800-600: The Japanese-approved PUTERA during the occupation would make the Western countries distrustful of him. To help gain international recognition as well as to accommodate domestic demands for representation, Sukarno "allowed" the formation of a parliamentary system of government, whereby a prime minister controlled day-to-day affairs of the government, while Sukarno as president remained as a figurehead. The prime minister and his cabinet would be responsible to

5916-553: The Linggadjati Agreement in March 1947. On 21 July 1947, the Linggadjati Agreement was broken by the Dutch, who launched Operatie Product , a massive military invasion into Republican-held territories. Although the newly reconstituted TNI was unable to offer significant military resistance, the blatant violation by the Dutch of an internationally brokered agreement outraged world opinion. International pressure forced

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6032-621: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs revealed that "Achmed" (later, written as "Ahmad" or "Ahmed" by Arab states and other foreign state press) was coined by M. Zein Hassan, an Indonesian student at Al-Azhar University and later a member of the staff at the Ministry, to establish Sukarno's identity as a Muslim to the Egyptian press after a brief controversy at that time in Egypt alleging Sukarno's name

6148-828: The Netherlands), and the United States (led by Frank Porter Graham , neutral). Liberal democracy period in Indonesia The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia ( Indonesian : Demokrasi Liberal ), also known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy , was a period in Indonesian political history , when the country was under a liberal democratic system . During this period, Indonesia held its first and only free and fair legislative election until 1999, but also saw continual political instability. The period began on 17 August 1950 following

6264-444: The PKI would work together for the national interest. However, following vociferous opposition from the other parties and the Army , Sukarno was forced to back down. On 15 March, he asked PNI chairman, and former Mayor of Jakarta Suwiryo to form a cabinet, but he failed, with the result that Sukarno himself called a meeting on 14 April of party leaders and military officers, at which they were all asked if they were prepared to join

6380-474: The PKI, led by D. N. Aidit , and other parties formed and acted as the opposition. The army was not entirely pleased with the newly formed cabinet, since it believed many of the new cabinet members to be as corrupt as their predecessors. But it was pleased at the opportunity to arrest several PNI figures for corruption. Under the cabinet, the long-awaited 1955 legislative and constitutional assembly elections took place. Rather than resolving political issues,

6496-447: The PSI and the Natsir faction of the Masyumi was a part of the cabinet. The Soekiman cabinet was notable for its poor relations with the army and its suppression of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), following a series of militant strikes between June and August 1951. The first (and only) crackdown against the communists in Indonesia up until the events of the 30 September Movement . The Soekiman cabinet would eventually fall due to

6612-419: The Proclamation Monument and adjacent Gedung Pola in Jakarta; the Youth Monument ( Tugu Muda ) in Semarang ; the Alun-alun Monument in Malang ; the Heroes' Monument in Surabaya; and also the new city of Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan . Sukarno was also deeply involved in building the Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex which includes him proposing the design for the roof of its main stadium . Sukarno

6728-427: The Republic in West Java from 1948 to 1962; in Maluku , Ambonese , formerly of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army , proclaimed an independent Republic of South Maluku ; Permesta and PRRI rebels fought the Central government in Sulawesi and West Sumatra between 1955 and 1961. The economy was in a disastrous state following three years of Japanese occupation and the following four years of war against

6844-406: The Social Revolutions in Aceh and North Sumatera , where large numbers of Acehnese and Malay aristocrats were killed, and the "Three Regions Affair" in northwestern coast of Central Java . These bloody incidents continued until late 1945 to early 1946, and begin to peter out as Republican authorities begin to exert and consolidate control. Sukarno's government initially postponed the formation of

6960-484: The Wilopo cabinet, economic conditions began to worsen, as the economic boom that occurred during the Korean War was over. Prices of exports began to fall, notably rubber, which fell by 71%. This led to the cabinet cutting expenditures, including the budget of the army. However, the Wilopo Cabinet's proposals were unpopular with the army . The Army's high command came into dispute with the parliament in what it saw as excessive civilian meddling within military affairs. After

7076-491: The architectural firm Soekarno & Anwari in Bandung, which provided planning and contractor services. Among Sukarno's architectural works are the renovated building of the Preanger Hotel (1929), where he acted as assistant to famous Dutch architect Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker . Sukarno also designed many private houses on today's Jalan Gatot Subroto, Jalan Palasari, and Jalan Dewi Sartika in Bandung. Later on, as president, Sukarno remained engaged in architecture, designing

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7192-404: The cabinet. The Masyumi, most of whose members refused to serve in the cabinet, accused Sukarno of acting illegally, but to no avail. The party later expelled its two members who joined the cabinet. Sukarno appointed cabinet veteran Djuanda Kartawidjaja to head a cabinet made up of qualified individuals who did not represent any parties. The cabinet was announced on 8 April and appointed by Sukarno

7308-445: The capital (eventually Jakarta), and in his socialist politics, though he did not extend his taste for modern art to pop music ; he had the Indonesian musical group Koes Bersaudara imprisoned for their allegedly decadent lyrics despite his reputation for womanising. For Sukarno, modernity was blind to race, neat and elegant in style, and anti-imperialist. After graduation in 1926, Sukarno and his university friend Anwari established

7424-402: The day was made the official birthday of the planetarium. The planetarium made use of the Carl Zeiss Universal planetarium projector In 1975, a coudé telescope that had already been a property of the institution since the 1964s was installed in a two-floored building not far from the planetarium. In 1982, the coudé telescope was moved closer to the present observatory because the land where

7540-415: The dissolution of the federal United States of Indonesia , less than a year after its formation, and ended with the imposition of martial law and President Sukarno's decree , which resulted in the introduction of the Guided Democracy period on 5 July 1959. On 17 August 1950, the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS), which was a state created as a result of the Round Table Conference and

7656-404: The elections merely helped to draw the battle-lines more precisely. Under Burhanuddin Harahap, harmonization between the government and the army began, as well as the termination of the Netherlands-Indonesia Union , as a form of protest over the West Irian issue . The cabinet resigned in early March. The next cabinet was again led by Ali Sastroamidjojo , who became prime minister again. Unlike

7772-566: The fact that politics can only make real changes through formation and utilisation of force ( machtsvorming en machtsaanwending ). During this period, to support himself and the party financially, Sukarno returned to architecture, opening the bureau of Soekarno & Roosseno with his university junior Roosseno . He also wrote articles for the party's newspaper, Fikiran Ra'jat (People's Mind) . While based in Bandung, Sukarno travelled extensively throughout Java to establish contacts with other nationalists. His activities attracted further attention by

7888-452: The fall of the country under Dutch occupation and exploitation, and the imperialism practised by Western countries, which he termed as "exploitation of humans by other humans" ( exploitation de l'homme par l'homme ). He blamed this for the deep poverty and low levels of education of Indonesian people under the Dutch. To promote nationalistic pride amongst Indonesians , Sukarno interpreted these ideas in his dress, in his urban planning for

8004-429: The first Allied soldiers (1st Battalion of Seaforth Highlanders) did not arrive in Jakarta until late September 1945. British forces began to occupy major Indonesian cities in October 1945. The commander of the British 23rd Division, Lieutenant General Sir Philip Christison , set up command in the former governor-general's palace in Jakarta. Christison stated that he intended to free all Allied prisoners-of-war and to allow

8120-403: The first free and fair elections in Indonesian history, as well as the only free and fair election until the 1999 legislative elections , which were held at the end of the New Order regime . Following more than 4 years of brutal fighting and violence, the Indonesian National Revolution was over, with the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference resulting in the transference of sovereignty to

8236-414: The five-point Pancasila, in a document known as the Jakarta Charter : Due to pressure from the Islamic element, the first principle mentioned the obligation for Muslims to practice Islamic law ( sharia ). However, the final Sila as contained in the 1945 Constitution which was put into effect on 18 August 1945, excluded the reference to Islamic law for the sake of national unity. The elimination of sharia

8352-560: The following day at the Merdeka Palace . Unlike other cabinets, this cabinet was the only cabinet in power through a mandate given directly by the president. This cabinet was forced to resign because of changes in the political system made by President Sukarno through the Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959 . Even as early as 1956, president Sukarno was openly criticizing the parliamentary democracy, stating that it

8468-511: The formation of Defenders of the Homeland ( Pembela Tanah Air; PETA ) and Heiho (Indonesian volunteer army troops) via speeches broadcast on the Japanese radio and loudspeaker networks across Java and Sumatra. By mid-1945 these units numbered around two million and were preparing to defeat any Allied forces sent to re-take Java. In the meantime, Sukarno eventually divorced Inggit, who refused to accept her husband's wish for polygamy. She

8584-459: The house of Prime Minister Hideki Tojo in Tokyo . On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised independence for Indonesia, although no date was set. This announcement was seen, according to the U.S. official history, as immense vindication for Sukarno's apparent collaboration with the Japanese. The USA at the time considered Sukarno one of

8700-410: The impact of Christianity and Marxism , and fears of Javanese political domination, all contributed to disunity. The new country was typified by poverty, low educational levels, and authoritarian traditions. Various separatist movements also arose to oppose the new Republic: the militant Darul Islam ('Islamic Domain') proclaimed an "Islamic State of Indonesia" and waged a guerrilla struggle against

8816-560: The inability of Inggit Garnasih to produce children during their almost 20-year marriage. Sukarno was still in Bengkulu exile when the Japanese invaded the archipelago in 1942. In early 1929, during the Indonesian National Revival , Sukarno and fellow Indonesian nationalist leader Hatta (later Vice President ), first foresaw a Pacific War and the opportunity that a Japanese advance on Indonesia might present for

8932-609: The joint session of the BPUPK held in the former Volksraad Building (now called the Pancasila Building ). Pancasila , as presented by Sukarno during the BPUPK speech, consisted of five principles which Sukarno saw as commonly shared by all Indonesians: On 22 June, the Islamic and nationalist elements of the BPUPK created a small committee of nine ( Indonesian : Panitia Sembilan ), which formulated Sukarno's ideas into

9048-417: The mirror of Asia." In July 1942, Sukarno was sent back to Jakarta, where he re-united with other nationalist leaders recently released by the Japanese, including Hatta. There, he met the Japanese commander General Hitoshi Imamura , who asked Sukarno and other nationalists to galvanise support from Indonesian populace to aid the Japanese war effort. Sukarno was willing to support the Japanese, in exchange for

9164-531: The mythological chief hero of the Mahabharata , Karna . The spelling " Soekarno ", based on Dutch orthography , is still in frequent use, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling . Sukarno himself insisted on a "u" in writing, not "oe", but said that he had been told in school to use the Dutch style, and that after 50 years, it was too difficult to change his signature, so he still signed with an "oe". Official Indonesian presidential decrees from

9280-442: The name of Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA), with the protection of the British. They were led by Hubertus Johannes van Mook , a colonial administrator who had evacuated to Brisbane , Australia. Dutch soldiers who had been POWs under the Japanese were released and rearmed. Shooting between these Dutch soldiers and police supporting the new Republican government soon developed. This soon escalated to armed conflict between

9396-494: The new university-educated youths eager for broader freedoms and opportunities denied to them in the racist and constrictive political system of Dutch colonialism. PNI activities came to the attention of the colonial government, and Sukarno's speeches and meetings were often infiltrated and disrupted by agents of the colonial secret police ( Politieke Inlichtingendienst ). Eventually, Sukarno and other key PNI leaders were arrested on 29 December 1929 by Dutch colonial authorities in

9512-932: The newly constituted Republican forces aided by a myriad of pro-independence fighters and the Dutch and British forces. On 10 November, a full-scale battle broke out in Surabaya between the 49th Infantry Brigade of the British Indian Army and Indonesian nationalist militias. The British-Indian force were supported by air and naval forces. Some 300 Indian soldiers were killed (including their commander Brigadier Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby ), as were thousands of nationalist militiamen and other Indonesians. Shootouts broke out with alarming regularity in Jakarta, including an attempted assassination of Prime Minister Sjahrir by Dutch gunmen. To avoid this menace, Sukarno and majority of his government left for

9628-643: The occupation and war. The first cabinet of the new nation was the Natsir Cabinet . It was formed by Prime Minister Mohammad Natsir with the backing of the Masyumi and the Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI), following a failed attempt at a coalition between the Masyumi and the Indonesian National Party (PNI). During this cabinet period, there were rebellions in almost all parts of Indonesia, problems in national security, such as

9744-488: The other cabinets, this cabinet was the only cabinet that governed through elections during the era of Liberal Democracy. The cabinet was notable for the fact that 17 of the 24 new ministers were without previous cabinet experience. Under the cabinet, the Round Table Conference (KMB) was cancelled unilaterally, both formally and materially, cooperation continued with Asian-African countries, the decisions of

9860-481: The period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling . The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport , which serves the area near Indonesia's capital, Jakarta , still uses the Dutch spelling . Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno (Brother/Comrade Karno) or Pak Karno ("Mr. Karno"). Like many Javanese people , he had only one name . He is sometimes referred to in foreign accounts as Achmed Sukarno , or some variation thereof. A source from

9976-466: The press, and due to strong pressure from the liberal elements in both the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies, Sukarno was released early on 31 December 1931. By this time, he had become a popular hero widely known throughout Indonesia. However, during his imprisonment, the PNI had been splintered by the oppression of colonial authorities and internal dissension. The original PNI was disbanded by

10092-561: The recognition of Indonesian sovereignty by the Netherlands , was officially dissolved. The system of government was also changed to a parliamentary democracy based on the Provisional Constitution of 1950 . The period of liberal democracy was marked by the growth of political parties and the enactment of a parliamentary system of government, but also by a long period of political instability, with governments falling one after another. The 1955 legislative elections saw

10208-581: The resignation of the Natsir Cabinet, attempts were made by political leaders, such as Sartono , to form a coalition government between Masyumi and the PNI. However, this proved to be difficult, as disagreements arose, including over the turnover tax, the regional councils, the West Irian issue, and seat distribution in such a cabinet. Eventually, an agreement was reached, with Soekiman Wirjosandjojo serving as prime minister. Notably, no one from

10324-793: The resistance of I Gusti Ngurah Rai in Bali, the insurgency in South Sulawesi , and fighting in Hulu Sungai area of South Kalimantan ). Meanwhile, the hinterland areas of Java and Sumatera remained under Republican control. Eager to pull its soldiers out of Indonesia, the British allowed for large-scale infusion of Dutch forces into the country throughout 1946. By November 1946, all British soldiers had been withdrawn from Indonesia. They were replaced with more than 150,000 Dutch soldiers. The British sent Lord Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel and Miles Lampson, 1st Baron Killearn to bring

10440-525: The return of Indonesia to its pre-war status, as a colony of Netherlands. The Republican government were willing to cooperate with the release and repatriation of Allied civilians and military POWs, setting-up the Committee for the Repatriation of Japanese and Allied Prisoners of Wars and Internees ( Panitia Oeroesan Pengangkoetan Djepang dan APWI , POPDA) for this purpose. POPDA, in cooperation with

10556-800: The rubric of anti-imperialism and personally championed the Non-Aligned Movement . These developments led to increasing friction with the West and closer relations with the USSR. After the events surrounding the 30 September Movement of 1965, the military general Suharto largely took control of the country in a Western-backed military overthrow of the Sukarno-led government . This was followed by repression of real and perceived leftists, including executions of Communist party members and suspected sympathisers in several massacres with support from

10672-497: The safety of Yogyakarta on 4 January 1946. There, the Republican government received protection and full support from Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX . Yogyakarta would remain as the Republic's capital until the end of the war in 1949. Sjahrir remained in Jakarta to conduct negotiations with the British. The initial series of battles in late 1945 and early 1946 left the British in control of major port cities on Java and Sumatra. During

10788-477: The southern Bandung area, who owned his little plot of land and worked on it himself, producing sufficient income to support his family. In university, Sukarno began organizing a study club for Indonesian students, the Algemeene Studieclub , in opposition to the established student clubs dominated by Dutch students. On 4 July 1927, Sukarno with his friends from the Algemeene Studieclub established

10904-482: The strong level of popular support for the new Republic, at least on Java and Sumatra. In these two islands, the Sukarno government quickly established governmental control while the remaining Japanese mostly retreated to their barracks awaiting the arrival of Allied forces. This period was marked by constant attacks by armed groups on anyone who were perceived to oppose Indonesian independence. The most serious cases were

11020-420: The telescope stood earlier belonged to another owner. In 1984, Jakarta Planetarium became officially the Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory. In 1991, the building was extended and facilities such as classrooms, were added. In 1994, a 31 cm star telescope was acquired to replace the older telescope. Major renovation and technological upgrade of the planetarium was done in 1996. The previous Universal Projector

11136-473: The text of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. In the early morning of 17 August 1945, Sukarno returned to his house at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, where Hatta joined him. Throughout the morning, impromptu leaflets printed by PETA and youth elements informed the population of the impending proclamation. Finally, at 10 am, Sukarno and Hatta stepped to the front porch, where Sukarno declared

11252-562: The uneducated Indonesian populace to develop an intellectual elite able to offer effective resistance to Dutch rule. After attempting to reconcile the two parties to establish one united nationalist front, Sukarno chose to become the head of Partindo on 28 July 1932. Partindo had maintained its alignment with Sukarno's own strategy of immediate mass agitation, and Sukarno disagreed with Hatta's long-term cadre-based struggle. Hatta himself believed Indonesian independence would not occur within his lifetime, while Sukarno believed Hatta's strategy ignored

11368-462: Was "not Muslim enough". After the use of the name "Achmed" began, Muslim and Arab states freely supported Sukarno. Thus, in correspondence with the Middle East , Sukarno always signed his name as "Achmed Sukarno". The son of a Muslim Javanese primary school teacher, an aristocrat named Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo who hailed from Grobogan , Central Java, and his Hindu Balinese wife from

11484-405: Was 'based upon inherent conflict' that ran counter to the Indonesian concept of harmony as the natural state of human relationships. Instead, he sought a system based on the traditional village system of discussion and consensus, which occurred under the guidance of village elders. He proposed a threefold blend of nasionalisme ('nationalism'), agama ('religion'), and komunisme ('communism') into

11600-591: Was acquired: a minibus that transports several telescopes e.g. the LUNT 80 mm solar telescope, Vixen VC200 telescope, and a 120 mm refractor. The Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory features an exhibition hall for astronomy. The planetarium features nine movies, each with a duration of 60 minutes. 6°11′24″S 106°50′22″E  /  6.190001°S 106.839445°E  / -6.190001; 106.839445 Sukarno 1st President of Indonesia [REDACTED] Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970)

11716-580: Was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia , serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists . He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces in World War II . Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner support for

11832-413: Was appointed as head of the BPUPK and was tasked to lead discussions to prepare the basis of a future Indonesian state. To provide a common and acceptable platform to unite the various squabbling factions in the BPUPK, Sukarno formulated his ideological thinking developed over the previous twenty years into five principles. On 1 June 1945, he introduced a set of five principles, known as pancasila , during

11948-400: Was done by Hatta based upon a request by Christian representative Alexander Andries Maramis , and after consultation with moderate Islamic representatives Teuku Mohammad Hassan, Kasman Singodimedjo, and Ki Bagoes Hadikoesoemo. On 7 August 1945, the Japanese allowed the formation of a smaller ( Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence Panitia Persiapan kemerdekaan Indonesia; PPKI ),

12064-545: Was due to irreconcilable differences between various social, political, religious and ethnic factions. In the days following the proclamation, the news of Indonesian independence was spread by radio, newspaper, leaflets, and word of mouth despite attempts by the Japanese soldiers to suppress the news. On 19 September, Sukarno addressed a crowd of one million people at the Ikada Field of Jakarta (now part of Merdeka Square ) to commemorate one month of independence, indicating

12180-466: Was especially strong in Dutch. He was also quite comfortable in German , English, French , Arabic , and Japanese , all of which were taught at his HBS. He was helped by his photographic memory and precocious mind . In his studies, Sukarno was "intensely modern", both in architecture and in politics. He despised both the traditional Javanese feudalism , which he considered "backward" and to blame for

12296-467: Was first exposed to nationalist ideas while living under Tjokroaminoto. Later, while a student in Bandung, he immersed himself in European , American , nationalist, communist , and religious political philosophy, eventually developing his own political ideology of Indonesian-style socialist self-sufficiency. He began styling his ideas as Marhaenism , named after Marhaen, an Indonesian peasant he met in

12412-738: Was flown back to Jakarta on 14 August. Unbeknownst to the guests, atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and the Japanese were preparing for surrender . The following day, on 15 August, the Japanese declared their acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration terms and unconditionally surrendered to the Allies. On the afternoon of that day, Sukarno received this information from leaders of youth groups and members of PETA Chairul Saleh , Soekarni , and Wikana , who had been listening to Western radio broadcasts. They urged Sukarno to declare Indonesian independence immediately, while

12528-446: Was front man for a Chinese (‘Baba’) entrepreneur. In April 1955, the Bandung conference was held, and it represented a triumph for the Ali Sastroamidjojo government. Around 29 states, attended the conference. Those present included Zhou Enlai , Jawaharlal Nehru , Phạm Văn Đồng , Mohammad Ali Bogra and Gammal Abdel Nasser . Ali Sastroamidjojo also continued the duties of the previous cabinet to carry out elections. On 31 May 1954,

12644-521: Was growing suspicious of the Masyumi and was looking to postpone elections, fearing it might be won overwhelmingly by the Masyumi. This coincided with the PKI's new national united front strategy, which saw the party offer its support to the PNI, and didn't denounce the current cabinet, as it had done with the Soekiman cabinet. Meanwhile, the Masyumi was experiencing a split, as the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) formed their own party, following doctrinal disputes. Under

12760-437: Was mainly a fusion of elements of Marxism , nationalism and Islam. This is reflected in a proposition of his version of Pancasila he proposed to the BPUPK in a speech on 1 June 1945. Sukarno argued that all of the principles of the nation could be summarised in the phrase gotong royong . The Indonesian parliament, founded on the basis of this original (and subsequently revised) constitution, proved all but ungovernable. This

12876-630: Was provided with a house in Bandung and a pension for the rest of her life. In 1943, he married Fatmawati. They lived in a house in Jalan Pegangsaan Timur No. 56, confiscated from its previous Dutch owners and presented to Sukarno by the Japanese. This house would later be the venue of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945. On 10 November 1943, Sukarno and Hatta were sent on a 17-day tour of Japan, where they were decorated by Emperor Hirohito and wined and dined in

12992-408: Was replaced with the computerized Universarium VIII Projector. The material for the domed screen was replaced and the diameter of the dome was reduced from 23 meters to 22 meters. The floor was elevated and terraced. The previous central-facing seating configuration was reorganized into a south-facing configuration, and the number of seats was reduced from 500 to 320. In 2010, a Mobile Observatory unit

13108-535: Was sent to the Europeesche Lagere School (a Dutch primary school) in Mojokerto . Subsequently, in 1916, Sukarno went to a Hogere Burgerschool (a Dutch-type higher-level secondary school) in Surabaya, where he met Tjokroaminoto , a nationalist and founder of Sarekat Islam . In 1920, Sukarno married Tjokroaminoto's daughter Siti Oetari. In 1921, he began to study civil engineering (with

13224-468: Was shipped, along with his family (including Inggit Garnasih), to the remote town of Ende , on the island of Flores . During his time in Flores, he utilised his limited freedom of movement to establish a children's theatre. Among its members was future politician Frans Seda . Due to an outbreak of malaria in Flores, the Dutch authorities decided to move Sukarno and his family to Bencoolen (now Bengkulu ) on

13340-541: Was still serving as vice president, Hatta appointed Burhanuddin Harahap to form a cabinet. Burhanuddin Harahap's cabinet consisted of a coalition of thirteen different parties, though in practice the cabinet was dominated by the Masyumi, with other parties only being added as complementary. The PNI did not sit in this cabinet, but the PNI together with the Great Indonesia Party (PIR) led by Wongsonegoro ,

13456-456: Was visiting Yogyakarta. Sjahrir was leading the negotiation with the Dutch. Sukarno, after successfully influencing Sudirman, managed to secure the release of Sjahrir and the arrest of Tan Malaka and other PP leaders. Disapproval of Linggadjati terms within the KNIP led Sukarno to issue a decree doubling KNIP membership by including many pro-agreement appointed members. As a consequence, KNIP ratified

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