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67-520: Jalousie is the French word for "jealousy". It originated in 18th century France from the Italian word geloso , which means "jealous" or "screen", as in to screen something from view. Because of their slatted louvres, jalousie windows protect the interior of the house from jealous, peering eyes (when not made of a transparent material like glass). Joseph W. Walker of Malden, Massachusetts , applied for

134-515: A US patent for a basic louvered window in 1900. He was issued patent no. 687705 on November 26, 1901. A popular hand-cranked glass, aluminum and screen window combination was later designed by American engineer Van Ellis Huff and found widespread use in temperate climates before the advent of air conditioning . Jalousie windows were a popular feature in mid-century modern houses, especially those built in warm and humid climates. Jalousie windows maximize natural ventilation by allowing airflow through

201-493: A change in state law. Immediately prior to its dissolution, the executive branch consisted of three County Commissioners elected at-large to staggered four-year terms. There was a County Treasurer elected to a six-year term. The county derived its revenue primarily from document filing fees at the Registries of Deeds and from a Deeds Excise Tax; also a transfer tax was assessed on the sale price of real estate and collected by

268-596: A part of the Middlesex County government, was also relatedly forced to relocate to Medford at the time of the closure of the Superior Courthouse building in Cambridge. Of the fourteen counties of Massachusetts, Middlesex is one of eight which have had no county government or county commissioners since July 1, 1998, when county functions were assumed by state agencies at local option following

335-439: A residential development with wide streets and ornamental trees. Due to the hundreds of maple trees Webster planted, the neighborhood became known as Maplewood. The city government of Malden includes a mayor and city council. The mayor is elected to a four-year term. As of May 2021, the mayor is Gary Christenson . Christensen was most recently elected to this position on November 5, 2019 and his current four-year term expires at

402-667: A second language classes; the Malden Asian Pacific American Coalition; a satellite office of the Vietnamese American Civic Association; the nonprofit multiservice organization Great Wall Center; and the antipoverty agency Tri-City Community Action Program Inc. In the 2017, South Cove Community Health center began building a new site in Malden to serve the growing Asian American population. Malden Public Schools

469-632: A study conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics in 2013, Malden High School was found to be the most diverse public high school in Massachusetts. Like many communities in New England , many towns and neighborhoods are organized around squares, which are located at the crossroads and town commons dating back from the colonial times and the early 19th century. Many of the neighborhoods take their name and identity from

536-534: A technical device to utilize natural ventilation and temperature control. They are also used more widely in commercial projects. A commonly accepted advantage of jalousie windows is their ability to be left part-way open in heavy rains as a way to maintain desirable ventilation, whether during a sunshower or prolonged tropical storm . An experiment in 1960 tested the efficacy of jalousie windows in tropical climates to exclude rain while still allowing for air flow. A major issue with excluding rain while allowing air flow

603-731: Is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts , United States. At the time of the 2020 U.S. Census , the population was 66,263 people. Malden is a hilly woodland area north of the Mystic River that was settled by Puritans in 1640 on land purchased in 1629 from the Mystic tribe of the Pawtucket Confederation , with a further grant in 1639 by the Squaw Sachem of Mistick and her husband Webcowet. The area

670-621: Is bordered by Melrose on the north, Medford on the west, Everett on the south, Revere on the east, and Saugus on the northeast. Boojum Rock located in the north west corner of Malden inside the Middlesex Fells Reservation is the highest point in Malden with an elevation of approximately 275 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 5.1 square miles (13 km ), of which 5.1 square miles (13 km )

737-550: Is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km ) (0.78%) is water. Bordered on the northwest by the cliffs of Middlesex Fells , Malden is drained by the Malden River . As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 59,450 people, 25,161 households, and 13,575 families residing in the city. The population density was 11,788.6 inhabitants per square mile (4,551.6/km ). There were 23,634 housing units at an average density of 4,657.5 per square mile (1,798.3/km ). The racial makeup of

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804-528: Is land and 29 square miles (75 km ) (3.5%) is water. It is the third-largest county in Massachusetts by land area. It is bounded southeast by the Charles River and drained by the Merrimack , Nashua , and Concord rivers, and other streams. The MetroWest region comprises much of the southern portion of the county. These routes pass through Middlesex County As of 2006 , Middlesex County

871-422: Is located in Malden. Previous immigrants included Italians and Irish in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Malden also received Jews who arrived escaping Europe before and after World War II . In 1990 Malden had 2,805 Asian residents, making the city 5.2% Asian. In 2000 this increased to 7,882 Asians, or 14.5% of the city's population, making it one of ten Massachusetts cities with the largest Asian populations in

938-868: Is oversight of the Middlesex House of Correction and Jail in Billerica . It formerly ran the Middlesex Jail in Cambridge , which closed on June 28, 2014. In addition, the Sheriff's Office operates the Office of Civil Process and, the Lowell Community Counseling Centers, and crime prevention and community service programs. The office of sheriff was created in 1692, making it one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in

1005-516: Is that both tend to come from the same direction. The angled slatted jalousie windows give the impression of solving this issue, however, the actual efficacy of the windows to let in air while keeping out water was deemed unsatisfactory by the study's authors. Jalousie windows also have several other drawbacks. Traditional style jalousie windows offer poor overall resistance to water penetration and drafts and are difficult to positively secure, as their slats are easily and silently removed. In addition to

1072-469: Is the public library which was designed by Henry Hobson Richardson and built in 1885. The initial construction of the library was funded by Malden's first mayor, Elisha S. Converse , who also funded its acquisition of an art collection. Middlesex County, Massachusetts Middlesex County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , United States. As of the 2020 census ,

1139-563: Is the school district. Malden has five public elementary and middle schools; one charter elementary, middle, and high school; one public high school; one Catholic high school, one Catholic Pre-K through 8 school, Cheverus Catholic School; and one public preschool. The elementary schools in Malden were replaced in the late 1990s with five new facilities: Beebe, Ferryway, Forestdale, Linden , and Salemwood . The city's three high schools are Malden High School , Malden Catholic High School and Mystic Valley Regional Charter High School. According to

1206-536: Is the southwestern section of the city. It contains Devir Park, Pearl St. Park, and Callahan Park. The city's football stadium, Macdonald Stadium is in Edgeworth. A school in Edgeworth is the former Emerson grammar school. The Converse Rubber Factory and offices once operated in Edgeworth at the bottom of Pearl Street. This is the original home of the Converse "All-Star" Basketball Sneakers. Malden Catholic High School

1273-584: The MBTA . Approximately 30 park sites throughout the city provide a variety of recreational facilities including tennis courts, basketball courts, playgrounds, and ballfields. Other sites include a 400-meter synthetic running track at MacDonald Stadium; 56 acres (23 ha) of the Middlesex Fells Reservation ; the 25-acre (10 ha) Fellsmere Pond; a DCR-owned-and-operated swimming pool; a 30,000 square feet (2,800 m ) field house built under

1340-638: The National Register of Historic Places ) and Bell Rock Cemetery (also listed), which contains marked graves dating back to 1670. Bell Rock Cemetery was called Sandy Bank until the establishment of the Salem Street Cemetery in 1832; it was then known as the Old Burial Ground for half a century until it was renamed in 1882. Also located in this area are the headquarters for New England Coffee . The Edgeworth neighborhood

1407-535: The Superior Courthouse , one of which was formerly in Cambridge (since 2008 relocated to Woburn.) and one in Lowell; and the defunct Middlesex County Hospital in the city of Waltham. The legislation abolishing the Middlesex County executive retained the Sheriff and Registers of Deeds as independently elected officials, and transferred the Sheriff's Office under the state Department of Public Safety and

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1474-552: The population was 1,632,002, making it the most populous county in both Massachusetts and New England and the 22nd most populous county in the United States . This also makes the county the most populous county on the East Coast outside of New York or Florida. Middlesex County is one of two U.S. counties (along with Santa Clara County, California ) to be amongst the top 25 counties with the highest household income and

1541-414: The 1950s and 1960s before most manufacturers began switching to sliding and sash windows in subsequent decades. Modern jalousie windows may be high-performance architectural windows, and some have even been featured in buildings which received awards for excellence in residential design and sustainable living . Jalousie windows have evolved over time and these days can be seen as a design element as well as

1608-454: The 20th century, and there are multiple surviving examples of advertisements from this period which demonstrate how the windows were marketed to consumers. The advertisements tended to stress how jalousie windows provide ventilation, privacy, rain-proofing, and an extra room in winter. Companies like StormMaster claimed their jalousies provided "winter warmth and summer comfort". Others, like Ludman WindoTite, promoted their product by declaring how

1675-653: The 25 most populated counties. It is included in the Census Bureau's Boston – Cambridge – Newton , MA– NH Metropolitan Statistical Area . As part of the 2020 United States census , the Commonwealth's mean center of population for that year was geo-centered in Middlesex County, in the town of Natick (this is not to be confused with the geographic center of Massachusetts, which is in Rutland , Worcester County ). On July 11, 1997, Massachusetts abolished

1742-519: The Department of Conservation and Recreation will also be building a separated bicycle lane through Lynn Common, down Market Street and the Lynnway to Lynn and Nahant Beaches. The Malden section of the trail features the "ArtLine" a series of murals and sculptures created through the efforts of Malden Arts. Malden ArtLine Bus service to all adjacent communities is also available via the service of

1809-611: The Haymarket subway stop or Wellington Station. There is a sizable section of the old Boston and Maine Saugus Branch Railroad line running across the middle of Malden. This line is currently owned by the MBTA, but has been out of use since 1993 and has not seen passenger service since 1958. The Saugus Branch Railroad has now been converted into a 10-foot wide multi-use trail known as the Northern Strand Trail (aka Bike to

1876-618: The Northern District at Lowell and another for the Southern District at Cambridge) are each elected to serve six-year terms. Besides the employees of the Sheriff's Office and the two Registries of Deeds, the county had a Maintenance Department, a Security Department, some administrative staff in the Treasurer's and Commissioners' Offices, and the employees of the hospital. The county government also owned and operated

1943-493: The Registries of Deeds. Budgets as proposed by the County Commissioners were approved by a County Advisory Board that consisted of a single representative of each of the 54 cities and towns in Middlesex County. The votes of the individual members of the advisory board were weighted based on the overall valuation of property in their respective communities. The County Sheriff and two Registers of Deeds (one for

2010-887: The Sea Trail) which opened in December 2012. The paved section of Northern Strand trail currently extends from Wellington Street in Everett through Linden Square at the Malden/Revere. The unpaved section of the trail as of July 2019 runs through Revere and Saugus to Boston Street at the Lynn line. Trail extensions to the Mystic River / Encore Casino in Everett and paving the trail thru Revere, Saugus and to Western Avenue in Lynn will be built starting in Fall 2019. The City of Lynn and

2077-417: The United States. The sheriff is elected to a 6-year term. Notable sheriffs include: Prior to 1960, Middlesex County was a Republican Party stronghold, backing only two Democratic Party presidential candidates from 1876 to 1956. The 1960 election started a reverse trend, with the county becoming a Democratic stronghold. This has been even more apparent in recent years, with George H. W. Bush in 1988 being

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2144-419: The age of 18 living with them, 42.8% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% were non-families. Of all households 32.2% were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.13. In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.9% under

2211-458: The age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 36.9% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 45,654, and the median income for a family was $ 55,557. Males had a median income of $ 37,741 versus $ 31,157 for females. The per capita income for

2278-517: The brand's windows have "transformed the Jones' front porch", which is a reference to the concept of keeping up with the Joneses . The VentVue company took a different approach to their advertising copy, instead stressing how their jalousies make "every window a picture window", and states that they are fashionable choice for new constructions and replacements. Malden, Massachusetts Malden

2345-611: The cities and towns in which they are located. School districts include: K-12: Secondary: Elementary: Tertiary institutions include: Middlesex County is home to the Middlesex County Volunteers , a fife and drum corps that plays music from the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Founded in 1982 at the end of the United States Bicentennial celebration, the group performs extensively throughout New England. They have also performed at

2412-514: The city ( Malden Center ) and can stop at Oak Grove if necessary. During the first few years of the 2000s, the MBTA updated signal systems and Orange Line service was replaced by shuttle buses at night. Since September 2007, such service interruptions have been limited to occasional weekends, while signal system repairs necessitated closing off the northern portion of the Orange Line and rerouting passengers via replacement bus service from either

2479-483: The city was $ 22,004. About 6.6% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2020 United States Census , there were 66,263 people, 25,834 households, and 11,590 married couple households residing in the city. The population density was 13,137 inhabitants per square mile (5,072/km2). There were 27,721 housing units, of which 47.2% were owner occupied. The racial makeup of

2546-404: The city was 41.4% White, 14.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 25.9% Asian, 7.3% from other races, and 6.6% were multiracial. 10.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.7% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 36.9% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

2613-511: The city was 52.5% White , 14.8% African American , 0.1% Native American , 20.1% Asian (11.1% Chinese , 3.1% Asian Indian , 2.8% Vietnamese ), 0.1% Pacific Islander , 2.1% from other races , and 3.5% were multiracial . 8.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race (1.8% Puerto Rican , 1.7% Brazilian , 1.5% Salvadoran , 0.9% Colombian , 0.7% Dominican , 0.5% Mexican , 0.4% Peruvian , 0.4% Guatemalan ). There were 23,009 households, out of which 25.4% had children under

2680-543: The city, connecting Boston to the North Shore suburbs. Additionally, Route 28 , Route 60 and Route 99 run through Malden as arterial routes. Route 16 and Interstate 93 are a short distance outside the city's borders. The city is served by the Orange Line subway that connects it to downtown Boston . The city's subway stops are Malden Center and Oak Grove . The MBTA's commuter rail also has one stop in

2747-549: The county was 80.0% white, 9.3% Asian, 4.7% black or African American, 0.2% American Indian, 3.3% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 6.5% of the population. The largest ancestry groups were: Of the 580,688 households, 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.9% were non-families, and 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size

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2814-560: The dissolution of the executive county government, the county comprised two regions with separate county seats for administrative purposes: Since the start of the 21st century, much of the current and former county offices have physically decentralized from the Cambridge seat, with the sole exceptions being the Registry of Deeds and the Middlesex Probate and Family Court, which both retain locations in Cambridge and Lowell. Since

2881-431: The end of 2023. The Malden City Council has eleven elected members. Eight of these members are elected from the city's eight wards and are known as Ward Councillors. Three of the members, known as Councillors-at-Large, are elected city-wide. All eleven are elected to two-year terms. The city council elects from among its members an individual to serve as Council President. One limited access route, U.S. 1 , runs through

2948-530: The entire window area. Historically made only of wooden slats or glass panes, they are well suited to mild-winter climates. With mass production they became very common throughout homes in mid-20th-century Florida , Hawaii , Puerto Rico , southern California , the Deep South , and Latin America. In cooler regions they were used in porches and sunrooms . They were also widely used in mobile homes during

3015-457: The executive government of Middlesex County primarily due to the county's insolvency . Middlesex County continues to exist as a geographic boundary and is used primarily as district jurisdictions within the court system and for other administrative purposes; for example, as an election district. The National Weather Service weather alerts (such as severe thunderstorm warning ) continue to localize based on Massachusetts's counties. The county

3082-680: The first quarter of 2008, the Superior Courthouse has been seated in the city of Woburn ; the Sheriff's Office is now administratively seated in the city of Medford and the Cambridge-based County Jail has since been amalgamated with another county jail facility in Billerica. The Cambridge District Court (which has jurisdiction for Arlington, Belmont and Cambridge); along with the Middlesex County District Attorney's Office, although not

3149-505: The foreign-born population were naturalized citizens. As of 2009 and 2010, 37% of residents of Malden were born outside of the United States. This is twice the number in 1990, and an increase from the 26% of foreign-born residents in 2000. Malden's percentage of foreign-born residents was the second-highest in Massachusetts, after Chelsea . As of 2009 and 2010 immigrants originate from Brazil, China, Haiti, India, Morocco, and Pakistan. The Moroccan American Civic and Cultural Association

3216-485: The governmental functions such as property tax assessment and collection, public education, road repair and maintenance, and elections were all conducted at the municipal city and town level and not by the county government. In 2012 the 22-story Superior Court Building in Cambridge which was transferred from the abolished Executive County government was sold by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Due to its transfer from state control, many local residents had tried to force

3283-656: The inability to keep out water, they do not provide a secure barrier to keep air conditioned air inside. Also, the metal parts which make up the windows moving mechanism are prone to corrosion in humid environments, leading to damage such as broken or missing cranks. Jalousie windows are objects of scorn for many Floridians, as the windows are unable to keep out human and insect home invaders. Modern manufacturers have improved their designs of jalousie windows to address these problems. Many market their products as having greater security and energy efficiency compared to earlier versions. Many companies manufactured jalousie windows during

3350-469: The largest Irish-American population of any U.S. county with a plurality of Irish ancestry. The ranking of unincorporated communities that are included on the list is reflective if the census-designated locations and villages were included as cities or towns. Data is from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. The primary responsibility of the Middlesex Sheriff's Office

3417-566: The last Republican presidential candidate to manage forty percent of the county's votes and Mitt Romney in 2012 being the last Republican presidential candidate to manage even thirty percent of the vote. In 2020, Joe Biden won 71% of the vote, the highest percent for any presidential candidate since 1964. Most municipalities in Middlesex County have a town form of government; the remainder are cities, and are so designated on this list. Villages listed below are census or postal divisions but have no separate corporate or statutory existence from

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3484-506: The main square in their area. Malden's squares include Malden Square (at Main and Pleasant streets), Converse Square (at Main, Salem, and Ferry streets) Oak Grove Square (at Oak Grove T Station ), Bellrock Square (at the intersections of Cross, Main and Medford streets), Judson Square (near Ferryway School), former Suffolk Square (at Cross and Bryant streets), once the location of a thriving Jewish community, Maplewood Square (at Lebanon, Maplewood and Salem streets) and Linden Square . Some of

3551-505: The neighborhoods in Malden include Faulkner (location of the former Suffolk Square), West End, Edgeworth, Linden, Ferryway, Forestdale, Maplewood, Bellrock, and Belmont Hill (located between Bellrock and Ferryway). Bellrock is the south central section of the city, bordered by Main Street on the east, Charles Street on the north, the Malden River on the west, and the Everett line on the south. It contains Bell Rock Memorial Park (listed on

3618-567: The new school rebuilding plan; the state-of-the-art Malden YMCA finished construction in early 2007; and Pine Banks Park , operated by a board of trustees with equal representation by the cities of Malden and Melrose . Waitt's Mountain is also in Malden. Other points of interest include the Converse Memorial Library and the Congregation Beth Israel . One of Malden's finest and most notable landmarks

3685-612: The population was about 1,000 people, and the citizens were involved early in resisting British rule. They boycotted the consumption of tea in 1770 to protest the Revenue Act of 1766 , and it was also the first town to petition the colonial government to secede from the British Empire. Malden High School has the second-oldest continuous high school football rivalry in the United States with Medford High School . The first "Thanksgiving Day Game" dates back to 1889. Malden

3752-525: The private developers to reduce the overall height of the structure. Even following the abolition of the executive branch for county government in Middlesex, communities are still granted a right by the Massachusetts state legislature to form their own regional compacts for sharing of services and costs thereof. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 847 square miles (2,190 km ), of which 818 square miles (2,120 km )

3819-729: The state. There were 4,504 ethnic Chinese people (57% of Malden's Asians), 876 ethnic Vietnamese , and 696 ethnic Indians . From 1990 to 2000 the Vietnamese population increased by 187% and the Indian population increased by 262%. From 2000 to 2010 the Chinese population of Malden increased by about 50%. Institutions serving the Asian community in Malden include the Immigrant Learning Center, which offers English as

3886-621: The two Registries of Deeds. Besides the Sheriff and the two Registers of Deeds, the Middlesex District Attorney, the Middlesex Register of Probate and the Middlesex Clerk of Courts (which were already part of state government before the abolition of Middlesex County government) are all elected countywide to six-year terms. In Middlesex County (as in the entirety of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts),

3953-559: The two Registry of Deeds offices to the Massachusetts Secretary of State's Office. Additionally, all county maintenance and security employees were absorbed into the corresponding staffs of the Massachusetts Trial Court . The legislation also transferred ownership of the two Superior Courthouses to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The hospital was closed. Finally, the office of County Commissioner

4020-661: Was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.10. The median age was 38.5 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 77,377 and the median income for a family was $ 97,382. Males had a median income of $ 64,722 versus $ 50,538 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 40,139. About 5.1% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over. 79.6% spoke English , 4.3% Spanish , 2.7% Portuguese , 1.6% Italian , 1.6% Chinese including Mandarin and other Chinese dialects and 1.5% French as their first language. Middlesex County has

4087-742: Was 36.9 years. The median income for a household in the city was $ 73,399 and the median income for a family was $ 93,786. About 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 20.0% of those age 65 or over. About 41.2% of the population were foreign born. The region of birth was spread out, with 7.9% born in Europe, 50.4% in Asia, 7.0% in Africa, 34.4% in Latin America, and 0.3% in North America. 46.4% of

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4154-491: Was created by the Massachusetts General Court on May 10, 1643, when it was ordered that "the whole plantation within this jurisdiction be divided into four shires. " Middlesex initially contained Charlestown , Cambridge , Watertown , Sudbury , Concord , Woburn , Medford , and Reading . In 1649 the first Middlesex County Registry of Deeds was created in Cambridge. On April 19, 1775, Middlesex

4221-424: Was immediately abolished and the office of County Treasurer was abolished as of December 31, 2002. Any county roads transferred to the Commonwealth as part of the dissolution. The other administrative duties (such as Sheriff, Department of Deeds and court system , etc.) and all supporting staff were transferred under the Commonwealth as well. Records of land ownership in Middlesex County continue to be maintained at

4288-487: Was originally called the "Mistick Side" and was a part of Charlestown . It was incorporated as a separate town in 1649 under the name "Mauldon". The name Malden was selected by Joseph Hills, an early settler and landholder, and was named after Maldon, England. The city originally included the adjacent cities of Melrose (until 1850) and Everett (until 1870). At the time of the American Revolution ,

4355-566: Was originally located in Edgeworth on Highland Avenue. The school's football team played their home games at Brother Gilbert Stadium, located at Commercial and Medford Streets in Edgeworth. Immaculate Conception Grammar School was located in Edgeworth on the corner of Charles Street and Highland Avenue. Edgeworth touches Everett and Medford. In 1847, Joshua Webster , president of the Saugus Branch Railroad , purchased 200 acres in Malden along its projected route. Here, he planned

4422-403: Was tenth in the United States on the list of most millionaires per county. As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 1,503,085 people, 580,688 households, and 366,656 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,837.9 inhabitants per square mile (709.6/km ). There were 612,004 housing units at an average density of 748.3 per square mile (288.9/km ). The racial makeup of

4489-640: Was the site of the first armed conflict of the American Revolutionary War . In 1855, the Massachusetts State Legislature created a minor Registry of Deeds for the Northern District of Middlesex County in Lowell. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Boston annexed several of its adjacent cities and towns including Charlestown and Brighton from Middlesex County, resulting in an enlargement and accretion toward Suffolk County . Beginning prior to

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