81-500: Jallikattu (or Sallikkattu ), also known as Eru Taḻuvuṭal and Manju-virattu , is a traditional event in which a zebu bull ( Bos indicus ), such as the Pulikulam or Kangayam breeds, is released into a crowd of people, and many human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. Participants hold the hump for as long as possible, attempting to bring
162-589: A competitive sport in the 20th century. It is the national sport of Bangladesh . It is the second most popular and viewed sport in India after cricket . It is the state game of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Karnataka , Kerala , Maharashtra , Odisha , Punjab , Tamil Nadu , Telangana , and Uttar Pradesh . There are two major disciplines: " Punjabi kabaddi ", also called "circle style", comprises traditional forms of
243-435: A "super raid". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out ("All Out"), they earn two additional points and then all the opposition players are placed back in the game. In the event of a tie, PKL rules stipulate (for playoff matches) that each team is to perform five raids on the other team, with no time limits involved, no players being dismissed or revived, and the baulk line being simultaneously treated as
324-642: A ban on PETA in India. On 8 January 2017, several hundreds of protesters conducted a rally at the Marina in Chennai opposing the ban on jallikattu . The participants walked from the lighthouse to the labour statue bearing posters saying "save jallikattu ". A few churches openly conducted prayer mass and rally against the Supreme Court ruling. Following the protests at Chennai, many students started rallies in various towns of Tamil Nadu. After hearing
405-578: A better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called Australian Charbray and is recognised as a breed in some countries. From the 1960s onwards, Nelore which is an off breed of Ongole Cattle became the primary breed of cattle in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with
486-455: A bonus line. There are four major forms of Indian kabaddi recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani Kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out. The game is played over 40 minutes with a five-minute break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent's side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on each side and
567-434: A bonus point (the bonus point is only scored if the raider's trailing foot is in the air while they step over the line). If the raider is successfully stopped (tackled), the opposite team earns a point instead. All players tagged or tackled are taken out of the game, but one is "revived" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle. However, bonus points do not revive players. In addition, players who step out of
648-510: A cant. The term kabaddi is from a Tamil word composed of "Kai" and "Pidi", meaning "hand catch." Ronojoy Sen speculates in his book Nation At Play that kabaddi originated during the Vedic period (between 1500 BC and 500 BC). There are accounts of Gautama Buddha and Lord Krishna having played an ancient form of the sport. According to the sport's origins, Kabaddi is a sport developed centered on Jallikattu . A player going to
729-730: A competitive sport, with the first organized competitions occurring in the 1920s, their introduction to the programme of the Indian Olympic Games in 1938, the establishment of the All-India Kabaddi Federation in 1950, and it being played as a demonstration sport at the inaugural 1951 Asian Games in New Delhi . These developments helped to formalize the sport, which had traditionally been played on muddy surfaces in villages, for legitimate international competition. The first framework of rules for
810-409: A court of 10 by 13 metres (33 ft × 43 ft) in the case of men and 8 by 12 metres (26 ft × 39 ft) in the case of women. Each has five supplementary players held in reserve for substitution. The game is played with 20-minute halves with a 5-minute half time break in which the teams exchange sides. During each play, known as a "raid", a player from the attacking side, known as
891-454: A distinct species again. The American Society of Mammalogists considers it part of the species Bos taurus in analogy to Sanga cattle ( Bos taurus africanus Kerr , 1792 ). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has not yet published a ruling on the classification of domestic derivatives and no scientific body advocates the abolition of the biological species concept for domestic animals. Currently (2024s), it
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#1732786655115972-484: A player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in outing all the players of the opponent's side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule, but a player who is declared out stays inside the court while play continues. For every player of
1053-534: A quasi religious function to be conducted to propitiate the village deities, and was usually held on any day after the Thai Pohgal when harvesting was over and before the commencement of the Tamil New Year. Well-known jallikattu venues include the following: Some variants include: Bulls enter the competition area through a gate called the vadi vasal . Typically, participants must only hold onto
1134-627: A stay on this order, upholding the ban, after a petition filed by the Animal Welfare Board of India and PETA India, leading to protests all over Tamil Nadu. The Supreme Court refused to review its decision on 26 July 2016. On 16 January 2016, the World Youth Organization (WYO) protested at Chennai against the stay on the order overturning ban on conducting jallikattu in Tamil Nadu . The WYO also demanded
1215-422: A team of veterinarians be present at the venue for certifying the bulls for participation in the event and to provide treatment for bulls that get injured. The Ministry of Environment and Forests issued a notification in 2011 that banned the use of bulls as performing animals, thereby banning the event But the practice continued to be held under Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act No 27 of 2009. On 7 May 2014,
1296-827: A week following the centre's request that doing so would avoid unrest. Due to these protests, on 21 January 2017, the governor of Tamil Nadu issued a new ordinance that authorized the continuation of jallikattu events. On 23 January 2017 the Tamil Nadu legislature passed a bipartisan bill, with the accession of the Prime Minister, exempting jallikattu from the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act (1960). The first legal jallikattu under this exemption took place on 1 February in Alanganallur , Madurai district . The legal situation surrounding jallikattu
1377-525: A year and directed the District Collectors to make sure that the animals that participate in jallikattu are registered to the Animal Welfare Board and in return the Board would send its representative to monitor the event. The Government of Tamil Nadu ordered that ₹ 2 lakh (US$ 2,400) be deposited by the organizers in case of an accident or injury during the event and enacted a rule to allow
1458-435: Is a contact team sport played between two teams of seven players, originating in ancient India . The objective of the game is for a single player on offense, referred to as a "raider", to run into the opposing team's half of the court, touch out as many of their players as possible, and return to their own half of the court, all without being tackled by the defenders in 30 seconds. Points are scored for each player tagged by
1539-471: Is as yet not clearly resolved. Some, such as ex Ministry of External Affairs cabinet minister Salman Khurshid , have stated that the matter will only be truly resolved if the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act is amended as local ordinances and state laws cannot trump Indian federal law . According to The Hindu , many other Indian legal experts agreed with Khurshid's view, as federal laws such as
1620-457: Is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying the calf and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. The gestation period averages 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect
1701-516: Is derived from salli ('coins') and kattu ('package'), which refers to a prize of coins that is tied to the bull's horns and that participants attempt to retrieve. Manju virattu ( மஞ்சு விரட்டு ) literally means 'bull chasing'. Jallikattu is known to have been practiced during the Tamil classical period (400–100 BCE). It was a cultural ritual among the Ayar tribal people who lived in
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#17327866551151782-586: Is estimated to be about 1,500 years old. An ancient tin coin discovered by a numismatist could be a fresh evidence of Jallikattu. R.Krishnamurthy, president of the South Indian Numismatic Society, estimated that the coin belongs to third or fourth century BCE. Since the coin was made of tin, which was then available only in South-East Asian countries. Jallikkattus are very common between Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli in
1863-476: Is inherent in these events, as bulls are not anatomically suited for such activities and making them participate is subjecting them to unnecessary pain and suffering, so such events were outlawed. On 8 January 2016, the Ministry of Environment and Forests permitted the continuation of the tradition under certain conditions, effectively ending the ban. However, on 14 January 2016, the Supreme Court of India issued
1944-589: Is not correct to describe Zebu animals as Bos taurus indicus , but rather as Bos indicus , because they are a different species from Bos taurus . The extinct wild auroch ( Bos primigenius ) population diverged into two distinct genetic strains: the humpless Bos taurus (taurine) and the humped Bos indicus (indicine or zebu). Zebu cattle were found to derive from the Indian form of aurochs and have first been domesticated between 7,000 and 6,000 YBP at Mehrgarh , present-day Pakistan , by people linked to or coming from Mesopotamia . Its wild ancestor,
2025-618: Is the second-most popular sport in India, with the Pro Kabaddi League being watched by hundreds of millions of people each year. The governing body for kabaddi in Pakistan is Pakistan Kabaddi Federation. In Bangladesh , Kabaddi is known with a different name called "Ha-du-du". Ha-du-du has no definite rules and is played with different rules in different areas. Kabaddi is the national sport of Bangladesh, given official status in 1972. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh
2106-677: The Mahabharata , they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother'. In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers. Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals. In the postvedic period products like milk, curd, ghee, but also cow dung and urine gomutra , or the combination of these five panchagavya began to assume an increasingly important role in ritual purification and expiation. Kabaddi Kabaddi ( / k ə ˈ b æ d i / , / ˈ k ʌ b ə d i / )
2187-542: The Animal Welfare Board of India concluded that " jallikattu is inherently cruel to animals". Animal welfare organisations such as the Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations (FIAPO) and PETA India have protested against the practice. The Indian Minister of Women and Child Development Maneka Gandhi denied the claim by jallikattu aficionados that the sport is only to demonstrate
2268-757: The Asian Beach Games . The Indoor kabaddi variant is played in two 15-minute halves by two teams of five players and is a shorter variant of standard style kabaddi. It is played at an international level in competitions such as the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . The Kabaddi World Cup is an outdoor international standard style kabaddi competition conducted by the International Kabaddi Federation (IKF), contested by men's and women's national teams. The competition has been previously contested in 2004, 2007 and 2016. All
2349-682: The COVID-19 pandemic , eventually happening in 2023. Poland beat England in the final to retain their title. The inaugural edition of the Kabaddi Masters was held in Dubai , 22–30 June 2018. It was the first kabaddi tournament to be held in the UAE . It featured 6 teams. India won the tournament by defeating Iran in the final with a scoreline of 44–26, with the Indian Defense outperforming
2430-771: The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi, Kenya and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia discovered that cattle had been domesticated in Africa independently of domestication in the Near East. They concluded that the southern African cattle populations derive originally from East Africa rather than from a southbound migration of taurine cattle. The results are inconclusive as to whether domestication occurred first in Africa or
2511-771: The Near East was present in Egypt around 4,000 YBP . Its first appearance in the Subsahara is dated to after 700 AD and it was introduced to the Horn of Africa around 1000. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu Y chromosome haplotype groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India. Zebu, as well as many Sanga cattle, have humps on
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2592-474: The Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) in 2014 revolutionised the standard style of the sport, with various rule changes being made; for example, whereas previously raids had no time limit other than the breathing capacity of the raider, the PKL rules introduced the concept of a standard 30-second time limit for every raid. In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of
2673-746: The Punjab region ; hu-tu-tu in Western India , ha-do-do in Eastern India ; chadakudu in South India ; kapardi in Nepal ; kabadi or sadugudu in Tamil Nadu ; and chakgudu in Sri Lanka . The raider is required to execute each raid on a single breath; in order to prove that they are not inhaling, they are required to repeatedly chant the word "kabaddi", in a process referred to as
2754-594: The Supreme Court of India struck down the State law and banned jallikattu altogether. The Supreme Court noted that any flouting of the ban should result in penalties for cruelty to animals under The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. The court also asked the Government of India to amend the law on preventing cruelty to animals to bring bulls within its ambit. The Supreme Court also ruled that cruelty
2835-656: The miniature zebu are also kept as pets . In some regions, zebu have significant religious meaning . Both scientific names Bos taurus and Bos indicus were introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, with the latter used to describe humped cattle in China . The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999, but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle , Bos taurus indicus , by both Clutton-Brock and Colin Groves in 2004 and by Peter Grubb in 2005. In 2011, Groves and Grubb classified it as
2916-483: The "Tamil love for the bull", citing that the Tirukkural does not sanction cruelty to animals . The Animal Welfare Board of India filed a case in the Supreme Court of India for an outright ban on jallikattu because of the cruelty to animals and the threat to public safety involved. On 27 November 2010, the Supreme Court permitted the Government of Tamil Nadu to allow jallikattu for five months in
2997-436: The "raider", runs into the opposing team's side of the court and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible. The raider must cross the baulk line into the defending team's territory, and then return to their half of the field without being tackled. (If an attacker touches a defender and hasn't yet reached the baulk line, they do not need to reach the baulk line to score points and may return to their half of
3078-548: The Asian Games from 2002 through 2014. At the 2018 Asian Games , Iran became the first country other than India to win gold medals in kabaddi, with India's men's team winning bronze, and India's women's team being beaten by Iran to win silver. AKC 's tenth season was played in Gorgan , Iran, in 2017 in which India won its tenth gold by defeating Pakistan in the finals. The first edition of European Kabaddi Championship
3159-528: The Indian aurochs, became extinct during the Indus Valley civilisation likely due to habitat loss, caused by expanding pastoralism and interbreeding with domestic zebu. Its latest remains ever found were dated to 3,800 YBP, making it the first of the three aurochs subspecies to die out. Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that humped cattle likely imported from
3240-543: The Iran Defense. The Pro Kabaddi League was established in 2014. The league modeled its business upon that of the Indian Premier League of Twenty20 cricket , with a large focus on marketing, the backing of local broadcaster Star Sports . The Pro Kabaddi League quickly became a ratings success on Indian television; the 2014 season was watched by at least 435 million viewers over the course of
3321-787: The KMP YKS in Maharashtra (which was won by Ahmednagar) and Summer Edition Mysore. For the first time in the history of Indian kabaddi, players from the North East will be playing in a tournament of this stature. Each edition is contested over several rounds, with teams eliminated in each round, and the Summit Round acting as the playoffs of the tournament and leading to the final. Several players who started off in YKS have gone on to play at higher levels of kabaddi competition, such as
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3402-675: The Near East. Sanga cattle breeds is considered to have originated from hybridization of zebu with taurine cattle leading to the Afrikaner , Red Fulani , Ankole , Boran and many other breeds. Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African and Indian breeds. Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the Hariana from Haryana , Punjab or the Rath from Alwar district , Rajasthan . Zebu, which are adapted to high temperatures , were imported into Brazil in
3483-487: The PCA are always more powerful than state laws, and in that respect the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act of 2017 is not much different from the state law overturned in 2009. For its part, PETA India has said that it will "study" the new ordinance, and has not ruled out a challenge to the new law on the same grounds as it challenged the 2009 law. On Jan 25, the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) started
3564-717: The Pro Kabaddi League (through the New Young Player initiative) and the Junior Kabaddi World Cup. Yuva Kabaddi Series was founded by uMumba CEO Suhail Chandhok and Vikas Kumar Gautam. Kabaddi is a popular sport in the Indian subcontinent . The governing federation for kabaddi in India is the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI), which was founded in 1973 and compiled a standard set of rules. Kabaddi
3645-484: The Pro Kabaddi League to encourage scoring: when a defensive side has three or fewer players remaining, tackles are worth two points instead of one. Furthermore, if a team performs two empty raids in a row, the next raider must score a point ("do-or-die raid"), or else they will be declared out and the opposing team will score a point. The inaugural edition of the IIPKL was on 13 May, 2019 at Pune , India. The title for
3726-498: The Regulation of Jallikattu Act, 2009, by the Tamil Nadu legislature, the following activities were done in preparation of the event: Between 2008 and 2014, 43 humans and 4 bulls were killed in the jallikattu events. In 2017, there were 23 deaths in addition to about 2,500 human injuries and several instances of injury to the bulls. Year 2020 saw 5 deaths from participation in the event. Animal welfare concerns are related to
3807-407: The boundary are out. However, the boundary of the field can vary mid-raid; there are two strips on either side of the court known as "lobby areas" which only become part of the field of play in raids where the raider touches an opponent. A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an "empty raid". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as
3888-525: The bull to a stop. In some cases, participants must ride long enough to remove flags on the bull's horns. Jallikattu is typically practised in some regions of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu (particularly in Southern and Western Tamil Nadu) as a part of Pongal celebrations on Mattu Pongal day, which occurs annually in January. Because of incidents of injury and death associated with the sport, both to
3969-408: The bull's hump. In some variations, they are disqualified if they hold onto the bull's neck, horns or tail. There may be several goals to the game depending on the region. In some versions, contestants must either hold the bull's hump for 30 seconds or for 15 metres (49 ft). If the contestant is thrown by the bull or falls, they lose. Some variations only allow for one contestant. If two people grab
4050-483: The bull's natural nervousness as prey animals by deliberately placing them in a terrifying situation in which they are forced to run away from the competitors which they perceive as predators and the practice effectively involves catching a terrified animal. Along with human injuries and fatalities, bulls themselves sometimes sustain injuries or die, which people may interpret as a bad omen for the village. In his 2012 book Animal Rights Without Liberation , which analyses
4131-406: The bull. During attempts to subdue the bull, they are stabbed by various implements such as knives or sticks, punched, jumped on and dragged to the ground. In variants in which the bull is not enclosed, they may run into traffic or other dangerous places, sometimes resulting in broken bones or death. Protestors claim that jallikattu is promoted as bull taming, however, others suggest it exploits
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#17327866551154212-435: The calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. Currently more than 80% of beef cattle in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid Ongole Cattle which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals , beef cattle , dairy cattle , as well as for byproducts such as hides, dung for fuel and manure , and horn for knife handles and
4293-497: The court.) While raiding, the raider must loudly chant kabaddi , confirming to referees that their raid is done on a single breath without inhaling. Each raid has a 30-second time limit. A point is scored for each defender tagged; tags can be made with any part of the raider's body and touching any part of the defender's body. If the raider steps beyond the bonus line marked in the defending team's territory when there are six or more players, they earn an additional point known as
4374-470: The early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil as they were considered "ecological" since they could graze on natural grasses and their meat was lean and without chemical residues. In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with Charolais cattle , a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the Canchim . It has
4455-442: The handling of the bulls before they are released and also during competitor's attempts to subdue the bull. Practices before the bull is released include prodding the bull with sharp sticks or scythes, extreme bending of the tail which can fracture the vertebrae , and biting of the bull's tail. There are also reports of the bulls being forced to drink alcohol to disorient them, or chilli peppers being rubbed in their eyes to aggravate
4536-403: The hump, then neither person wins. Bos indicus bulls are bred specifically by people of the village for the event. Bulls that are able to participate successfully in the jallikattu event are used as studs for breeding. These bulls also fetch higher prices in the markets. Kabaddi was played as a warm up sport before the players enter the arena for Jallikattu. With the introduction of
4617-610: The inaugural season was won by the Bangalore Rhinos. In May 2018, the Super Kabaddi League was first held in Pakistan, as part of a larger push to promote renewed interest in the sport in Pakistan. Yuva Kabaddi Series (YKS) is a franchise-based junior-category kabaddi tournament in India . It is for players who are under 23 years old and below 80 kg (180 lb). The inaugural Yuva Kabaddi Series
4698-505: The island. Zebu are wrestled by young men in a competitive ritual of courtship called tolon'omby . Within the Indian state of Tamil Nadu , zebu are used for jallikattu . In 1999, researchers at Texas A&M University successfully cloned a zebu. Zebu are venerated in Hinduism of India. In the historical Vedic religion they were a symbol of plenty. In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to
4779-464: The legal process towards another ban by formally challenging the new law before the Supreme Court, but they withdrew the petition on Jan 26. According to the AWBI's acting chairperson, AWBI does not plan to re-file the petition, but he claimed no knowledge of what other organizations, such as PETA, may do. The Jallikattu Premier League is a professional league in Tamil Nadu for jallikattu . The league
4860-526: The like. Zebu, mostly miniature zebu , are kept as pets . In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head. Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle, milk production generally increases. In Madagascar , zebu outnumber people, and there are an "astonishing" 6,813 Malagasy proverbs, common sayings, and expressions referring to zebu in parlance on
4941-593: The north and Tirunelveli and Ramanathapuram in the south, a region centered around the city of Madurai and populated for the most part by the Mukkulathor castes, who are the main participants in this ritual sport. Other landowning intermediate caste groups also enthusiastically participate, many of them bull owners and bull tamers. In the Pudukkottai State, the Jallikattu was considered as
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#17327866551155022-579: The opposition is treated like a Bull . It is like taming a bull without touching it, as it is mentioned in Sangam Literature that the game called Sadugudu was practised since ages. There are also accounts of kabaddi having been played in Iran 2,000 years ago. Modern kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in various forms under different names in the Indian subcontinent. India has been first credited with having helped to popularise kabaddi as
5103-433: The opposition touched "out", a team earns a point. Punjabi kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of 22 metres (72 ft). The Beach kabaddi variant is played in two 15-minute halves by two teams of four players who are not allowed to wear shoes and is played on levelled ground of sand either on seas shore or river banks. It is played at an international level in competitions such as
5184-574: The overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the gestation period. The zebu is susceptible to nagana as it does not exhibit trypanotolerance . It is said to be resilient to parasites. Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including Pakistan, India, Nepal , Bangladesh and China. In Asia, taurine cattle are mainly found in the northern regions such as Japan , Korea , northern China and Mongolia . In China, taurine cattle are most common in northern breeds, zebu more common in southern breeds, with hybrids in between. Geneticists at
5265-528: The participants and to the animals forced into it, animal rights organizations have called for a ban on the sport, resulting in the Supreme Court of India banning it several times over the past years. However, with protests from the people against the ban, a new ordinance was made in 2017 to continue the sport. Ancient Tamil Sangams described the practice as ēru taḻuvuṭal ( Tamil : ஏறு தழுவுதல் ), literally 'bull embracing'. The modern term jallikattu ( ஜல்லிக்கட்டு ) or sallikattu ( சல்லிக்கட்டு )
5346-498: The petitions which were led by the Animal Welfare Board of India challenging central government's notification, the Supreme Court of India on 12 January ordered a stay, issued notices to the central government and the Tamil Nadu government and later refused to lift the stay. Numerous jallikattu events were held across Tamil Nadu in protest of the ban, and hundreds of participants were detained by police in response. The Supreme Court has agreed to delay its verdict on jallikattu for
5427-607: The plural as indicine cattle , Camel cow or humped cattle , is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia . Zebu, like many Sanga cattle breeds, differs from taurine cattle by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap , and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures and are farmed throughout the tropics . Zebu are used as draught and riding animals , dairy cattle and beef cattle , as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure . Some small breeds such as Nadudana also known as
5508-400: The raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if they are touched or tackled, but return to the game after each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle. It is popular in the Indian subcontinent and other surrounding Asian countries . Although accounts of kabaddi appear in the history of India , the game was popularised as
5589-408: The season, and the inaugural championship match was seen by 98.6 million viewers. Bengal Warriors , Bengaluru Bulls , Patna Pirates , Tamil Thalaivas , UP Yoddhas , Gujrat Giants , Haryana Steelers , Puneri Paltan , U Mumba , Jaipur Pink Panthers , Dabang Delhi KC , and Telugu Titans are the 12 teams that play in the Pro Kabaddi League. The organisers of the Pro Kabaddi League change
5670-620: The shoulders, large dewlaps and droopy ears. Compared to taurine cattle, the zebu is well adapted to the hot tropical savanna climate and steppe environments. These adaptations result in higher tolerance for drought, heat and sunlight exposure. Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that cows wean their calves over a 2-week period, but after that, continue to show strong affiliatory behavior with their offspring and preferentially choose them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years. Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old. This
5751-543: The sport that are played on a circular field outdoors, and the "standard style", on a rectangular court indoors, is played in major professional leagues and international competitions such as the Asian Games . This game is known by numerous names in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, such as: kabaddi or chedugudu in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ; kabaddi in Maharashtra , Karnataka and Kerala ; kabaddi , komonti or ha-du-du in West Bengal and Bangladesh ; baibalaa in Maldives , kauddi or kabaddi in
5832-607: The sport was prepared in Maharashtra in the 1920s, with English sports serving as a model for this formalisation. One of the earliest modern tournaments of the sport, the All India Kabaddi Tournament in 1923, was played according to these amended rules. After being demonstrated again at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi , kabaddi was added to the Asian Games programme beginning in 1990. The advent of
5913-456: The sport's rules and its presentation to make it more suitable for a television audience. All players in the league must be strictly under 85 kg in weight. When the raider scores 10 or more raid points in a single match, it is called a super 10, and they earn an extra point. If the defender successfully manages to tackle the five raiders in a single game, it is a high 5, and the team will be awarded one extra point. [1] Additional rules are used in
5994-515: The tournaments have been won by India. India defeated Iran by 38–29 in the final of the championship game to clinch the title of 2016. After the establishment of a new kabaddi organization named World Kabaddi Federation in 2005, a 2019 Kabaddi World Cup was held in April 2019 at Malacca , Malaysia . It was the largest world cup in kabaddi history, consisting of 32 men's teams and 24 women's teams. The inaugural Junior Kabaddi World Championship
6075-479: The use of animals in cultural practices and concerns about alleged hypocrisy, political theorist Alasdair Cochrane argues that culture cannot outweigh animal rights or outweigh animal interests in not being killed, even if this entails the destruction of cultures "defined entirely by the grave harm [they cause] to animals" and cites jallikattu as an example to argue that culture or human interests cannot outweigh animal interests in not suffering. An investigation by
6156-466: The ‘ Mullai ’ geographical region of the ancient Tamil Nadu. Later, it became a platform for display of bravery, and prize money was introduced for participation encouragement. A seal from the Indus Valley civilization depicting the practice is preserved in the National Museum, New Delhi . A cave painting in white kaolin discovered near Madurai depicting a lone man trying to control a bull
6237-621: Was announced on 24 February 2018, to be organized in Chennai by the Tamil Nadu Jallikattu Peravai and the Chennai Jallikattu Amaippu. Jallikattu is often shown in Tamil cinema where the hero tames the bull to prove his gallantry. Some of the popular films include: Bos indicus The zebu ( / ˈ z iː b ( j ) uː , ˈ z eɪ b uː / ; Bos indicus ), sometimes known in
6318-523: Was conducted in Jaipur in June 2022, and was broadcast on OTT platform FanCode . It is the second-largest kabaddi tournament in India, and the largest tournament in India in terms of number of matches played per year. Four seasonal editions are held every year. Three tournaments were conducted in 2022: Summer Edition in Jaipur, Monsoon Edition at Ranchi, and Winter Edition at Pondicherry; and two in 2023:
6399-669: Was formed in 1973. Kabaddi is among the national sports of Nepal. Kabaddi is played and taught in most primary schools beginning in about the third grade in most Nepali schools. Kabaddi was also played by the British Army for fun, to keep fit and as an enticement to recruit soldiers from the British Asian community. Kabaddi was brought to the United Kingdom by its South Asian diaspora ( Bangladeshi , Indian , Pakistani , Nepali and Sri Lankan immigrants.) In
6480-556: Was held in Kish island , Iran, 11–14 November 2019. It featured 13 teams. Iran won the tournament by defeating Kenya in the final, 42–22. Team India did not participate in this tournament. Kabaddi was played as a demonstration event at the First Asian Games in 1951, and again in 1982, before becoming a medal event for the first time in 1990. The Indian national team won every men's and women's kabaddi competition in
6561-507: Was held in Scotland in 2019. The final match was between Poland and Holland , Poland won the tournament. Final score was Poland 47–27 Holland. The second edition was held in Cyprus in 2021 which was organized by World Kabaddi Federation . Poland retained their title by beating hosts Cyprus in the final, 29-15. Italy was set to host the third edition in 2022, but it was delayed due to
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