87-530: Henry Jamison " Jam " Handy (March 6, 1886 – November 13, 1983) was an American Olympic breaststroke swimmer, water polo player, and founder of the Jam Handy Organization (JHO), a producer of commercially sponsored motion pictures, slidefilms (later known as filmstrips ), trade shows, industrial theater and multimedia training aids. Credited as the first person to imagine distance learning , Handy made his first film in 1910 and presided over
174-402: A Chicago Record Herald cartoonist, followed the next day with a cartoon about a "Professor Foxy Truesport" showing his class how to best make love. Neither Trueblood nor university President James B. Angell were amused. Ten days after the initial article was published, Handy was suspended for a year for "publishing false and injurious statements affecting the character of the work of one of
261-579: A Chicago – Detroit branch for creating films for the auto industry, Bray's largest private client. The 1919 move from Paramount to Goldwyn also included a re-incorporation of the studio, now called Bray Pictures Corporation. The studio was putting out more than three reels of screen magazines per week, as well as educational and training films. Bray Pictures also made the first cartoon made in color, The Debut of Thomas Cat , shot in Brewster Color and released on February 8, 1920 (although some claim
348-469: A book titled Annals and Memorials of the Handys and Their Kindred by Isaac W.K. Handy, edited by Mildred Handy Ritchie and Sarah Rozelle Handy Mallon (Ann Arbor, 1992). An hour-long interview with Jamison Handy (published December 26, 1961) is available at Internet Archive. Breaststroke Breaststroke is a swimming style in which the swimmer is on their chest and the torso does not rotate. It
435-476: A breaststroke kick were used by a few swimmers in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin for the breaststroke competitions. In 1938, almost every breaststroke swimmer was using this butterfly style, yet this stroke was considered a variant of the breaststroke until 1952, when it was accepted as a separate style with its own set of rules. In the early 1950s, another modification was developed for breaststroke. Breaking
522-504: A company that produced an estimated 7,000 motion pictures and perhaps as many as 100,000 slidefilms before it was dissolved in 1983. As a swimmer, Handy introduced a number of new swimming strokes to Americans, such as the Australian crawl . He would often wake up early and devise new strokes to give him an edge over other swimmers. Swimming led to him getting a bronze in the 1904 Olympics at St. Louis, Missouri . Twenty years later he
609-474: A gliding phase follows under water, followed by one underwater pulldown and dolphin kick, then one whip kick as the hands are recovered back to a streamline. This is known as the pull-out. The head must break the surface before the arms reach their widest point on the first stroke after the pull-out. The downward butterfly kick was legalized by FINA, WWF and the NCAA in 2005, and remains optional. The downward fly kick
696-596: A series of drownings, English physician John Zehr of the Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned began giving public speeches and demonstrations to teach proper swimming technique. He is said to have helped to popularize breaststroke, noting the ease with which it could be learned and swum. In the pre-Olympic era, competitive swimming in Europe started around 1800, mostly using breaststroke. A watershed event
783-416: A turn. The three main styles of breaststroke seen today are the conventional (flat), undulating, and wave-style. The undulating style is usually swum by extremely flexible swimmers, (e.g. Amanda Beard ), and few people have the flexibility to accomplish it. The wave-style breaststroke was pioneered by Hungarian Swimming Coach Joseph Nagy. The wave-style was swum and made famous by Mike Barrowman when he set
870-461: A week for use of the "screen magazines" (a one-reel collection of live-action didactic pieces and travelogs in addition to the cartoon, that was played before the feature). Bray started with Pathé as his distributor, switched to Paramount in 1916, and then switched to Goldwyn Pictures in 1919. Of the units, one produced his Colonel Heeza Liar , one produced Hurd's Bobby Bumps , and one produced non-series cartoons, usually topical commentaries on
957-409: A world record using it, and is now commonly swum by Olympians, though Australian swimmers, most prominently Leisel Jones , generally seem to shun it. Olympian Ed Moses still swims a flatter style, despite the rapidly increasing popularity of the wave-style. The wave-style breaststroke starts in a streamlined position, with shoulders shrugged to decrease drag in the water. While the conventional style
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#17327880813581044-425: Is allowed, however, at the start and at the turn, providing that it is part of the body's natural movement. Humans have strong muscles in the legs and would need swim fins (like a frog) to bring all their power into the water and stand with the sole of the feet on the water. Rather the leg grabs almost as much water as the foot and a small amount of water is accelerated to high kinetic energy , but not much impulse
1131-404: Is also longer during the underwater stroke after the start and each turn. However, the gliding phase is usually the longest phase in one entire cycle of breaststroke. Breaststroke uses the regular start for swimming. Some swimmers use a variant called the frog start, where the legs are pulled forward sharply before being extended again quickly during the airborne phase of the start. After the start
1218-417: Is also part of the medley over the following distances: Occasionally other distances are swum on an ad hoc, unofficial basis (such as 400 yd breaststroke in some college dual meets). These are the official FINA rules. They apply to swimmers during official swimming competitions. SW 7.1 After the start and after each turn, the swimmer may take one arm stroke completely back to the legs during which
1305-411: Is followed by the recovery of the arms to the streamline position once more with a breaststroke kick. The pullout is also called the "pull down". The pullout at the start and after the turns contributes significantly to the swimming times. Open turns can be easily performed at the walls, but both hands must make contact with the wall. Therefore, one way to improve swimming times is to focus on the start and
1392-431: Is more of a "whip kick" due to the whip-like motion that moves starting at the core down through the legs. The body is often at a steep angle to the forward movement, which slows down the swimmer more than any other style. Professional breaststrokers use abdominal muscles and hips to add extra power to the kick, although most do not perfect this technique until they are more experienced. This much faster form of breaststroke
1479-469: Is now allowed in MCSL. For competitive swimming it is important that the wall at the end of the lane is always touched by both hands (known as a "Two-Hand Touch") at the same time due to FINA regulations. The turn is initiated by touching the wall during the gliding or during the recovery phase of the arms, depending on how the wall can be touched faster. After touching the wall, the legs are pulled underneath
1566-429: Is referred to as "wave-action" breaststroke and fully incorporates the whip-kick. A special feature of competitive breaststroke is the underwater pullout. From the streamline position, one uses the arms to pull all the way down past the hips. As the arms are pulling down, one downward dolphin kick is allowed (as of the 2024 season), though still optional; more than one dolphin kick will result in disqualification. This
1653-435: Is strongest at the outsweep, the wave-style puts much emphasis on the insweep, thus making the head rise later than in the conventional style. The wave-style pull is a circular motion with the hands accelerating to maximum speed and recovering in front of the chin, elbows staying at the surface and in front of the shoulders at all times. The high elbows creates the leverage for the powerful torso and abdominal muscles to assist in
1740-439: Is the most popular recreational style due to the swimmer's head being out of the water a large portion of the time, and that it can be swum comfortably at slow speeds. In most swimming classes, beginners learn either the breaststroke or the freestyle (front crawl) first. However, at the competitive level, swimming breaststroke at speed requires endurance and strength comparable to other strokes. Some people refer to breaststroke as
1827-448: Is to let the head follow the spine. When the swimmer's elbows have reached the line of his eye and have begun to rise, his or her head starts to lift. If they use their high elbows as a hinge for the inward sweep of their hands and forearms, they will create the leverage they need to use their abdominal muscles to bring their hips forward. When their hips move forward, their chest, shoulders and upper back will automatically lift up. Breathing
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#17327880813581914-414: Is transferred. The toes are bent, the feet point 45° outwards, the sole points backwards, to mimic a hydrofoil . While closing in a V shape to the rear a small "lifting" force can be felt. Unlike in the other kicks, the joints are moved into extrema. Before the kick the knee is maximally bent and the upper leg is rotating along its axis to its extreme outer position and the lower leg is twisted to extreme, at
2001-463: Is usually done during the beginning of the insweep phase of the arms, and the swimmer breathes in ideally through the mouth. The swimmer breathes out through mouth and nose during the recovery and gliding phase. Breaststroke can be swum faster if submerged completely, but FINA requires the head to break the surface once per cycle except for the first cycle after the start and each turn. Thus, competitive swimmers usually make one underwater pull-out, pushing
2088-584: The Cave of the Swimmers near Wadi Sora in the southwestern part of Egypt near Libya . The leg action of the breaststroke may have originated by imitating the swimming action of frogs . Depictions of a variant of breaststroke are found in Babylonian bas-relief and Assyrian wall drawings. In 1538, Nicolas Wynman, a German professor of languages and poetry, wrote the first swimming book, Colymbetes . His goal
2175-468: The Tribune to do further work on corporate communications. He worked with John H. Patterson of National Cash Register , who had used slides to help train workers. With help from another associate, Handy began making and distributing films that showed consumers how to operate everyday products. After World War I broke out, Handy began making films to show how to operate military equipment. During this time
2262-415: The U.S. Army . These did so well that after the war, Bray was swamped with orders from the government and big business to make films for them. Over a period of years, Bray moved the focus of his company from entertainment to education, putting Leventhal and E. Dean Parmelee in charge of the technical department. Dr. Rowland Rogers became educational director, while Jamison "Jam" Handy was put in charge of
2349-470: The comic strip Henry , directed The Police Dog from the beginning of the company. The year 1915 brought Earl Hurd and Paul Terry ; the former became J. R. Bray's business partner and directed Bobby Bumps , the latter was employed under duress and directed Farmer Al Falfa . The brothers Max and Dave Fleischer joined in 1916. In 1918, the rival International Film Service studio folded and owner William Randolph Hearst licensed Bray to continue
2436-409: The "frog kick" or "whip kick", consists of two phases: bringing the feet into position for the thrust phase and the insweep phase. From the initial position with the legs stretched out backward, the feet are moved together towards the posterior, while the knees stay together. The knees should not sink too low, as this increases the drag. Then the feet point outward in preparation for the thrust phase. In
2523-452: The "frog" stroke, as the arms and legs move somewhat like a frog swimming in the water. The stroke itself is the slowest of any competitive strokes and is thought to be the oldest of all swimming strokes. Breaststroke is the slowest of the four official styles in competitive swimming . The fastest breaststrokers can swim about 1.70 meters (~5.6 feet) per second. It is sometimes the hardest to teach to rising swimmers after butterfly due to
2610-532: The 1902–03 academic year. During that time he was working as a campus correspondent for the Chicago Tribune when on May 8 he wrote an article about a lecture in the Elocution 2 class given by Prof. Thomas C. Trueblood as a "course in lovemaking." Handy went on to describe how Trueblood had dropped to a bended knee in order to demonstrate how to make an effective marriage proposal. John T. McCutcheon ,
2697-430: The 1920s until it closed in 1963. The Jam Handy Organization began life as a subsidiary of Bray Studios to fulfill its business contracts, making several thousand industrial and sponsored films and tens of thousands of filmstrips, mostly for the automobile industry, as an independent entity from 1928 until 1983. Max Fleischer, after being ousted from his own studio in the early 1940s, worked for Handy and later on Brayco in
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2784-669: The 1980 Olympic games before the boycott . At the time of his filming, he was the oldest living United States Olympic medalist. In 1965, Handy was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame . In 1977, he was inducted into the USA Water Polo Hall of Fame . Handy attended North Division High School (now Lincoln Park High School ) in Chicago, and then the University of Michigan during
2871-552: The 20th century, including the Fleischer brothers, Walter Lantz, Paul Terry, Shamus Culhane and Grim Natwick among others. The studio was founded sometime before 1912 by John Randolph Bray . It was perhaps one of the first studios entirely devoted to serial animation at the time instead of one-off experiments. Its first series was Bray's Colonel Heeza Liar , but from the beginning, the studio brought in outsiders to direct promising new series. Carl Anderson , later known for
2958-545: The IFS series, which included Jerry on the Job films adapted from Walter Hoban 's comic strip. Many staff members of the former studio transferred to Bray, and most of the new cartoons were directed by the same man who directed them for IFS, Gregory La Cava . Bray's goal was to have four units working on four cartoons at any one time; since it took a month to complete a film, four units with staggered schedules produced one cartoon
3045-639: The Jam Handy Organization was formed. Handy was married to Helen Hoag Rogers and had five children. One of his daughter Chaille's children is the printmaker Garner Tullis . Another of his daughter Chaille's children is the inventor Barclay J. Tullis. After World War I, Handy was the Chicago-Detroit industrial representative for Bray Productions , creating films for the auto industry, Bray's largest private client. General Motors selected Handy's organization to produce short training films as well as other training and promotional materials. One such film
3132-531: The Pauper , and One Bad Knight . The Jam Handy Organization produced the first animated version of the new Christmas story Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1948), sponsored by retailer Montgomery Ward and directed by Max Fleischer . Handy also produced films for other companies and for schools. He's estimated to have produced over 7,000 films for the armed services during World War II . Handy
3219-562: The Professors." Handy was told he could re-apply one year later. Instead, Handy decided to apply to a different school, but he was unable to gain acceptance to other schools because of what had happened at the University of Michigan. Handy was accepted to the University of Pennsylvania but was told to leave after two weeks of classes. Tribune editor Medill McCormick tried to intervene on Handy's behalf, but Angell refused to change
3306-402: The arched back, but the optimum time is when the arms are 3/4 extended. Then the swimmer kicks and presses on their chest, undulating a little underwater, and squeezing the gluteus maximus to prevent the legs and feet from rising out of the water. The swimmer has now returned to the streamlined position, and the cycle starts again. Incidentally, the wave motion should not be overly emphasized and
3393-408: The arms forward underwater. In 1934 Armbruster refined a method to bring the arms forward over water in breaststroke. While this "butterfly" technique was difficult, it brought a great improvement in speed. A year later, in 1935, Jack Sieg , a swimmer also from the University of Iowa, developed a technique involving swimming on his side and beating his legs in unison similar to a fish tail, and modified
3480-439: The arms shall be simultaneous and on the same horizontal plane without alternating movement. SW 7.3 The hands shall be pushed forward together from the breast on, under, or over the water. The elbows shall be under water except for the final stroke before the turn, during the turn and for the final stroke at the finish. The hands shall be brought back on or under the surface of the water. The hands shall not be brought back beyond
3567-403: The body has also the largest angle to the horizontal. The arms are recovered during the thrust phase of the legs. After the stroke the body is kept in the initial position for some time to utilize the gliding phase. Depending on the distance and fitness the duration of this gliding phase varies. Usually the gliding phase is shorter during sprints than during long-distance swimming. The gliding phase
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3654-412: The body is pushed off the wall with both legs. Doing this under water will reduce the drag. After a gliding phase, an underwater pull-out is done, followed by another gliding phase and then regular swimming. The head must break the surface during the second stroke. As a variant, some swimmers experiment with a flip over turn similar to front crawl. The finish is similar to the touching of the wall during
3741-412: The body. The body turns sideways while one hand is moved forward (i.e. towards the head) along the side of the body. When the body is almost completely turned, the other hand will be swung straight up through the air such that both hands meet at the front at the same time. At that time the body should also be almost in the horizontal and partially or totally submerged. After the body is completely submerged,
3828-419: The bottom without moving the thigh, thus reducing resistance. The swimmer is at their highest at this point. Then the swimmer shrugs their shoulders and throws their arms and shoulders forward, lunging cat-like back into the water (though the emphasis is to go forward , not down). As the swimmer sinks, they arch their back, and kick. Timing is very important in order for the kick to transfer all of its force via
3915-536: The company was streamlined to work more like Goldwyn Picture Corporation , with two cartoons released a week, which meant a much bigger workload than most were willing to take. The result was a massive exodus of talent, including Max Fleischer and even Earl Hurd, which also led to an increasingly poor output which led Goldwyn to drop Bray Pictures. In the wake of this setback, Vernon Stallings took over as Bray's entertainment production supervisor, being replaced by Walter Lantz by 1924. Stallings directed Krazy Kat and
4002-424: The end of the kick the ankles are maximally turned to the inside so that the soles clap together to achieve a nozzle effect like in a jelly fish . Therefore, training involves getting flexible in addition to fitness and precision. The sudden sideways stress on the knees at the kick can lead to uncomfortable noise and feeling for the beginner and to wear for the senior. The easiest way to breathe during breaststroke
4089-423: The feet are in the wake of the upper leg, and the feet are pointed to the rear. In the thrust phase all three parts create their own wake, and the flat end of the feet acts like a hydrofoil aligned to give maximum forward thrust. The resulting drag coefficient (or more precisely the frontal area) is thus doubled in the thrust phase. A fit adult creates a wake. Drag due to a wake is Newtonian drag , increasing with
4176-442: The first Olympics to feature a separate breaststroke competition, over a distance of 440 yards (402 m). These games differentiated breaststroke, backstroke, and freestyle. 1928 was the start of the scientific study of swimming by David Armbruster , coach at the University of Iowa , who filmed swimmers from underwater. One breaststroke problem Armbruster researched was that the swimmer was slowed down significantly while bringing
4263-628: The first animated short was the British In Gollywog Land , a stop motion /live-action hybrid shot in Kinemacolor and made in 1912 or the animation/live-action hybrid Pinto's Prizma Comedy Revue made by Pinto Colvig in 1919 and shot in the Prizma process) and was apparently involved in an unnamed sound-on-film cartoon by Walt Lantz (co-producer/director) and Hugo Riesenfeld (composer) in 1927 for Movietone , in between
4350-422: The fly high butterfly lying in the water face down, arms extended straight forward and legs extended straight to the back. There are three steps to the arm movement: outsweep, insweep, and recovery. The movement starts with the outsweep. From the streamline position, the palms turn out and the hands separate to slightly past shoulder width. The outsweep is followed by the insweep, where the hands point down and push
4437-459: The frontal area, yet swimmers using them still generate some thrust by the velocity variation and do not drown. Another variant of the breaststroke kick is the scissor kick, however, this kick violates the rules of the FINA as it is no longer symmetrical. Swimming teachers put a great effort into steering the students away from the scissor kick. In the scissor kick, one leg moves as described above, but
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#17327880813584524-437: The hands all the way to the back after the start and each turn. Recreational swimmers often keep their head above water at all times when they swim breaststroke. The movement starts in the initial position with the body completely straight. Body movement is coordinated such that the legs are ready for the thrust phase while the arms are halfway through the insweep, and the head is out of the water for breathing. In this position
4611-484: The head to break the surface every cycle. Since then, the development of breaststroke has gone hand-in-hand with the FINA rules. In about the mid-1960s, the rules changed to prevent the arm stroke from going beyond the hip line, except during the first stroke after the start and after each turn. Before 1987, the head had to be kept above the water surface during the entire stroke. Later on, swimmers were also allowed to break
4698-460: The hip line, except during the first stroke after the start and each turn. SW 7.4 During each complete cycle, some part of the swimmer's head must break the surface of the water. The head must break the surface of the water before the hands turn inward at the widest part of the second stroke. All movements of the legs shall be simultaneous and on the same horizontal plane without alternating movement. SW 7.5 The feet must be turned outwards during
4785-419: The importance of timing and the coordination required to move the legs properly. In the breaststroke, the swimmer leans on the chest, arms breaking the surface of the water slightly, legs always underwater and the head underwater for the second half of the stroke. The kick is sometimes referred to as a " frog kick " because of the resemblance to the movement of a frog's hind legs; however, when done correctly it
4872-465: The king of two-reel comedy, with the disastrous series "The McDougall Alley Kids". When this adventure failed, he slipped out of the business. Meanwhile, Walter Lantz practically became a full-fledged producer as head of the cartoon division, with some trade publications referring to the studio as "Lantz-Bray" by the time the entertainment branch of Bray Pictures Corporation closed in 1928. The educational/commercial branch, Brayco, made mostly filmstrips from
4959-411: The last arm pull prior to the touch, provided it breaks the surface of the water at some point during the last complete or incomplete cycle preceding the touch. Bray Productions Bray Productions was a pioneering American animation studio that produced several popular cartoons during the years of World War I and the early interwar era , becoming a springboard for several key animators of
5046-679: The news directed by Leighton Budd, J. D. Leventhal, and others. The fourth unit was the one that kept changing hands. It produced Terry's Farmer Al Falfa in 1916, until Terry left a year later, and the Farmer went with him. It then produced Max Fleischer's Out of the Inkwell until 1921, when Fleischer left, taking Koko the Clown with him. The influx of IFS series at the same time broke up the four-unit system — in 1920 there were ten series going simultaneously, with Heeza Liar in hiatus from 1917. Bray
5133-400: The other leg does not form an elliptical movement but merely an up-down movement similar to the flutter kick of front crawl . Some swimming teachers believe that learning the front crawl first gives a higher risk of an incorrect scissor kick when learning breaststroke afterwards. Breaststroke can also be swum with the dolphin kick in butterfly, but this also violates the FINA rules. One kick
5220-422: The peak arm movement speed in the insweep phase, and slows down again during recovery. The goal is to produce maximum thrust during the insweep phase, and minimum drag during the recovery phase. Another variant is the underwater pull-down, similar to the push phase of a butterfly stroke. This stroke continues the insweep phase and pushes the hands all the way to the back to the sides of the hip. This greatly increases
5307-449: The propulsive part of the kick. A scissors, flutter or downward butterfly kick is not permitted except as in SW 7.1. Breaking the surface of the water with the feet is allowed unless followed by a downward butterfly kick. SW 7.6 At each turn and at the finish of the race, the touch shall be made with both hands simultaneously at, above, or below the water level. The head may be submerged after
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#17327880813585394-531: The push from one stroke, but also makes recovery more difficult. This style is well suited for underwater swimming. However, FINA allows this stroke only for the first stroke after the start and each turn. In late 2005, FINA has also introduced a new rule which permits a single downward kick after the push off the wall. As a variant, it is possible to recover the arms over water. This reduces drag, but requires more power. Some competitive swimmers use this variant in competition. The leg movement, colloquially known as
5481-536: The releases of Don Juan and The Jazz Singer and coincidentally shortly before Bray Pictures' demise. The expenses quickly outweighed the revenue, and in January 1920, Samuel Goldwyn bought a controlling interest in Bray Pictures and ordered a massive reorganization. Max Fleischer and J. D. Leventhal became supervising directors of the entertainment and technical branches of the studio respectively, and
5568-426: The revival of Heeza Liar , while Lantz directed Dinky Doodle . Among the big names who passed through the studio were Wallace Carlson , Milt Gross , Frank Moser , Burt Gillett , Grim Natwick , Raoul Barré , Pat Sullivan , Jack King , David Hand , Clyde Geronimi and Shamus Culhane . J.R. Bray paid little attention to the animation side of things during the 1920s, focusing instead on beating Hal Roach as
5655-454: The school. Handy would receive an honorary doctorate from Eastern Michigan University . Handy died in Detroit on November 13, 1983, at the age of 97. He swam on a regular basis until just a few days before his death. The Jam Handy advertising and marketing firm was displaced by Campbell Ewald as General Motors' principal advertising agency. The loss of those funds was responsible, during
5742-416: The square of the velocity. For example, if the relative speed between the water and the leg is twice as high on the thrust phase than on the recovery phase, the thrust is four times as high as the drag. Assuming the legs are recovered with a relative speed between leg and body which amounts to the same as the relative speed between water and body, the legs must be kicked back with five times the mean velocity of
5829-442: The stroke. During the insweep, the swimmer accelerates their hands and hollows their back and lifts themself out of the water to breathe. To visualize, some say that the hands anchor themselves in the water while the hips thrust forward. The hollowed back and accelerating hands would lift the head out of the water. The head stays in a neutral position, looking down and forward, and the swimmer inhales at this point. The feet retract to
5916-443: The surface. He swam all but 5 m underwater for the first three 50 m lengths, and also swam half underwater for the last length, winning the gold medal. The adoption of this technique led to many swimmers suffering from oxygen starvation and even to some swimmers passing out during the race, so a new rule was introduced by the FINA , limiting the distance that can be swum underwater after the start and after every turn, and requiring
6003-409: The suspension. At that point, McCormick offered Handy a job. Handy worked in a number of departments at the Tribune . It was during his time working on the advertising staff that Handy observed that informing and building up salespeople's enthusiasm for the products they were selling helped to move more merchandise. He also began researching exactly what made people buy a particular product. Handy left
6090-459: The swimmer may be submerged. At any time prior to the first Breaststroke kick after the start and after each turn a single butterfly kick is permitted. SW 7.2 From the beginning of the first arm stroke after the start and after each turn, the body shall be on the breast. It is not permitted to roll onto the back at any time. From the start and throughout the race the stroke cycle must be one arm stroke and one leg kick in that order. All movements of
6177-542: The swimmer should only rise until the water reaches his biceps, instead of pushing his entire torso out of the water, wasting a great deal of energy. There are eight common distances swum in competitive breaststroke swimming, four in yards and four in meters. Twenty-five-yard pools are common in the United States and are routinely used in age group, high school and college competitions during the winter months. Twenty-five meter or 50 meter pool distances Breaststroke
6264-415: The swimmer. This limits the top speed. Both effects together, velocity and frontal area, yield a thrust-to-drag ratio of 8 for the legs. As a variant, some swimmers move the knees apart during the preparation phase and keep them apart until almost the end of the thrust phase. Moving both knee and foot outwards like a real frog avoids the extreme rotation in the lower leg. All other variants fail to increase
6351-421: The technique afterward to swim it face down. Armbruster and Sieg combined these techniques into a variant of the breaststroke called butterfly , with the two kicks per cycle being called dolphin fishtail kick. Using this technique, Sieg swam 100 yards (91 m) in 1:00.2. However, even though this technique was much faster than regular breaststroke, the dolphin fishtail kick violated the rules. Butterfly arms with
6438-411: The thrust phase, the legs are moved elliptically back to the initial position. During this movement, the knees are kept together. The legs move slower while bringing the legs into position for the thrust phase, and move very fast during the thrust phase. Again, the goal is to produce maximum thrust during the insweep phase, and minimise drag during the recovery phase. In the recovery phase the lower leg and
6525-460: The turns. Breaststroke, specifically the kick, allows you to glide underwater for much more time than any other stroke, as the kick has a lot of power and force when swimming in a pool. A competitive swimmer swimming this stroke will be underwater for a lot of the stroke due to the gliding and kicking. The history of breaststroke could go back to the Stone Age, as possibly indicated by images in
6612-451: The water backwards. The elbows stay in the horizontal plane through the shoulders. The hands push back until approximately the vertical plane through the shoulders. At the end of the insweep the hands come together with facing palms in front of the chest and the elbows are at the side at the body. In the recovery phase, the hands are moved forward again into the initial position under water. The entire arm stroke starts slowly, increases speed to
6699-487: The water surface increases drag, reducing speed; swimming underwater increases speed. This led to a controversy at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , when six swimmers were disqualified, as they repeatedly swam long distances underwater. However, a Japanese swimmer, Masaru Furukawa , circumvented the rule by not surfacing at all after the start, but swimming as much of the length underwater as possible before breaking
6786-455: The water with parts of the body other than the head. This led to a variant of the stroke in which the arms are brought together as usual under the body after the pull but then are thrown forward over the water from under the chin until the arms are completely extended. There was a controversy at the 2004 Summer Olympics at Athens after Japan's Kosuke Kitajima won the gold medal in the 100 m breaststroke race over American Brendan Hansen ,
6873-422: The world-record-holder. Video from underwater cameras showed Kitajima using a dolphin kick at the start and at some of the turns. Officials claimed that these kicks were not visible from above the surface of the water, so the result stood. In July 2005, FINA announced a change of rules to allow one dolphin kick at the start and at each turn, the new rule took effect on 21 September 2005. The breaststroke starts with
6960-706: The year of his death, for the demise of Handy's agency, which had been located on East Grand Blvd in Detroit. Handy's personal papers and the surviving Jam Handy Organization records are housed at the Burton Historical Collection at the Detroit Public Library . His family and ancestry are featured in a historical collection held at the William L. Clements Library at the University of Michigan . The Clements Library also published
7047-632: Was 1940's Hired! – a training film for sales managers at Chevrolet dealerships; which is also featured in the Mystery Science Theater 3000 episodes Bride of the Monster and Manos: The Hands of Fate . Many films produced by the Jam Handy Organization were collected by Prelinger Archives and may be seen and downloaded at the Internet Archive . Master Hands , the legendary 1936 documentary sponsored film (or as
7134-870: Was a swimming competition in 1844 in London, notable for the participation of some Native Americans . While the British raced using breaststroke, the Native Americans swam a variant of the front crawl . The British continued to swim only breaststroke until 1873. Captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel (between England and France), in 1875. He used breaststroke, swimming 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours and 45 minutes. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were
7221-639: Was called a "capitalist realist drama"), was selected by the National Film Registry for preservation in 1999. Between 1936 and 1938, the Jam Handy Organization made a series of six animated fantasy sales films for Chevrolet featuring a gnome named Nicky Nome, which showed new Chevrolet automobiles saving the day from villains, often in retellings of classic tales such as Cinderella , the subject of two of those films, A Coach for Cinderella and A Ride for Cinderella . The other films were Nicky Rides Again , Peg-Leg Pedro , The Princess and
7308-498: Was constantly looking to expand his studio. He financed the semi-independent studio of C. Allen Gilbert to create a series of serious Silhouette Fantasies on classical themes (he actually did some of the animation work for this series). In 1917 he bought out his distributor's screen magazine to produce one of his own, moving him into the realm of live-action shorts producer. During World War I, he assigned Leventhal and Max Fleischer's units to create training and educational cartoons for
7395-535: Was not to promote exercise, but rather to reduce the dangers of drowning. Nevertheless, the book contained a good, methodical approach to learning breaststroke. In 1696, the French author and poet Melchisédech Thévenot wrote The Art of Swimming , describing a breaststroke very similar to the modern breaststroke. The book ( Benjamin Franklin became one of its readers) popularized this technique. In 1774, following
7482-448: Was noted for taking only a one-percent profit on the films, while he could have taken as much as seven percent. He was noted for never having a desk at work, instead using any available workspace. Handy's suits did not have pockets, as he thought they were a waste of time. Despite Handy's troubles with the University of Michigan, his son-in-law Max Mallon, granddaughter Susan Webb, and great-granddaughter Kathryn Tullis received degrees from
7569-563: Was part of the Illinois Athletic Club water polo team at the 1924 Olympics in Paris, France, again winning a bronze medal. With his participation, he established a new record for the longest period of time between first and last Olympic competitions. Handy swam almost every day until the last few months of his life. Handy appeared swimming in a commercial from 1978 asking for the public to support American athletes training for
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