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63-778: The Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir or Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and Kashmir (JIJK) is an Islamic political party based in the city of Srinagar in the Indian administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is distinct from the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind . The organisation's stated position on the Kashmir conflict is that Kashmir is a disputed territory and the issue must be sorted as per UN or through tripartite talks between India , Pakistan and representatives of Kashmir. The JIJK stemmed from Islamic reformist activities in Kashmir in

126-524: A 'D-day' in September, but discovered that Anwar had married a Muslim League worker in Peshawar and disappeared on a honeymoon. Anwar himself has given other 'D-days': 15 October in one instance, and 21 October in another. Eventually, the invasion did take place on 22 October. With the help of Abdul Qayyum Khan, the divisional commissioner Khawaja Abdur Rahim of Rawalpindi and the political agents of

189-455: A disillusion with that organisation among Kashmiri youth began enlisting as Jamaat members or came to sympathise with it. As opposition to Indian rule mounted, due to India's failure to uphold its promises to the Kashmiri people, growing Hindu chauvinism, threats to Kashmiri Muslim identity, rigged elections, the failure of the state to provide jobs to an increasing number of educated youth in

252-789: A meeting in Lahore , where Shaukat Hayat Khan was present along with the premier of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Abdul Qayyum Khan . Anwar's allies in the NWFP for the organisation of the tribal invasion were Abdul Qayyum Khan, the Pir of Wana and the Pir of Manki Sharif . Both the Pirs had wanted to launch a jihad against Kashmir to free their Muslim brethren from Hindu rule. According to Shaukat Hayat Khan, they had fixed

315-457: A meeting in Lahore to formulate a strategy for capturing Kashmir . In addition to Khurshid Anwar, the meeting was attended by Punjab politicians Mian Iftikharuddin and Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan , Colonel Akbar Khan , Major General Zaman Kiani . A three-pronged approach was decided at the meeting, for Akbar Khan to organise the rebellion inside Kashmir, General Kiani to organise an invasion from

378-576: A number of schools and expanded its activities in the media and mosques. In 1952 the Jama'at-i-Islami Hind decided to separate its Kashmir branch because of the disputed nature of Jammu and Kashmir. Under the leadership of two committed Jamaat members, Maulana Ahrar and Ghulam Rasul Abdullah, the Jamaat in Kashmir drafted its own constitution which was passed and accepted in November 1953. In October 1954, at

441-532: A plebiscite in accordance with UN Resolutions. In December 1963 when a holy relic was stolen from the Hazratbal shrine in Srinagar and the movement demanding the relic's recovery turned into a popular agitation for freedom and the demand of self-determination. During this time JIJK participated in voicing this demand and also at the same time prevented Hindu-Muslim communal violence. The Awami Action Committee

504-575: A political hub, including Maulana Ghulam Ahmad Ahrar, a member of the Islamic reformist group Majlis-i-Ahrar , who also came from a family of Sufi connections, and Hakim Ghulam Nabi of Pulwama , who came from a family of Pirs. These men were dissatisfied with the contemporary religious practices in Kashmir which they saw as un-Islamic and were also dissatisfied with secular Kashmiri leaders such as Sheikh Abdullah who were deemed to be insufficiently Islamic. The first all-India ijtema of Jamaat-e-Islami

567-655: A retired Major of the Indian Army. When Hayat Khan stepped down to due to lack of time, Khurshid Anwar was appointed as its commander ( Salar ) in October 1946. He was given a target of rising 200,000 volunteers. Anwar is said to have devoted 'considerable energy' to the effort, impressing upon the League workers the danger posed by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , which was, in his view, financed by

630-647: A special meeting held in Barzalla, Srinagar, Sa'aduddin was elected as the President of the organisation by a large majority. The Central Advisory Committee held its first meeting two months later. Sa'aduddin spread the work of the JIJK from Kashmir Valley, where it had until then been concentrated, to Jammu. Sa'aduddin was particularly concerned about the Muslims of Jammu as they had suffered communal violence abetted by

693-435: A supporter of Kashmir's armed revolt, urged that the solution for the Kashmir issue be arrived at through peaceful and democratic means. By 1990 the JIJK and many other Kashmiri groups had changed their position of advocating peaceful struggle and joined with JKLF in advocating the route of an armed anti-Indian revolt. Reasons for this included increasing repression by the Indian state and the realisation that if it did not join

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756-567: A wireless transmitter. Anwar's rallies led to attacks on the local communities of Hindus and Sikhs, generating a stream of refugees into Kashmir , which closed off any possibility of the Maharaja of Kashmir acceding to Pakistan. Anwar is also said to have gotten away with a good deal of loot from his attacks on the minorities. On 12 September 1947, the Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan held

819-452: A ‘ shahid ’ (martyr) although it did express reserved admiration for him. In 1986 some members of the JKLF crossed over to Pakistan to receive arms training but the JIJK, which saw Kashmiri nationalism as contradicting Islamic universalism and its own desire for merging with Pakistan, did not support the JKLF movement. As late as that year, Jamaat member Syed Ali Shah Geelani , who later became

882-843: The Indian National Congress . By the end of 1946, the National Guard ranks swelled to 60,000 members. The 1946 Bihar riots were instrumental in mobilising the Muslims of India to activism. When the Muslim League led a civil disobedience movement against the Unionist government of Punjab , vexing its prime minister Khizar Hayat Tiwana , Tiwana banned the Muslim League National Guard in January 1947. But Anwar went underground to keep

945-626: The Indian Supreme Court sentenced JKLF leader Maqbool Butt to death and large protests took place in Kashmir against this decision. While Butt came to be considered a hero by the Kashmiri masses the JIJK urged restraint. JIJK leaders believed that Butt should be allowed to defend himself but at the same time asserted that they were bound by the Constitution and wanted to resolve issues through democratic methods. The Jamaat disapproved of Maqbool's resort to arms and did not call him

1008-510: The Jamaat-i-Islami of Pakistan was behind this event. Consequently, there were massive anti-Jamaat agitations all over Kashmir. JIJK offices and its members' houses came under attack. These riots lasted three days and property worth 400 million rupees, belonging to the Jamaat and its members, were either destroyed or looted. The Jamaat believed that behind these attacks on it were the leftists who were using Bhutto's hanging to discredit

1071-467: The Maharaja during Partition and suffered from the feeling of being an insecure minority thereafter. He warned his colleagues in Kashmir that Jammu Muslims needed to be helped otherwise they could be Hinduised in terms of culture and faith. The Jamaat expanded in size considerably in the 1950s. The National Conference's autocratic rule and the perception that it had sold Kashmir's interests to India caused

1134-476: The North-West Frontier Province . His wife, Begum Mumtaz Jamal is said to be a Kashmiri Punjabi . Anwar has been described as a "shadowy figure", "complete adventurer", and a "Muslim League's most important secret weapon in the creation of Pakistan". Anwar is said to have worked as an official in the civil supplies department in Delhi prior to World War II . Due to the close association of this department with

1197-541: The 1972 elections to the State Assembly. It aimed, through participating in the elections, to challenge the notion that politics and religion are separate. Initially JIJK wished to contest all the State Assembly seats but due to financial constraints contested only 22. Despite its expectation that it would do well it failed to get as many seats as it had hoped due to massive rigging. It won only five seats. The JIJK complained that some of its members were harassed after

1260-538: The Election Commission of India announced the polls, first time in a decade, for UT of J&K. This was the re-entry of Jamaat in electoral arena, after 37 years. The Jamaat fielded 3 of its members, namely, Dr. Talat Majid, Sayar Ahmad Reshi and Nazir Ahmad Bhat as independents in Pulwama, Kulgam and Devsar constituencies respectively and is fielding more than 10 of its members in the 2nd and 3rd phase of

1323-478: The JIJK strongly opposed the Indira-Sheikh Accord and considered it a gross violation of UN Resolutions on the Kashmir issue. The group won only one seat in the 1977 election. Although the 1970s proved to be a phase where the Jamaat's political strength grew the organisation suffered in 1979. In April 1979 General Zia ul Haq seized power and hanged Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto . Common perception was that

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1386-460: The Jamaat a threat to their own interests. Despite sharing a common background with the Ahl-i-Hadith movement, the Jamaat encountered opposition with them too as the Ahl-i-Hadith feared that the Jamaat would win over its own support base. The response of the Jamaat to its opponents was tactful. From the 1950s onwards Jamaat attempted to influence Kashmiri opinion through its extensive works in

1449-469: The Jamaat in the Kashmiri society. The Jamaat also blamed some religious leaders opposed to the Jamaat of instigating people to attack it. The Jamaat later contested the 1983 State Assembly election but failed to win a single of the 26 seats it had contested because of alleged massive rigging. The Jamaat contested the elections in 1987 as part of the Muslim United Front which was fought on

1512-424: The Jamaat was in close touch with militant organisations and was expected to "escalate its subversive activities" including attempts to carve an Islamic State out of the territory of India. Prior to the ban, 300 members of the organisation, including its leaders, were arrested under preventive detention laws and raids were conducted. The Jamaat leaders were said to have been "mystified" by the crackdown and claimed that

1575-541: The Jamaat's concerns about the proper observance of Shariah . However, despite its relatively moderate stance towards the Sufi shrines, in contrast to the stance of the Ahl-i-Hadith movement, the Jamaat found it could not get popular acceptance due to its attitude against the shrines as it came to be charged of being ' Wahhabi ' and 'anti-Sufi'. Sa'aduddin Tarabali realised the importance of the education sector in Kashmir and

1638-659: The Kashmir Valley. In 1977 the JIJK created the Islami Jamiat-i-Talaba (The Islamic Union of Students) for student members and sympathisers. Although the JIJK questioned Indian control over the state it adopted a flexible attitude towards participating in the elections which were held under the framework of the Indian Constitution. This was a tactical compromise as JIJK wanted to employ democratic means to expand its influence and prepare for

1701-411: The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir negotiated his accession to India and India air-lifted troops to Srinagar. According to some accounts, Anwar asked for an undertaking from the tribal leaders to abstain from looting, respect government property and protect treasuries. The tribesmen are said to have refused. Scholar Andrew Whitehead states that Anwar appears to have summoned political and religious leaders of

1764-765: The Quran in the Kashmiri language . The connections with other Indian Muslim groups brought the Ahl-i-Hadith movement to Kashmir. Sayyed Hussain Shah Batku, began a campaign to eradicate innovations in Kashmiri Muslim society. Although this movement failed due to a lack of mass support, it formed a precursor to JIJK's later reformist agenda. Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir's progenitors came from middle-class families associated with Sufism, who were disillusioned with

1827-568: The UT election. Increasing anti-Indian protests took place in Kashmir in the 1980s. The Soviet-Afghan jihad and the Islamic Revolution in Iran were becoming sources of inspiration for large numbers of Kashmiri Muslim youth. The state authorities tried to talk to them on the economic demands but they resorted to violence. Both the pro-Independence Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) and

1890-648: The Valley as Qari Saifuddin and Ghulam Rasul Abdullah undertaking travels to spread the Jamaat's message. The Jamaat's first large ijtema was organised in Srinagar in late 1945 which was attended by between seventy and a hundred people including government servants, youth and traders. After the Partition of India , the Jamaat activists based in Srinagar, favoured Jammu and Kashmir to join Pakistan while at that time most Kashmiri Muslims rallied behind Sheikh Abdullah, who

1953-544: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 218937318 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:36:11 GMT Pakistani tribal invasion of Kashmir Khurshid Anwar is said to be a native of Jullundhar in Punjab. Some sources also state that he was a Pathan from

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2016-466: The agitation going. Eventually the Unionist government was overthrown. Afterwards, Anwar went to the North-West Frontier Province , where he worked with the Muslim League leaders Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan and Pir of Manki Sharif to launch a direct action campaign against the Congress government. He is said to have organised an underground movement publishing cyclostyled newspapers and broadcasting on

2079-683: The airfield along with twenty men, but lacked the strength to press forward. Around 6 November, Srinagar was exposed to its closest encounter with war as the city "reverberated to the sound of machine-gun and mortar firing". Three hundred tribesmen faced a roadblock of the Indian Army 4.5 km west of the city, and engaged in a pitched battle in the early hours of the morning. By dawn, they were repulsed. The tribesmen then gathered at Shalateng, northwest of Srinagar. The Indians deployed newly arrived armoured cars and air support. The tribesmen were routed, with heavy casualties, and dispersed. The Indians pursued them and recaptured Pattan, Baramulla and Uri within

2142-486: The armed struggle it could lose its popularity to the JKLF. The Jamaat was banned in 1990. The Falah-e-Aam Trust was created in 1988 to run JEI schools following a ban on the JIK. Students from the schools were often recruited for arms training in Pakistan and "infiltrated back to carry on their subversive activity" (according to J&K Insights quoted by Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium). In 1989 Hizbul Mujahideen (HM)

2205-479: The armed struggle proved costly for the Jamaat. The organisation lost hundreds, possibly thousands, of members in counter-insurgency operations by Indian security forces. Consequently, the Jamaat is calling for a political method to resolve the Kashmir issue. In February 2019 the organisation was banned for a five-year period under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act . The notification stated that

2268-500: The education sphere and its participation in elections. The Jamaat received funds from donations, members' fees and properties endowed to the organisation by members and sympathisers. By the 1970s the JIJK became a powerful organisation with a membership presence all over the state, particularly in the Kashmir Valley. But the organisation has still remained a largely Kashmiri Muslim group. The JIJK's stronger presence in Anantnag district

2331-446: The elections. The JIJK still saw its electoral participation in a positive light since it expanded their message to a wider audience and successful JIJK candidates took an active role in the State Assembly by opposing proposed un-Islamic laws, arguing in favour of Islamic alternatives and raising the question of Jammu and Kashmir's disputed status, arguing that India had failed to conduct a plebiscite in Kashmir as it had promised. In 1975

2394-494: The first generation of educated members of their families. This class was disillusioned with the popular Sufism of Kashmiri shrines which they came to see as 'un-Islamic' and also found in the Jamaat a medium for political assertion. The Jamaat's advocacy for both modern and religious education and its community work also appealed to sections of the new generation. The Jamaat sought also to address contemporary political issues. The JIJK became part of debates concerning unity of Muslims,

2457-405: The gradual acquisition of the government machinery. JIJK justified its participation in the elections as a means to influence the Indian government to resolve the Kashmir dispute. The JIJK fielded some of its members as independent candidates in the local panchayat elections. It also sponsored some candidates for the 1969 local panchayat elections, which were held on a non-party basis, and some of

2520-499: The growing spread of alcohol, increasing corruption in the state's administration, providing fertilizers to farmers, Kashmir's disputed status and the militant Hindu agitation in Jammu for the state's full integration with India. Despite the organisation's growth in the 1950s the group also faced opposition from several sections of Kashmiri Muslim society. Many Sufis associated the group with the 'worldwide nexus' of Wahhabis and considered

2583-595: The late nineteenth century, when Jammu and Kashmir was under Dogra rule . One of the pioneers during this phase was the Mirwaiz of Kashmir , Maulana Rasul Shah, who formed the Anjuman Nusrat ul-Islam ("The Society for the Victory of Islam") in 1899 which aimed to impart both modern and Islamic education, and eliminate what were seen as un-Islamic "innovations" ( bida'at ) and superstitions that had become part of

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2646-576: The local population, especially the Hindus and Sikhs. It was part of their arrangement with Anwar; "they had no other remuneration," according to Colonel Akbar Khan. When they reached Baramulla, a rich provincial capital, their desire for loot was overwhelming, and they stopped listening to Anwar's orders. Anwar and some of the tribal elders grew deeply ashamed of what was done in Baramulla. The tribal lashkar stopped in Baramulla for two days, during which

2709-646: The military during the War, he is said to have been given the rank of a Major. He is generally referred to as a "Major" in Pakistani sources. Anwar was suspected of bribe-taking and supplying goods to civilians. This ended his association with the Army. The All-India Muslim League had a volunteer militia called the Muslim League National Guards , originally headed by Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan ,

2772-675: The organisation had begun to follow directions from Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan , had patronised the banned terror organisation Hizbul Mujahideen , and was intrinsically linked with the United Jihad Council , the Pakistan-based umbrella organisation of terrorist outfits. On 27 February 2024, the Ministry of Home Affairs in India extended the ban on Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI) Jammu and Kashmir for five more years. The organisation

2835-449: The organisation was one of the first non-governmental groups to work in this sector. The JIJK established a number of schools, including good ones where both modern and Islamic disciplines were taught. Part of the reason JIJK felt a need to establish its own schools was the feeling that the Indian educational system was threatening Kashmir's Islamic culture. Eventually the JIJK established a presence among teachers and students in colleges in

2898-464: The organisation's work was "in the open". The tribunal constituted by the Home Ministry upheld the ban, after examining substantial number of documents and depositions by witnesses. The judge agreed that the organisation had been indulging in unlawful activities that threatened the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India. The Inspector General of Police submitted an affidavit stating that

2961-656: The platform of advocating the establishment of rule by the Quran and Sunnah . These elections were rigged. On 15 May, 2024, Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir addressed a press conference and said that they are willing to contest the Legislative Elections in Jammu and Kashmir, if ban on the organization is lifted. On August 25, the Majlis-e-Shura (Consultative Body) of JeI held a meeting at Nowgam, Srinagar and decided to field its members as independent candidates after

3024-611: The popular Sufi practices. The Anjuman activists established the Islamiya High School and the Oriental College in Srinagar. Rashul Shah's successor, Mirwaiz Yusuf Shah , connected Anjuman with other Islamic reformist groups throughout India. He created the Muslim Printing Press, inaugurated two weeklies called al-Islam and Rahnuma , and published the first translation and commentaries of

3087-471: The pro-Pakistan Islamist groups including JIJK mobilised the fast growing anti-Indian sentiment among the Kashmiri population. Although the Jamaat held the view that Kashmir was disputed territory it continued until the late 1980s to insist on using talks, rather than armed insurrection, to resolve the issue. In 1979 Qari Saifuddin said that the JIJK 'has always desired that the Kashmir issue should be resolved through constitutional means and dialogue'. In 1980

3150-424: The public sector and the continued domination of the administrative service by Kashmiri Pandits the Jamaat found an increase in its support. However, the mounting support for the Jamaat was also contributed in part to its advocacy of piety and social Islamisation programs. The Jamaat in particular appealed to lower middle class young men from towns such as Srinagar, Baramulla and Sopore and were typically from

3213-662: The secular politics of the National Conference and the Muslim nationalism advocated by the Muslim Conference . They chose to work for Islam advocated by the radical Islamist idealogue Maulana Maududi , who founded Jamaat-e-Islami in India. The early pioneers included Sa'aduddin Tarabali , who came from the family of Sufi mystic Ahmad Sahib Tarabali. Tarabali influenced many Kashmiri men in Shopian , then

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3276-576: The south using former Indian National Army personnel, and for Anwar to organise an invasion via Muzaffarabad using activists from Pakistan. According to Shaukat Hayat Khan, no decision was made at the 12 September meeting to involve Pashtun tribes. He claims that he had explicitly ordered Anwar not to involve them, and that Anwar had 'disobeyed' by recruiting the Mahsud tribesmen of Waziristan . There were other meetings however, Around 20 September, Kashmir's Muslim Conference leaders were summoned to

3339-611: The sponsored contestants managed to be elected. The emergence of the JIJK as a serious oppositional force to the National Conference reflected increasing alienation of common Kashmiris from the National Conference due to its autocratism and the perception that it had collaborated with India to decrease Kashmir's autonomy. The JIJK participated in the 1971 general elections and expected to win some seats. But it failed to win any with charges of widespread rigging. The Central Advisory Committee then decided that JIJK would contest

3402-670: The tribal agencies, Anwar mobilised Afridis from the Khyber Agency and Mehsuds from the Waziristan Agency . They were further joined by Wazirs, Daurs, Bhittanis, Khattaks, Turis, Swatis and men of Dir . Trucks belonging to the paramilitary Frontier Corps were used to transport them to the Kashmir border. On 22 October 1947, Anwar entered Kashmir near Muzaffarabad heading a lashkar of 4,000 tribesmen. They quickly secured Muzaffarabad, took Uri and proceeded to Baramulla . At each location, they stopped to plunder

3465-561: The tribesmen to instil discipline in them. The Pir of Manki Sharif himself was among them. On 29 October, Governor George Cunningham of NWFP claims to have convinced Mohammad Ali Jinnah of providing better support to the tribal lashkar. Consequently, the government decided to maintain a contingent of 5,000 tribesmen in Kashmir, provide their rations and ammunition, and establish a directing committee of five officials in Abbottabad to control recruitment and supplies. A battalion of troops

3528-422: Was adopted as the group's "militant wing" allegedly under the influence of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence . In 1990 a chief commander of HM pronounced HM the "sword arm of the Jammat". By the mid-1990s Pakistani support to the JKLF ceased and the Pakistani support was increasingly given to pro-Pakistan Islamist groups including the Jamaat which sidelined the Kashmiri nationalist groups. The participation in

3591-411: Was also sent to maintain order among tribesmen. After the tribesmen advanced again, about 1,000 of them reached Budgam by 3 November, which was within five miles of the Srinagar airfield. Here they were engaged by Indian troops . According Brigadier L. P. Sen of the Indian Army, the tribesmen failed to press home their advantage in reaching the airfield. Anwar states that he reached within one mile of

3654-977: Was declared an "unlawful association" under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) 1967, citing activities deemed prejudicial to national security and territorial integrity. The Indian government provided a list of 47 cases registered against the Jamaat-e-Islami Jammu and Kashmir (JeI J&K) organization. This included an National Investigation Agency case highlighting the organisation's collection of funds intended to promote violent and secessionist activities. The NIA chargesheet further revealed that these funds were allegedly used by operatives of terrorist groups, such as Hizbul Mujahideen and Lashkar-e-Taiba , to incite public unrest and spread communal tension. The government asserted that JeI J&K maintains close ties with militant groups and actively supports extremism and militancy within Jammu & Kashmir, as well as other parts of India. List of Islamic political parties Too Many Requests If you report this error to

3717-412: Was due to the high literacy rates in the district, demonstrating the Jamaat's appeal to the educated class. The weaker presence in Srinagar was explained by the presence of the traditional Sufi leadership in that city. The JIJK came to conflict with the Indian state throughout the 1960s since it questioned the legality of India's administration of Jammu and Kashmir and demanded that the matter be solved by

3780-415: Was held at Pathankot in 1945, which was attended by four Kashmiris. Sa'aduddin, Qari Saifuddin and Muhammad Hussain Chishti established the Jamaat in Kashmir and thus Sa'aduddin became the amir, a position he held till 1985. Jamia Masjid in Srinagar became the location of Jamaat's weekly meetings as the group distributed Maududi's literature. The Jamaat expanded its presence from Srinagar to other places in

3843-410: Was pro-India. The pro-Pakistan constituency provided a base of support for the Jamaat. Soon afterwards, Jammu and Kashmir joined India , spurred by the Pakistani tribal invasion , and Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the prime minister of Kashmir. During 1947–1952, an increasing number of educated youth and low and middle-ranking government servants came to be attracted to the Jamaat, which established

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3906-559: Was relatively moderate compared to that of the Ahl-i-Hadith movement and it even chose to operate within the existing Sufi frameworks to present its teachings as the true teaching of Sufism untainted by added layers of superstition. Qari Saifuddin was himself the chairman of the famous Sufi shrine at Khanyar , Srinagar and translated the works of the fourteenth century Sufi saint Nuruddin Nurani . Sa'aduddin translated Mir Sayyed Ali Hamadani's works from Persian to Urdu and wrote works re-interpreting Sufi practices and ideas to align with

3969-500: Was setup, where Qari Saifuddin represented the Jamaat, to continue this struggle. The Indian authorities arrested the leaders of the Committee including the Qari. In addition to the event of the relic's theft, corruption, unemployment and poverty in the state contributed to Kashmiri hostility to Indian rule. Due to the JIJK's strident and consistent challenge to the Indian control of the state it earned increasing support from growing numbers of Kashmiri Muslims. The Jamaat's stance to Sufism

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