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55-461: On Eid al-Adha (the 10th day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah ), pilgrims must strike the Big Jamarah or Al-Jamrah Al-Aqaba with seven pebbles. After the stoning is completed on the day of Eid, every pilgrim must cut or shave their hair. On each of the following two days, they must hit all three walls with seven pebbles each, going in order from east to west. Thus at least 21 pebbles are needed for

110-506: A fluid , with individuals moved about by the pressure of those around them, and shockwaves can pass through the crowd as pressures within the crowd change. This can be highly dangerous, although some people actively seek this experience, such as at rock concerts or football matches, where the excitement, camaraderie, and literally "going with the flow" is for some an essential part of the experience, and activities like dancing and moshing are common. The danger inherent in these conditions

165-419: A body of people becomes dangerously overcrowded. When numbers are up to about five people per square meter, the environment may feel cramped but manageable; when numbers reach between eight and ten people per square meter, individuals become pressed against each other and may be swept along against their will by the motion of the crowd. Under these conditions, the crowd may undergo a progressive collapse where

220-407: A crowd can become so packed that people are crushed together to such an extent they can no longer breathe and are asphyxiated. Such crowd crushes can occur when a moving crowd is funneled into a smaller and smaller space, when it meets an obstacle (such as a dead end, or a locked door), or when an already densely packed crowd has an influx of people, causing a pressure wave toward those at the front of

275-479: A crowd has swept over them where they have lain. It is believed that most major crowd disasters can be prevented by simple crowd management strategies. Crushes can be prevented by organization and traffic control, such as barriers. On the other hand, barriers in some cases may funnel the crowd toward an already-packed area, such as in the Hillsborough disaster. Hence barriers can be a solution in preventing or

330-403: A crush is inexperienced security officers who assume that people's behaviour in a dense crowd is voluntary and dangerous, and start applying force or preventing people from moving in certain directions. In the 1989 Hillsborough disaster , some police and stewards were so concerned with what they saw as possible hooliganism that they took actions that actually made matters worse. There is risk of

385-416: A crush when crowd density exceeds about five people per square meter. For a person in a crowd a signal of danger, and a warning to get out of the crowd if possible, is the sensation of being touched on all four sides. A later, more serious, warning is when one feels shock waves travelling through the crowd, due to people at the back pushing forward against people at the front with nowhere to go. Keith Still of

440-478: A key factor in causing a crush. One problem is lack of feedback from people being crushed to the crowd pressing behind—feedback can instead be provided by police, organizers, or other observers, particularly raised observers, such as on platforms or horseback, who can survey the crowd and use loudspeakers to communicate and direct a crowd. In some cases it may be possible to take simple measures such as spreading movements out over time. A factor that may contribute to

495-587: A large congregation in an open waqf ("stopping") field called Eidgah or mosque. Cuisine traditionally associated with Eid al-Adha includes ma'amoul and samosas . While Eid al-Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar . The lunar calendar

550-477: A longer period. 21°25′16″N 39°52′21″E  /  21.4212°N 39.8726°E  / 21.4212; 39.8726 Eid al-Adha Eid al-Adha ( Arabic : عيد الأضحى , romanized :  ʿĪd al-ʾAḍḥā , lit.   'Feast of Sacrifice') is the second of the two main holidays in Islam alongside Eid al-Fitr . It falls on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijja , the twelfth and final month of

605-608: A new Associated Press count shows, three times the number of deaths acknowledged by the kingdom three months later. The AP figures establish the Sept. 24 crush at Mina as the deadliest in the history of the annual pilgrimage. It occurred just weeks after a fatal crane collapse in Mecca. Authorities have said the Mina crush and stampede occurred when two waves of pilgrims converged on a narrow road, suffocating or trampling to death those caught in

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660-404: A plain southeast of Mina, on the night before the first throwing, but can also be collected at Mina. Until 2004, the three jamarāt (singular: jamrah ) were tall pillars. After the 2004 Hajj , Saudi authorities replaced the pillars with 26-metre-long (85 ft) walls for safety; many people were accidentally throwing pebbles at people on the other side. To allow easier access to the jamarāt ,

715-533: A single-tiered pedestrian bridge called the Jamaraat Bridge was built around them, allowing pilgrims to throw stones from either ground level or from the bridge. The jamarāt are named (starting from the east): Before 2004, the distance between the small and middle jamarāt was 135 m (443 ft); between the middle and large jamarāt it was 225 m (738 ft). The ritual re-enacts Abraham's pilgrimage to Mecca as explained by

770-521: A stampede. People don't die because they panic. They panic because they are dying". Paul Torrens, a professor at the Center for Geospatial Information Science at the University of Maryland , remarks that "the idea of the hysterical mass is a myth". Incidents involving crowds are often reported by media as the results of panic. However, the scientific literature has explained how panic is a myth which

825-502: Is crowd density rather than crowd size. Crowd collapses and crushes are often reported incorrectly as human stampedes , which typically occur when a large group of people all try to get away from a perceived risk to life. One study has calculated that there were 232 deaths and over 66,000 injuries in the ten years between 1992 and 2002 as a result of such incidents, but crowd scientists believe that such casualties are both vastly under-reported and increasing in frequency. One estimate

880-446: Is a dissent among Muslim scholars regarding the obligatory nature of this sacrifice. While some scholars, such as Al-Kasani , categorise the sacrifice as obligatory ( wāǧib ), others regard it only as an "established custom" ( sunna mu'akkada ). Alternatives such as charitable donations or fasting have been suggested to be permissible by several fuqaha . Muslims are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in

935-687: Is a triliteral root ( ʕ-y-d ), with associated root meanings of "to go back, to rescind, to accrue, to be accustomed, habits, to repeat, to be experienced; appointed time or place, anniversary, feast day". Arthur Jeffery contests this etymology, and believes the term to have been borrowed into Arabic from Syriac , or less likely Targumic Aramaic . The holiday is called عيد الأضحى ( Eid-al-Adha ) or العيد الكبير ( Eid-al-Kabir ) in Arabic. The words أضحى ( aḍḥā ) and قربان ( qurbān ) are synonymous in meaning 'sacrifice' (animal sacrifice), 'offering' or 'oblation'. The first word comes from

990-554: Is a loaded word as it apportions blame to the victims for behaving in an irrational, self-destructive, unthinking and uncaring manner, it's pure ignorance, and laziness ... It gives the impression that it was a mindless crowd only caring about themselves, and they were prepared to crush people. In virtually all situations it is usually the authorities to blame for poor planning, poor design, poor control, poor policing and mismanagement. Edwin Galea, professor of fire safety engineering at

1045-600: Is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar. Each year, Eid al-Adha (like other Islamic holidays) falls on one of about two to four Gregorian dates in parts of the world, because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the International Date Line . The following list shows the official dates of Eid al-Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the Supreme Judicial Council . Future dates are estimated according to

1100-730: Is known as the Akedah in Judaism (Binding of Isaac ) and originates in the Torah , in the first book of Moses ( Genesis , Ch. 22). The Akedah is referred to in the Quran in its 37th surah , As-Saaffat . The word "Eid" appears once in Al-Ma'ida , the fifth surah of the Quran, with the meaning "a festival or a feast". In the days preceding Eid al-Adha and during the Eid and Tashreeq days, Muslims recite

1155-495: Is that only one in ten crowd injuries occurring in doorbuster sales are reported, while many, if not most, injuries at rock concerts go unreported. The average individual occupies an oval floorspace approximately 30 by 60 cm (1 by 2 ft), or 0.18 square metres (2 sq ft) and at densities of one to two per square metre (0.1 to 0.2/sq ft) individuals can move freely without contact. Even if people are moving quickly, at this density one can avoid obstacles, and

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1210-467: Is that the crowd will collapse in on itself or become so densely packed that individuals are crushed and asphyxiated. A crowd collapse occurs when a crowd is so dense that each individual is touching others all around and is, to an extent, supported by those around. This can occur whether the crowd is moving or stationary. If a person then falls, the support to those around is lost, while the pressure from those further out remains, causing people to fall into

1265-453: Is used to mislead the attention of the public from the real causes of crowd incidents, such as a crowd crush. In crowd collapse and crush incidents the most common cause of death is asphyxiation , caused either by vertical stacking, as people fall on top of one another, or by horizontal stacking, where people are crushed together or against an unyielding barrier. Victims can also exhibit fractures due to pressure, or trampling injuries, when

1320-627: The Islamic calendar . Celebrations and observances are generally carried forward to the three following days, known as the Tashreeq days. Eid al-Adha is also sometimes called Eid II or " Greater Eid " (Arabic: العيد الكبير , romanized:  al-ʿĪd al-Kabīr ). As with Eid al-Fitr, the Eid prayer is performed on the morning of Eid al-Adha, after which udhiyah , or the ritual sacrifice of sheep , may be performed. In Islamic tradition, it honours

1375-696: The Muslim historian al-Azraqi : When he [Abraham] left Mina and was brought down to (the defile called) al-Aqaba, the Devil appeared to him at Stone-Heap of the Defile. Gabriel ( Jibrayil ) said to him: "Pelt him!" so Abraham threw seven stones at him so that he disappeared from him. Then he appeared to him at the Middle Stone-Heap. Gabriel said to him: "Pelt him!" so he pelted him with seven stones so that he disappeared from him. Then he appeared to him at

1430-506: The University of Greenwich said: "If you’re designing an event to handle that crowd density, it's inherently dangerous." He pointed out that the 500,000 people an hour who could cross the Jamarat bridge after it was widened in 2004 is equivalent to the largest-ever football crowd once every 24 minutes or the population of Germany in a week. One possible solution would be to spread the Hajj over

1485-406: The University of Greenwich , England The term " stampede " is usually used in reference to animals that are fleeing a threat. Stampede events that involve humans are extremely rare and are unlikely to be fatal. According to Keith Still, professor of crowd science at Manchester Metropolitan University , "If you look at the analysis, I've not seen any instances of the cause of mass fatalities being

1540-466: The takbir . Like on Eid al-Fitr, the Eid prayer is performed on Eid al-Adha any time after sunrise and before the Zuhr prayer . In the event of a force majeure , the prayer may be delayed to the day after, or the second day after Eid. The Eid prayer is followed by a khutbah (sermon). At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon, Muslims embrace and exchange gifts and greetings with one another, such as

1595-634: The Eid that one is in Mina, one must stone the three jamarāt , meaning that one must trample upon his internal despot ( an-nafs al-'amāra ), the external despot of the Shaitan from the Jinn , and the Shayṭān from among the Humans (the enemies of religion and of humanity). The stoning of the three jamarāt is, in essence, the trampling upon the despots and waging war against all of them. When one focuses on them and

1650-513: The Fire Safety Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, said "Be aware of your surroundings. Look ahead. Listen to the crowd noise. If you start finding yourself in a crowd surge, wait for the surge to come, go with it, and move sideways. Keep moving with it and sideways, with it and sideways." Other recommendations include trying to remain upright, and keeping away from walls and other obstructions if possible. After

1705-538: The Little Stone-Heap. Gabriel said to him: "Pelt him!" so he pelted him with seven stones like the little stones for throwing with a sling . So the Devil withdrew from him. All three jamarāt represent the devil: the first and largest represents his temptation of Abraham against sacrificing Ishmael ( Ismāʿīl ); the second represents the temptation of Abraham's wife Hagar ( Hājar ) to induce her to stop him;

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1760-463: The Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia. The Umm al-Qura calendar is just a guide for planning purposes and not the absolute determinant or fixer of dates. Confirmations of actual dates by moon sighting are applied on the 29th day of the lunar month prior to Dhu al-Hijja to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival. The three days after the listed date are also part of

1815-404: The chance of a crowd-related incident is minimal. Even at three or four people per square meter, the risk is low; however, at densities of five per square meter, it becomes more difficult for individuals to move, and at higher densities of six to seven per square meter, individuals become pressed against each other and can be unable to move voluntarily. At this point a crowd can begin to act like

1870-926: The crowd. In this situation those entering may be unaware of the effect on those in front and continue to press in. Examples of crushes are the Hillsborough disaster in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England in 1989, the Love Parade disaster in Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany in 2010, the Astroworld Festival crowd crush in Houston, Texas, and the Itaewon Halloween crowd crush in Itaewon, Seoul, South Korea in 2022. Stampede

1925-450: The disaster. Saudi Arabia has spent billions of dollars on crowd control and safety measures for those attending the annual five-day pilgrimage, required of every able-bodied, financially capable, Muslim once in his or her life, but the sheer number of participants makes ensuring their safety difficult. However, experts have said that the density of the crowds is very likely to lead to a crowd collapse in such circumstances. Ed Galea of

1980-452: The ever-growing number of pilgrims who perform the Hajj each year. Crowd conditions are especially difficult during the final day of Hajj, which is the day pilgrims leave the valley of Mina and return to Mecca for the farewell Tawaf (the final circumambulation of the Kaaba ). According to hadith , Muhammad 's last stoning was performed just after the noon prayer . Many scholars feel that

2035-430: The festival. (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific racial/ethnic group or sexual minority , (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Crowd crush Crowd collapses and crowd crushes are catastrophic incidents that can occur when

2090-475: The festival. The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit Mount Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day. In many countries, the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities, so the exact day of celebration varies by locality. The celebration of Eid al-Adha is noted for causing pollution. Activist groups in countries like Indonesia have opted for an eco-friendly celebration of

2145-413: The hatred for them, then one automatically focuses with complete attention upon one's self – and rightfully so – while stoning the jamarāt , one must focus entirely upon one's self. It is an attack on a person's internal temptations or base desires, and signals a moving away from the self and towards further submission to Allah's will. The Stoning of the Devil ritual is considered the most dangerous part of

2200-437: The main trials of Abraham 's life was to receive and obey the command of God to slaughter his beloved son Ishmael. According to the narrative, Abraham kept having dreams that he was sacrificing his son. Abraham knew that this was a command from God and he told his son, as stated in the Quran, "Oh son, I keep dreaming that I am slaughtering you". he replied, "Father, do what you are ordered to do." Abraham prepared to submit to

2255-703: The phrase Eid Mubarak . Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their friends, neighbours and colleagues to the festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and Muslim culture . After the Eid prayer, udhiyah , or the ritual sacrifice of cattle, may be performed. Affluent Muslims who can afford it sacrifice halal cattle, usually a camel, goat, sheep, or ram, as a symbol of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his only son. The animals have to meet certain age and quality standards to be considered for sacrifice. In Pakistan alone, roughly 7.5 million animals, costing an estimated $ 3 billion (equivalent to $ 4.16 billion in 2023), were sacrificed in 2011. The meat from

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2310-476: The pilgrimage, as sudden crowd movements on or near the Jamaraat Bridge can cause people to be crushed. On several occasions, thousands of participants have suffocated or been trampled to death in crowd crushes . An important step in managing crowds is the recent replacement of the jamarāt pillars by walls to ease and speed up the stoning. The bridge has also been widened in recent years to accommodate

2365-565: The pressure pushes people off their feet, resulting in people being trampled or crushed by the weight of other people falling on top of them. At even higher densities, the pressure on each individual can cause them to be crushed or asphyxiated while still upright. Such incidents are invariably the product of organizational failures, and most major crowd disasters could have been prevented by simple crowd management strategies. Such incidents can occur at large gatherings such as sporting, commercial, social, and religious events. The critical factor

2420-411: The ritual can be done any time between noon and sunset on this day; however, many Muslims are taught that it should be done immediately after the noon prayer. This leads to people camping out until noon and rushing out then to do the stoning. These two factors have been said to be most responsible for a stampede during the Hajj of 2006 which killed at least 346 pilgrims and injured at least 289 more. This

2475-426: The ritual; more stones would be needed if they failed to hit the pillar. It is permissible for the stones to fall into the designated areas of the pillars, and there is no need to throw them again if they land in the appropriate vicinity. Some pilgrims stay at Mina for an additional day, in which case they must again stone each wall seven times. The pebbles used in the stoning are traditionally gathered at Muzdalifah ,

2530-440: The sacrificed animal is generally divided into three parts: the family performing the udhiyah retains a third; while the remainder is equally divided between friends and relatives, and the poor. The tradition for Eid al-Adha involves slaughtering an animal and sharing the meat in three equal parts – for family, for relatives and friends, and for poor people. The goal is to make sure every Muslim gets to eat meat. However, there

2585-624: The same Semitic root, but believes the sense of the term to have entered Arabic through Aramaic . Eid al-Adha is pronounced Eid al-Azha and Eidul Azha , primarily in Iran and influenced by the Persian language like the Indian subcontinent; / ˌ iː d əl ˈ ɑː d ə , - ˈ ɑː d h ɑː / EED əl AH -də, -⁠ AHD -hah ; Arabic : عيد الأضحى , romanized :  ʿĪd al-ʾAḍḥā , IPA: [ʕiːd al ˈʔadˤħaː] . One of

2640-456: The stoning of Jamrat al‑ʿAqaba (the Jamrah of Aqaba), then one has taken the next step in attaining closeness to Allah , and since between the servant and Allah there is no more than the distance of one step, if one has been able to take this step and make it past one's own low desires and wishes, then that which follows is the level of closeness to Allah. During those two or three days after

2695-439: The third represents his temptation of Ishmael to avoid being sacrificed. He was rebuked each time, and the throwing of the stones symbolizes those rebukes. The stoning of the jamarāt also represents the repudiation of man's self ( an-nafs al-'amāra , literally the "internal despot") and the act of casting aside one's low desires and wishes. As one Islamic theologian states: If one is able to crush al‑nafs al‑'amāra during

2750-776: The triliteral root ضحى ( ḍaḥḥā ) with the associated meanings "immolate; offer up; sacrifice; victimize". No occurrence of this root with a meaning related to sacrifice occurs in the Qur'an but in the Hadith literature. Assyrians and other Middle Eastern Christians use the term to mean the Eucharistic host . The second word derives from the triliteral root ‏ ‏قرب‎ ‎ ( qaraba ) with associated meanings of "closeness, proximity... to moderate; kinship...; to hurry; ...to seek, to seek water sources...; scabbard, sheath; small boat; sacrifice". Arthur Jeffery recognizes

2805-550: The void. This process is then repeated, causing a bigger void, and will progress until the pressure eases; meanwhile, those who have fallen are at risk of being smothered by the weight of bodies on top or being trampled as the crowd is swept over them. An example of a progressive crowd collapse was the 2015 Mina stampede in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the Hajj when over 2,400 people were reported to have died. At even higher densities (up to ten people per square metre (0.93/sq ft))

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2860-472: The will of God and to slaughter his son as an act of faith and obedience to God. During the preparation, Iblis (Satan) tempted Abraham and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying out God's commandment, and Abraham drove Iblis away by throwing pebbles at him. In commemoration of their rejection of Iblis, stones are thrown during Hajj rites at symbolic pillars, symbolising the place at which Iblis tried to dissuade Abraham. Acknowledging that Abraham

2915-504: The willingness of Abraham to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God 's command. Depending on the narrative, either Ishmael or Isaac are referred to with the honorific title " Sacrifice of God ". Pilgrims performing the Hajj typically perform the tawaf and saee of Hajj on Eid al-Adha, along with the ritual stoning of the devil on the Eid day and the following days. The Arabic word عيد ( ʿīd ) means 'festival', 'celebration', 'feast day', or 'holiday'. The word عيد

2970-528: Was despite several attempts by the authorities to inform pilgrims about the permissibility of staggering their visits to the jamarāt as well as instructing them to leave their luggage at their tents. Adding to the confusion involved in the tragedy is the lack of co-operation on the part of pilgrims who do not leave the jamarāt area by the proper route, and therefore interfere with the movements of others who are arriving. Another crush occurred on September 24, 2015, in Mina when at least 2,411 pilgrims were killed,

3025-411: Was willing to sacrifice what is dear to him, God honoured both Abraham and his son. Angel Gabriel (Jibreel) called Abraham, "O' Ibrahim, you have fulfilled the revelations," and a ram from heaven was offered by Angel Gabriel to prophet Abraham to slaughter instead of his son. Many Muslims celebrate Eid al-Adha to commemorate both the devotion of Abraham and the survival of his son Ishmael. This story

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