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102-529: The first section of the two-story brick house was completed in 1864, with an expansion built onto the front in 1880. That gave the house an Italianate appearance. The wood-frame barn is built on a limestone foundation, just like the house. At the time of the historic nomination the foundation and fire pit for the smokehouse were in existence. The farmstead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. This article about

204-462: A balustraded parapet . The principal block is flanked by two lower asymmetrical secondary wings that contribute picturesque massing, best appreciated from an angled view. The larger of these is divided from the principal block by the belvedere tower. The smaller, the ballroom block, is entered through a columned porte-cochère designed as a single storey prostyle portico . Many examples of this style are evident around Sydney and Melbourne, notably

306-604: A property in Johnson County, Iowa on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a building or structure in Iowa is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Italianate architecture The Italianate style was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . Like Palladianism and Neoclassicism ,

408-464: A 920-foot (280 m) long coffer-dam to enclose the building site along the river. The construction of the embankment started on New Year's Day 1839. The first work consisted of the construction of a vast concrete raft to serve as the building's foundation. After the space had been excavated by hand, 70,000 cubic yards (54,000 m ) of concrete were laid. The site of the Victoria Tower

510-576: A North Italian Cinquecento style, and a grand tower with spire, the interior includes a central hall similar to that at Bridgewater House, the building was completed after Barry's death by his son Edward Middleton Barry . Completed after Barry's death in 1863 was the classical, Guest Memorial Reading Room and Library in Dowlais , Wales. The most significant of Barry's designs that were not carried out included, his proposed Law Courts (1840–41), that if built would have covered Lincoln's Inn Fields with

612-569: A declining fashion." Anthony Salvin occasionally designed in the Italianate style, especially in Wales, at Hafod House, Carmarthenshire, and Penoyre House , Powys, described by Mark Girouard as "Salvin's most ambitious classical house." Thomas Cubitt , a London building contractor, incorporated simple classical lines of the Italianate style as defined by Sir Charles Barry into many of his London terraces. Cubitt designed Osborne House under

714-413: A large Greek Revival building, this rectangular building would have been over three hundred by four hundred feet, in a Greek Doric style, there would have been octastyle porticoes in the middle of the shorter sides and hexastyle porticoes on the longer sides, leading to a large central hall that would have been surrounded by twelve court rooms that in turn were surrounded by the ancillary facilities. Later

816-542: A lower hall with Corinthian columns and glass domes, and impressive formal gardens based on Italian Renaissance gardens . The gardens included a 70-foot (21 m)-high series of terraces linked by a grand flight of steps, with an open temple structure at the top. Originally there were cascades of water either side of the staircase. The main terrace is at the centre of a string of gardens nearly 1 mile (1,600 m) in length. Between 1850 and 1852, Barry remodelled Gawthorpe Hall , an Elizabethan house situated south-east of

918-569: A noted clergyman. He was headmaster of Leeds Grammar School from 1854 to 1862 and of Cheltenham College from 1862 to 1868. He later became the third Bishop of Sydney , Australia. He wrote a 400-page biography of his father, The Life and Times of Sir Charles Barry, R.A., F.R.S. , that was published in 1867. Barry's daughters were Emily Barry (1828–1886) and Adelaide Sarah Barry (1841–1907). Sir Charles' relative John Hayward designed several buildings including, The Hall, Chapel Quad Pembroke College, Oxford . Two of Barry's grandsons continued in

1020-721: A number of Italianate lighthouses and associated structures, chief among them being the Grosse Point Light in Evanston, Illinois . The Italianate style was immensely popular in Australia as a domestic style influencing the rapidly expanding suburbs of the 1870–1880s and providing rows of neat villas with low-pitched roofs, bay windows , tall windows and classical cornices. The architect William Wardell designed Government House in Melbourne —the official residence of

1122-432: A prestigious name in architecture, it nearly finished him off. Completion of the building was very overdue; Barry had estimated it would take six years and cost £724,986 (excluding the cost of the site, embankment and furnishings). However, construction actually took 26 years, and it was also well over budget; by July 1854 the estimated cost was £2,166,846. Those pressures left Barry tired and stressed. The full Barry design

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1224-404: A small portion of the house, consisting of the porte-cochère with a curving corridor, and the stables, are still standing, although the gardens are undergoing a restoration. Additionally, the belvedere from the top of the tower survives as a folly at Sandon Hall . Between 1834 and 1838, at Bowood House , Wiltshire , owned by Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne , Barry added

1326-468: Is 323 feet (98 m) tall and was completed in 1860. The iron flagpole on the Victoria Tower tapers from 2 feet 9 inches (840 mm) in diameter and the iron crown on top is 3 feet 6 inches (1,070 mm) in diameter and 395 feet (120 m) above ground. The central tower is 261 feet (80 m) high. The building is 940 feet (290 m) long, covers about 8 acres (3 hectares) of land, and has over 1000 rooms. The east Thames façade

1428-413: Is 873 feet (266 m) in length. Pugin later dismissed the building, saying "All Grecian, Sir, Tudor details on a classic body", the essentially symmetrical plan and river front being offensive to Pugin's taste for medieval Gothic buildings. The plan of the finished building is built around two major axes. At the southern end of Westminster Hall, St. Stephen's porch was created as a major entrance to

1530-707: Is an example of this further evolution of the style. As in Australia, the use of Italianate for public service offices took hold but using local materials like timber to create the illusion of stone. At the time it was built in 1856, the official residence of the Colonial Governor in Auckland was criticized for the dishonesty of making wood look like stone. The 1875 Old Government Buildings, Wellington are entirely constructed with local kauri timber, which has excellent properties for construction. ( Auckland developed later and preferred Gothic detailing.) As in

1632-526: Is not very well known, but a clear example of Italianate architecture, is St. Christopher's Anglican church in Hinchley Wood , Surrey, particularly given the design of its bell tower . Portmeirion in Gwynedd , North Wales, is an architectural fantasy designed in a southern Italian Baroque style and built by Sir Clough Williams-Ellis between 1925 and 1975 in a loose style of an Italian village. It

1734-500: Is now owned by a charitable trust. Williams-Ellis incorporated fragments of demolished buildings, including works by a number of other architects. Portmeirion's architectural bricolage and deliberately fanciful nostalgia have been noted as an influence on the development of postmodernism in architecture in the late 20th century. The Italianate revival was comparatively less prevalent in Scottish architecture , examples include some of

1836-586: Is the birthplace of the writer Katherine Mansfield . Charles Barry Sir Charles Barry FRS RA (23 May 1795 – 12 May 1860) was a British architect, best known for his role in the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster (also known as the Houses of Parliament ) in London during the mid-19th century, but also responsible for numerous other buildings and gardens. He is known for his major contribution to

1938-479: Is the only known house where Barry used Greek revival architecture. The Royal Sussex County Hospital was erected to Barry's design (1828) in a very plain classical style. Thomas Attree's villa , Queen's Park, Brighton , the only one to be built of a series of villas designed for the area by Barry and the Pepper Pot (1830), whose original function was a water tower for the development. In 1831, he entered

2040-531: The Cyclades , including Delos , then Smyrna and Turkey , where Barry greatly admired the magnificence of Hagia Sophia . From Constantinople he visited the Troad , Assos , Pergamon and back to Smyrna. In Athens , he met David Baillie, who was taken with Barry's sketches and offered to pay him £200 a year plus any expenses to accompany him to Egypt , Palestine and Syria in return for Barry's drawings of

2142-1167: The Dead Sea , Jerusalem , including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , then Bethlehem , Baalbek , Jerash , Beirut , Damascus and Palmyra , then on to Homs . On 18 June 1819, Barry parted from Baillie at Tripoli, Lebanon . Over this time, Barry created more than 500 sketches. Barry then travelled on to Cyprus , Rhodes , Halicarnassus , Ephesus and Smyrna from where he sailed on 16 August 1819 for Malta . Barry then sailed from Malta to Syracuse, Sicily , then Italy and back through France. His travels in Italy exposed him to Renaissance architecture and after arriving in Rome in January 1820, he met architect John Lewis Wolfe , who inspired Barry himself to become an architect. Their friendship continued until Barry died. The building that inspired Barry's admiration for Italian architecture

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2244-721: The Great Exhibition of 1851 ; also in 1851, he was a co-founder of what became the Royal Architectural Museum . In 1852 he was an assessor on the committee that selected Cuthbert Brodrick 's design in the competition to design Leeds Town Hall . In 1853 Barry was consulted by Albert, Prince Consort on his plans for creation of what became known as Albertopolis . Barry spent two months in Paris in 1855 representing, along with his friend and fellow architect Charles Robert Cockerell , English architecture on

2346-637: The Medici . Upon his return to Lebanon in 1618, he began modernising Lebanon. He developed a silk industry, upgraded olive oil production, and brought with him numerous Italian engineers who began building mansions and civil buildings throughout the country. The cities of Beirut and Sidon were especially built in the Italianate style. The influence of these buildings, such as those in Deir el Qamar , influenced building in Lebanon for many centuries and continues to

2448-560: The Old Treasury Building (1858), Leichhardt Town Hall (1888), Glebe Town Hall (1879) and the fine range of state and federal government offices facing the gardens in Treasury Place. No.2 Treasury Gardens (1874). This dignified, but not overly exuberant style for civil service offices contrasted with the grand and more formal statements of the classical styles used for Parliament buildings . The acceptance of

2550-680: The Reform Club 1837–41 in Pall Mall represents a convincingly authentic pastiche of the Palazzo Farnese in Rome, albeit in a 'Grecian' Ionic order in place of Michelangelo 's original Corinthian order . Although it has been claimed that one-third of early Victorian country houses in England used classical styles, mostly Italianate, by 1855 the style was falling from favour and Cliveden came to be regarded as "a declining essay in

2652-839: The Royal Academy ) in central London's Piccadilly ; Edward Middleton Barry (1830–1880) completed the Parliament buildings and designed the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden ; Godfrey Walter Barry (1833–1868) became a surveyor ; Sir John Wolfe-Barry (1836–1918) was the engineer for Tower Bridge and Blackfriars Railway Bridge . Edward and Charles also collaborated on the design of the Great Eastern Hotel at London's Liverpool Street station . His second son, Rev. Alfred Barry (1826–1910), became

2754-598: The Tudor and Gothic styles at the Houses of Parliament in London, was a great promoter of the style. Unlike Nash, he found his inspiration in Italy itself. Barry drew heavily on the designs of the original Renaissance villas of Rome , the Lazio and the Veneto or as he put it: "...the charming character of the irregular villas of Italy." His most defining work in this style was the large Neo-Renaissance mansion Cliveden , while

2856-519: The United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis . Key visual components of this style include: A late intimation of John Nash 's development of the Italianate style was his 1805 design of Sandridge Park at Stoke Gabriel in Devon . Commissioned by the dowager Lady Ashburton as a country retreat, this small country house clearly shows the transition between

2958-539: The Vatican Museums and other galleries, before carrying on to Naples , Pompeii , Bari and then Corfu . While in Italy, Barry met Charles Lock Eastlake , an architect, William Kinnaird and Francis Johnson (later a professor at Haileybury and Imperial Service College ) and Thomas Leverton Donaldson . With these gentlemen he visited Greece, where their itinerary covered Athens , which they left on 25 June 1818, Mount Parnassus , Delphi , Aegina , then

3060-467: The governor of Victoria —as an example of his "newly discovered love for Italianate, Palladian and Venetian architecture ." Cream-colored, with many Palladian features, it would not be out of place among the unified streets and squares in Thomas Cubitt's Belgravia , London, except for its machicolated signorial tower that Wardell crowned with a belvedere . The hipped roof is concealed by

3162-602: The 1820s and wished he could destroy them. His first major civil commission came when he won a competition to design the new Royal Manchester Institution (1824–1835) for the promotion of literature, science and arts (now part of the Manchester Art Gallery ), in Greek revival style, the only public building by Barry in that style. Also in north-west England, he designed Buile Hill House (1825) in Salford this

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3264-461: The Admiralty in the building. The building would have been in a Classical style incorporating Barry's existing Treasury building. Following the destruction by fire of the old Houses of Parliament on 16 October 1834, a competition was held to find a suitable design, for which there were 97 entries. Barry's entry, number 64, for which Augustus Pugin helped prepare the competition drawings, won

3366-678: The Central Lobby is the Commons' Corridor which leads into the square Commons' Lobby, north of which is the House of Commons . There are various offices and corridors to the north of the House of Commons with the clock tower terminating the northern axis of the building. South of the Central Lobby is the Peers' Corridor leading to the Peers' Lobby, south of which lies the House of Lords . South of

3468-544: The Civil War. Its popularity was due to being suitable for many different building materials and budgets, as well as the development of cast-iron and press-metal technology making the production more efficient of decorative elements such as brackets and cornices. However, the style was superseded in popularity in the late 1870s by the Queen Anne and Colonial Revival styles. The popularity of Italianate architecture in

3570-773: The Commissioners in Islington : Holy Trinity, St John's and St Paul's, all in the Gothic style and built between 1826 and 1828. Two further Gothic churches in Lancashire, not for the Commissioners followed in 1824: St Saviour's Church, Ringley , partially rebuilt in 1851–54, and Barry's neglected Welsh Baptist Chapel , on Upper Brook Street (1837–39) in Manchester (and owned by the City Council), long open to

3672-803: The Georgian house of five bays and three stories was designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell as his own home. Probably thanks to his fiancée's friendship with John Soane , Barry was recommended to the Church Building Commissioners , and was able to obtain his first major commissions building churches for them. These were in the Gothic Revival architecture style, including two in Lancashire , St Matthew, Campfield, Manchester (1821–22), and All Saints' Church, Whitefield (or Stand) (1822–25). Barry designed three churches for

3774-926: The House of Lords in sequence are the Prince's Chamber, Royal Gallery, and Queen's Robing Room. To the north-west of the Queen's Robing Chamber is the Norman Porch, to the west of which the Royal Staircase leads down to the Royal Entrance located immediately beneath the Victoria Tower. East of the Central Lobby is the East Corridor leading to the Lower Waiting Hall, to the east of which is the Members Dining Room located in

3876-588: The Ionic portico from the earlier building (1806–13) designed by George Dance the Younger , the building has been further extended (1887–88) and (1937). In 1837, he won the competition to design the Reform Club , Pall Mall, London, which is one of his finest Italianate public buildings, notable for its double height central saloon with glazed roof. His favourite building in Rome, the Farnese Palace, influenced

3978-427: The Italianate style combined its inspiration from the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture with picturesque aesthetics. The resulting style of architecture was essentially of its own time. "The backward look transforms its object," Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles; "every spectator at every period—at every moment, indeed—inevitably transforms

4080-710: The Italianate style for government offices was sustained well into the 20th century when, in 1912, John Smith Murdoch designed the Commonwealth Office Buildings as a sympathetic addition to this precinct to form a stylistically unified terrace overlooking the gardens. The Italianate style of architecture continued to be built in outposts of the British Empire long after it had ceased to be fashionable in Britain itself. The Albury railway station in regional New South Wales , completed in 1881,

4182-545: The Italianate style in England tend to take the form of Palladian -style building often enhanced by a belvedere tower complete with Renaissance -type balustrading at the roof level. This is generally a more stylistic interpretation of what architects and patrons imagined to be the case in Italy, and utilises more obviously the Italian Renaissance motifs than those earlier examples of the Italianate style by Nash. Sir Charles Barry , most notable for his works on

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4284-776: The Italianate style, such as the James Lick Mansion , John Muir Mansion , and Bidwell Mansion , before later Stick-Eastlake and Queen Anne styles superseded. Many, nicknamed Painted Ladies , remain and are celebrated in San Francisco . A late example in masonry is the First Church of Christ, Scientist in Los Angeles . Additionally, the United States Lighthouse Board , through the work of Colonel Orlando M. Poe , produced

4386-624: The Palace of Westminster, this was the Government Offices, this vast building would have covered the area stretching from horse Guards Parade across Downing Street and the sites of the future Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the HM Treasury on Whitehall up to Parliament Square . It would have had a vast glass-roofed hall, 320 by 150 feet, at the centre of the building. The plan was to house all government departments apart from

4488-604: The Thames, a vast Hotel where Charing Cross railway station was later built, the enlargement of the National Gallery (Barry's son Edward would later extend the Gallery) and new buildings around Trafalgar Square and along the new embankments and the recently created Victoria Street. There were also several new roads proposed on both sides of the Thames. The largest of the proposed buildings would have been even larger than

4590-552: The United States, the timber construction common in New Zealand allowed this popular style to be rendered in domestic buildings, such as Antrim House in Wellington, and Westoe Farm House in Rangitikei (1874), as well as rendered brick at "The Pah" in Auckland (1880). On a more domestic scale, the suburbs of cities like Dunedin and Wellington spread out with modest but handsome suburban villas with Italianate details, such as low-pitched roofs, tall windows, corner quoins , and stone detailing, all rendered in wood. A good example

4692-459: The age of 15. Barry exhibited drawings at the Royal Academy annually from 1812 to 1815. Upon the death of his father, Barry inherited a sum of money that allowed him, after coming of age , to undertake an extensive Grand Tour around the Mediterranean and Middle East , from 28 June 1817 to August 1820. He visited France and, while in Paris, spent several days at the Musée du Louvre . In Rome, he sketched antiquities, sculptures and paintings at

4794-424: The architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s. Barry's Italianate style (occasionally termed "Barryesque") drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash's semi-rustic Italianate villas. The style was employed in varying forms abroad long after its decline in popularity in Britain. For example, from the late 1840s to 1890, it achieved huge popularity in

4896-414: The building that escaped destruction, most notably Westminster Hall , the adjoining double-storey cloisters of St Stephen's court and the crypt of St Stephen's Chapel . Barry's design was parallel to the River Thames , but the surviving buildings were at a slight angle to the river, so Barry had to incorporate the awkwardly different axes into the design. Although the design included most of the elements of

4998-419: The building. This involved inserting a great arch with a grand staircase at the southern end of Westminster hall, which leads to the first floor where the major rooms are located. To the east of St. Stephens porch is St. Stephen's Hall, built on the surviving undercroft of St. Stephen's Chapel. To the east of this the octagonal Central Lobby (above which is the central tower), the centre of the building. North of

5100-453: The commission in January 1836 to design the new Palace of Westminster. His collaboration with Pugin, who designed furniture, stained glass, sculpture, wallpaper, decorative floor tiles and mosaic work, was not renewed until June 1844, and then continued until Pugin's mental breakdown and death in 1852. The Tudor Gothic architectural style was chosen to complement the Henry VII Lady Chapel opposite. The design had to incorporate those parts of

5202-462: The competition for the design of Birmingham Town Hall , the design was based on an Ancient Greek temple of the Doric order, but it failed to win the competition. The marked preference for Italian architecture, which he acquired during his travels showed itself in various important undertakings of his earlier years, the first significant example being the Travellers Club , in Pall Mall , built in 1832, as with all his urban commissions in this style

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5304-417: The cortège formed at Vauxhall Bridge , there were eight pall-bearers : Sir Charles Eastlake ; William Cowper-Temple, 1st Baron Mount Temple ; George Parker Bidder ; Sir Edward Cust, 1st Baronet ; Alexander Beresford Hope ; The Dean of St. Paul's Henry Hart Milman ; Charles Robert Cockerell and Sir William Tite . There were several hundred mourners at the funeral service, including his five sons, (it

5406-403: The countries they visited. Middle East sites they visited included Dendera , the Temple of Edfu and Philae – it was at the last of these three that he met his future client, William John Bankes , on 13 January 1819 – then Thebes , Luxor and Karnak . Then, back to Cairo and Giza with its pyramids. Continuing through the Middle East, the major sites and cities visited were Jaffa ,

5508-442: The country, he preferred the bustle and society of the city. He was an early riser, usually between four and six o'clock in the morning; he only needed four or five hours sleep. He preferred to do his thinking and designing in the morning, but was happy to have company while at work, liking to read to or join in conversation. He had a dislike of public display, considering it hollow and lacking in conviction. His general disposition

5610-520: The design was astylar . He designed the Gothic King Edward's School , New Street, Birmingham (1833–37), demolished 1936, it was during the erection of the school that Barry first met Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin , he helped Barry design the interiors of the building. His last work in Manchester was the Italianate Manchester Athenaeum (1837–39), this is now part of Manchester Art Gallery. From 1835–37, he rebuilt Royal College of Surgeons of England , in Lincoln's Inn Fields, Westminster, he preserved

5712-447: The design. A major focus of his career was the remodelling of older country houses . His first major commission was the transformation of Henry Holland 's Trentham Hall in Staffordshire , between 1834 and 1840. It was remodelled in the Italianate style with a large tower (a feature Barry often included in his country houses). Barry also designed the Italianate gardens, with parterres and fountains. Largely demolished in 1912, only

5814-425: The dining room being entirely by Barry, and he created the formal terraces and parterres surrounding the house. Between 1844 and 1848, Barry remodelled Dunrobin Castle , Sutherland , Scotland, in Scots Baronial Style , for George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 2nd Duke of Sutherland for whom he had remodelled Trentham Hall. Due to a fire in the early 20th century, little of Barry's interiors survive at Dunrobin, but

5916-426: The direction of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , and it is Cubitt's reworking of his two-dimensional street architecture into this freestanding mansion which was to be the inspiration for countless Italianate villas throughout the British Empire. Following the completion of Osborne House in 1851, the style became a popular choice of design for the small mansions built by the new and wealthy industrialists of

6018-463: The early work of Alexander Thomson ("Greek" Thomson) and buildings such as the west side of George Square . The Italian, specifically Tuscan, influence on architecture in Lebanon dates back to the Renaissance when Fakhreddine , the first Lebanese ruler who truly unified Mount Lebanon with its Mediterranean coast, executed an ambitious plan to develop his country. When the Ottomans exiled Fakhreddine to Tuscany in 1613, he entered an alliance with

6120-441: The elements and at serious risk after its roof was removed in late 2005, the building was converted to private apartments in 2014–17. His final church for the Commissioners' was the Gothic St Peter's Church, Brighton (1824–28), which he won in a design competition on 4 August 1823 and was his first building to win acclaim. The next church he designed was St Andrew's Hove , East Sussex, in Waterloo Street, Brunswick, (1827–28);

6222-425: The era. These were mostly built in cities surrounded by large but not extensive gardens, often laid out in a terrace Tuscan style as well. On occasions very similar, if not identical, designs to these Italianate villas would be topped by mansard roofs , and then termed chateauesque . However, "after a modest spate of Italianate villas, and French chateaux" by 1855 the most favoured style of an English country house

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6324-455: The exterior being re-clad in stone. The interiors were also Barry's work. Highclere Castle , Hampshire, with its large tower, was remodelled between about 1842 and 1850, in Elizabethan style , for Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon . The building was completely altered externally, with the plain Georgian structure being virtually rebuilt. However, little of the interior is by Barry, because his patron died in 1849 and Thomas Allom completed

6426-410: The facade of Pentonville prison, that was designed by Joshua Jebb , he added a stuccoed Italianate pilastered frontage to Caledonian Road. The (Old) Treasury (Now Cabinet Office ) Whitehall by John Soane , built (1824–26) was virtually rebuilt by Barry (1844–47). It consists of 23 bays with a giant Corinthian order over a rusticated ground floor, the five bays at each end project slightly from

6528-411: The facade. Bridgewater House, Westminster , London (1845–64) for Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere , in a grand Italianate style. The structure was complete by 1848, but interior decoration was only finished by 1864. The main (south) front is 144 feet long, of nine bays in more massive version of his earlier Reform Club, the garden (west) front is of seven bays. The interiors are intact apart from

6630-408: The finished building, including the two towers at either end of the building, it would undergo significant redesign. The winning design was only about 650 feet (200 m) in length, about two-thirds the size of the finished building. The central lobby and tower were later additions, as was the extensive royal suite at the southern end of the building. The amended design on which construction commenced

6732-445: The floors and extensively in the internal structures of both the clock tower and Victoria tower. Barry and his engineer Alfred Meeson were responsible for designing scaffolding , hoists and cranes used in the construction. One of their most innovative developments was the scaffolding used to construct the three main towers. For the central tower they designed an inner rotating scaffold, surrounded by timber centring to support

6834-459: The gardens, with their fountains and parterres, are also by Barry. Canford Manor , Dorset, was extended in a Tudor Gothic style between 1848 and 1852, including a large entrance tower. The most unusual interior is the Nineveh porch, built to house Assyrian sculptures from the eponymous palace, decorated with Assyrian motifs. James Paine 's Shrubland Park was remodelled between 1849 and 1854, including an Italianate tower and entrance porch,

6936-413: The ground, or even flat roofs with a wide projection. A tower is often incorporated hinting at the Italian belvedere or even campanile tower. Motifs drawn from the Italianate style were incorporated into the commercial builders' repertoire and appear in Victorian architecture dating from the mid-to-late 19th century. This architectural style became more popular than Greek Revival by the beginning of

7038-403: The house. Little of Barry's interior design survived later remodelling. Barry remodelled Trafalgar Square (1840–45) he designed the north terrace with the steps at either end, and the sloping walls on the east and west of the square, the two fountain basins are also to Barry's design, although Edwin Lutyens re-designed the actual fountains (1939). Barry was commissioned to design (1840–42)

7140-426: The inaugural meeting of the Royal Institute of British Architects on 3 December 1834 he became a fellow of the R.I.B.A. and later served as vice-president of the institute, in 1859 he turned down the Presidency of the R.I.B.A. In 1845 he awarded the commission in the competition for New College, Edinburgh to William Henry Playfair . Barry also served on the Royal Commission (learned committee) developing plans for

7242-806: The juries of the Exposition Universelle . Barry was an active fellow of the Royal Academy , and he was involved in revising the architectural curriculum in 1856. In 1858 Barry was appointed to the St. Paul's Committee, whose function was to oversee the maintenance of the Special Evening Service in St Paul's Cathedral and carry out redecoration of the cathedral. Several architects received their training in Barry's office, including: John Hayward , John Gibson , George Somers Leigh Clarke , J. A. Chatwin and his sons Charles Barry and Edward Middleton Barry. Additionally Barry had several assistants who worked for him at various times, including Robert Richardson Banks , Thomas Allom , Peter Kerr and Ingress Bell . Barry disliked being away from London. Not liking life in

7344-477: The masonry vault of the Central Lobby, that spans 57 feet 2 inches (17.42 m), and an external timber tower. A portable steam engine was used to lift stone and brick to the upper parts of the tower. When it came to building the Victoria and Clock towers, it was decided to dispense with external scaffolding and lift building materials up through the towers by an internal scaffolding that travelled up

7446-476: The north wing which was bombed in The Blitz . The main interior is the central Saloon, a roofed courtyard of two storeys, of three by five bays of arches on each floor, the walls are lined with scagliola , the coved ceiling is glazed and the centre has three glazed saucer domes. The decoration of the major rooms is not the work of Barry. The last major commission of Barry's was Halifax Town Hall (1859–62), in

7548-489: The past according to his own nature." The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England, from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras. The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by

7650-450: The picturesque of William Gilpin and Nash's yet to be fully evolved Italianism. While this house can still be described as Regency , its informal asymmetrical plan together with its loggias and balconies of both stone and wrought iron; tower and low pitched roof clearly are very similar to the fully Italianate design of Cronkhill , the house generally considered to be the first example of the Italianate style in Britain. Later examples of

7752-582: The plan of the building is in line with Georgian architecture , though stylistically the Italianate style was used, the only classical church Barry designed that was actually built. The Gothic Hurstpierpoint church (1843–45), with its tower and spire , unlike his earlier churches was much closer to the Cambridge Camden Society 's approach to church design. According to his son Alfred, Barry later disowned these early church designs of

7854-461: The practical details of building and machinery...", would make increasing demands that affected the building's design, leading to delays in construction. By 1845, Barry was refusing to communicate with Reid except in writing. A direct result of Reid's demands was the addition of the Central Tower, designed to act as a giant chimney to draw fresh air through the building. The House of Lords

7956-486: The present time. For example, streets like Rue Gouraud continue to have numerous, historic houses with Italianate influence. The Italianate style was popularized in the United States by Alexander Jackson Davis in the 1840s as an alternative to Gothic or Greek Revival styles. Davis' design for Blandwood is the oldest surviving example of Italianate architecture in the United States, constructed in 1844 as

8058-428: The preservation of this impressive collection, with large-scale renovation efforts beginning to repair urban blight. Cincinnati's neighbouring cities of Newport and Covington, Kentucky also contain an impressive collection of Italianate architecture. The Garden District of New Orleans features examples of the Italianate style, including: In California, the earliest Victorian residences were wooden versions of

8160-715: The profession, Charles Edward Barry (1855–1937) architect and assistant to his father, and his brother Lt Col Arthur John Barry CBE, TD, MICE (1859–1943), civil engineer and architect, son of Charles Barry Jr. and pupil and later partner of Sir John Wolfe-Barry . He was the author of Railway Expansion in China and the Influence of Foreign Powers in Its Development (London, 1910) and is noted for significant infrastructure projects in India , China, Thailand and Egypt . He

8262-469: The residence of North Carolina Governor John Motley Morehead . It is an early example of Italianate architecture, closer in ethos to the Italianate works of Nash than the more Renaissance-inspired designs of Barry. Davis' 1854 Litchfield Villa in Prospect Park, Brooklyn is an example of the style. It was initially referred to as the "Italian Villa" or "Tuscan Villa" style. Richard Upjohn used

8364-517: The seat of the Earl of Orkney from 1696 till 1824. Barry's remodelling was again on behalf of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland . After the previous building was burnt down (1850–51), Barry built a new central block in the Italianate Style, rising to three floors, the lowest of which have arch headed windows, and the upper two floors have giant Ionic pilasters . He also designed the parterres below

8466-399: The small town of Padiham , in the borough of Burnley , Lancashire. It was originally a pele tower , built in the 14th century as a defence against the invading Scots. Around 1600, a Jacobean mansion had been dovetailed around the pele, but today's hall is re-design of the house, using the original Elizabethan style. Barry's last major remodelling work was Cliveden House , which had been

8568-440: The structure as it was built. The scaffold and cranes were powered by steam engines. Work on the actual building began with the laying of a foundation stone on 27 April 1840 by Barry's wife Sarah, near the north-east corner of the building. A major problem for Barry came with the appointment on 1 April 1840 of the ventilation expert Dr David Boswell Reid . Reid, whom Barry said was "...not profess to be thoroughly acquainted with

8670-635: The style extensively, beginning in 1845 with the Edward King House . Other leading practitioners of the style were John Notman and Henry Austin . Notman designed "Riverside" in 1837, the first "Italian Villa" style house in Burlington, New Jersey (now destroyed). Italianate was reinterpreted to become an indigenous style. It is distinctive by its pronounced exaggeration of many Italian Renaissance characteristics: emphatic eaves supported by corbels , low-pitched roofs barely discernible from

8772-669: The time period following 1845 can be seen in Cincinnati, Ohio , the United States' first boomtown west of the Appalachian Mountains . This city, which grew along with the traffic on the Ohio River , features arguably the largest single collection of Italianate buildings in the United States in its Over-the-Rhine neighbourhood, built primarily by German-American immigrants that lived in the densely populated area. In recent years, increased attention has been called to

8874-605: The tower, made alterations to the gardens, and designed the Italianate entrance lodge. For the same client, he designed the Lansdowne Monument in 1845. Walton House in Walton-on-Thames followed in 1835–39. Again Barry used the Italianate style, with a three-storey tower over the entrance porte-cochère (which was demolished 1973). Then, from 1835 to 1838, he remodelled Sir Roger Pratt 's Kingston Lacy , with

8976-660: The use of Italianate architecture in Britain, especially the use of the Palazzo as basis for the design of country houses, city mansions and public buildings. He also developed the Italian Renaissance garden style for the many gardens he designed around country houses. Born on 23 May 1795 in Bridge Street, Westminster (opposite the future site of the Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster), he

9078-606: The very centre of the east front. To the north of the Members Dining Room lies the House of Commons Library , and at the northern end of the east front is the projecting Speaker's House, home of the Speaker of the House of Commons . To the south of the Members Dining Room lies various committee rooms followed by House of Lords Library . Projecting from the southern end of the facade is the Lord Chancellor's House, home of The Lord Chancellor . Although Parliament gave Barry

9180-605: The work in 1861. At Duncombe Park , Yorkshire, Barry designed new wings, which were added between in 1843 and 1846 in the English Baroque style of the main block. At Harewood House he remodelled the John Carr exterior between 1843 and 1850, adding an extra floor to the end pavilions, and replacing the portico on the south front with Corinthian pilasters. Some of the Robert Adam interiors were remodelled, with

9282-625: Was sanguine , though he had a quick temper. He preferred science to literature, he frequently attended the Friday night lectures held at the Royal Institution . Barry was engaged to Sarah Rowsell (1798–1882) in 1817, they married on 7 December 1822 and had seven children together. Four of Sir Charles Barry's five sons followed in his career footsteps. Eldest son Charles Barry (junior) (1823–1900) designed Dulwich College and park in south London and rebuilt Burlington House (home of

9384-481: Was Gothic, Tudor, or Elizabethan. The Italianate style came to the small town of Newton Abbot and the village of Starcross in Devon, with Isambard Brunel's atmospheric railway pumping houses. The style was later used by Humphrey Abberley and Joseph Rowell, who designed a large number of houses, with the new railway station as the focal point, for Lord Courtenay, who saw the potential of the railway age. An example that

9486-619: Was against custom for women to attend, so neither his widow or daughters were present), his friend Mr Wolfe, numerous members of the House of Commons and Lords, attended, several who were his former clients, about 150 members of the R.I.B.A., including: Decimus Burton , Thomas Leverton Donaldson , Benjamin Ferrey , Charles Fowler , George Godwin , Owen Jones , Henry Edward Kendall , John Norton , Joseph Paxton , James Pennethorne , Anthony Salvin , Sydney Smirke , Lewis Vulliamy , Matthew Digby Wyatt and Thomas Henry Wyatt . Various members of

9588-490: Was approximately the same size as the finished building, although both the Victoria Tower and Clock Tower were considerably taller in the finished building, and the Central Tower was not yet part of the design. Before construction could commence, the site had to be embanked and cleared of the remains of the previous buildings, and various sewers needed to be diverted. On 1 September 1837, work started on building

9690-474: Was completed in April 1847 in the form of a double cube measuring 90 ft × 45 ft × 45 ft (27 m × 14 m × 14 m). The House of Commons was finished in 1852, where later Barry would be created a Knight Bachelor . The Elizabeth Tower , which houses the great clock and bells including Big Ben , is 316 feet (96 m) tall and was completed in 1858. The Victoria Tower

9792-558: Was found to consist of quicksand , necessitating the use of piles . The stone selected for the exterior of the building was quarried at Anston in Yorkshire, with the core of the walls being laid in brick. To make the building as fire-proof as possible, wood was only used decoratively, rather than structurally, and extensive use was made of cast iron . The roofs of the building consist of cast iron girders covered by sheets of iron, cast iron beams were also used as joists to support

9894-562: Was his General Scheme of Metropolitan Improvements, that were exhibited in 1857. This comprehensive scheme was for the redevelopment of much of Whitehall , Horse Guards Parade , the embankment of the River Thames on both sides of the river in the areas to the north and south of the Palace of Westminster, this would eventual be partially realised as the Victoria Embankment and Albert Embankment , three new bridges across

9996-538: Was never completed; it would have enclosed New Palace Yard as an internal courtyard, and the clock tower would have been in the north-east corner, with a great gateway in the north-west corner surmounted by the Albert Tower, continuing south along the west front of Westminster Hall. Barry was appointed architect to the Dulwich College estate in 1830, an appointment that last until 1858. Barry attended

10098-489: Was the Palazzo Farnese . Over the following months, he and Wolfe together studied the architecture of Vicenza , Venice, Verona and Florence , where the Palazzo Strozzi greatly impressed him. While in Rome he had met Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne , through whom he met Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland , and his wife, Elizabeth Fox, Baroness Holland . Their London home, Holland House ,

10200-737: Was the centre of the Whig Party . Barry remained a lifelong supporter of the Liberal Party , the successor to the Whig Party. Barry was invited to the gatherings at the house, and there met many of the prominent members of the group; this led to many of his subsequent commissions. Barry set up his home and office in Ely Place in 1821. In 1827 he moved to 27 Foley Place, then in 1842 he moved to 32 Great George Street and finally to The Elms, Clapham Common. Now 29 Clapham Common Northside,

10302-646: Was the final generation of the Barry architectural and engineering dynasty. From onward 1837 Barry suffered from sudden bouts of illness, one of the most severe being in 1858. On 12 May 1860 after an afternoon at the Crystal Palace with Lady Barry, at his home The Elms , Clapham Common , he was seized at eleven o'clock at night with difficulty in breathing and was in pain from a heart attack and died shortly after. His funeral and interment took place at one o'clock on 22 May in Westminster Abbey ,

10404-552: Was the fourth son of Walter Edward Barry (died 1805), a stationer , and Frances Barry (née Maybank; died 1798). He was baptised at St Margaret's, Westminster , into the Church of England , of which he was a lifelong member. His father remarried shortly after Frances died and Barry's stepmother Sarah would bring him up. He was educated at private schools in Homerton and then Aspley Guise , before being apprenticed to Middleton & Bailey, Lambeth architects and surveyors, at

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