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44-735: Norton-Kyshe was born in 1855, the second son of Henry Kyshe and Esther Norton. Norton-Kyshe commenced work as a clerk in the office of his stepfather, James Henry Slade, a solicitor. In 1871, at the age of 16, he entered the Colonial Service as a clerk to the Procureur General and Advocate General of Mauritius . After holding various appointments in Mauritius, he was promoted to the position of Deputy Registrar in Penang . He passed exams in both written and spoken Malay . He

88-537: A hope that the new overseas governments would continue to award increases as had been the practice before independence. This objective was achieved by the passing in December 1962 of the Pensions (Increase) Act which covered HMOCS pensioners like the others. Then about a year later, in 1963/64, two newly independent countries, Somalia (incorporating the former British Somaliland Protectorate ) and Zanzibar (after

132-657: A new body which could represent all existing and future pensioners of Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service (HMOCS). The initial purpose was quite narrow, namely to persuade the British Government to provide annual pension increases for HMOCS pensioners to match those given to other civil servants in the Home Civil Service and the Foreign Service in Britain. This would be preferable to relying on

176-537: A revolution overthrowing the Sultan 's rule), refused to continue pension payments to the former overseas officers, contrary to the agreements that had been reached with the governments at the time of independence. So OSPA had a new reason to negotiate with the British Government, and this time it took almost ten years of persistence by OSPA until the government passed the Overseas Pensions Act 1973 . That

220-564: A wide range of agreements with other countries and territories such as mutual abolition of visa requirement , mutual legal aid, air services, extradition , handling of double taxation and others, with no Chinese government involvement. However, in some diplomatic talks involving a SAR, the SAR concerned may choose to send officials to be part of the Chinese delegation. For example, when former Director of Health of Hong Kong Margaret Chan became

264-1541: Is keen to receive original records or memoirs, and also photographs and films. He allows the use of illustrations or maps in his possession in others' work. For a record of published memoirs and related studies there is the very extensive “Administering Empire” annotated bibliographic Check List compiled by Terry Barringer of Wolfson College, Cambridge, published by the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London. Special administrative regions of China Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present The special administrative regions ( SAR ) of

308-635: The Dominion of Ceylon in February 1948, the relatively few Colonial Service staff were smoothly replaced by local counterparts, and their retirement pensions continued to be paid as normal. The end of British rule in Palestine in that same year was quite different, with no ordered succession to the colonial officers. By 1960, in the African territories, special compensation schemes were introduced whereby

352-680: The Greater China Region . HKETOs serve as a quasi- interests section in favour of Hong Kong . DECMs serve as a quasi- interests section in favour of Macao . For regions with no HKETOs and DECMs, Chinese diplomatic missions take charge of protecting Hong Kong-related and Macau-related interests. Some countries which have a diplomatic relationship with the central Chinese government maintain Consulate-General offices in Hong Kong and Macau. In sporting events such as

396-590: The Lunacy Acts . Norton-Kyshe was a prodigious author and published the following books: Colonial Service The Colonial Service , also known as His/Her Majesty's Colonial Service and replaced in 1954 by Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service ( HMOCS ), was the British government service that administered most of Britain's overseas possessions , under the authority of the Secretary of State for

440-544: The Olympic Games or Asian Games , the SARs may have their own independent teams. They participate under the respective names of " Hong Kong , China" and " Macau , China", and compete as different entities as they had done since they were under foreign rules, but both SARs are usually allowed to omit the term ", China" for informal use. The People's Liberation Army is garrisoned in both SARs. PRC authorities have said

484-522: The Second World War . Recruitment included candidates from the four self-governing Dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa and a few of the colonies themselves, such as Southern Rhodesia, Malta, Cyprus, and some in the Caribbean. The officers were members of the civil service of the particular territory in which they served, as well as belonging to the relevant sub-service of

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528-598: The United Nations , and their Basic laws , the Chinese SARs "shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy ". Generally, the two SARs are not considered to constitute a part of mainland China , by both SAR and mainland Chinese authorities. The provision to establish special administrative regions appeared in the constitution in 1982, in anticipation of the talks with the United Kingdom over the question of

572-703: The World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General, she served as a delegate from the People's Republic of China to the WHO. At the same time they are members of various international organizations such as WTO, APEC, etc. [REDACTED]   Hong Kong [REDACTED]   Macao The Government of Hong Kong and Government of Macao have established Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices (HKETOs) and Delegação Económica e Comercial de Macaus (DECMs) respectively in some countries, as well as in

616-631: The 20th century. In 1900 there were only about 1,000 overseas posts. There was an expansion after the First World War , then a slow-down during the 1930s, with an estimated number of about 8,000 in 1938. Numbers boomed after the Second World War, rising to just over 11,000 posts in 1947, and a peak of about 18,000 in 1954. Thereafter the size of the Service shrank rapidly as most territories attained independence, until its formal end with

660-526: The British Colonial Office which then appointed them to serve in a particular territory, they were not employed by the British Government. They were employed and paid by the territorial government which was also responsible for their eventual retirement pension arrangements. As expatriate officers they were entitled to take "long leave" every few years (varying between territories) outside their territory of service. This distinguished them from

704-419: The British Government agreed to finance payments through the territorial governments to HMOCS officers whose career employment would be ended prematurely. In some cases an "Inducement Allowance" was also paid to encourage officers to stay on. The normal budgetary system in most territories was that every few years there would be a salaries review, which would include pensions, when increases would be made. There

748-810: The British government. The formal end of HMOCS in 1997 was marked by a special commemorative service held in Westminster Abbey on 25 May 1999, attended by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh . The physical memorial "To all who served the Crown in the Colonial Territories" is displayed in the South Cloister of Westminster Abbey, unveiled by H.M. The Queen in March 1966. During the 1930s

792-646: The Chinese Constitution. For the Wolong Special Administrative Region in Sichuan Province , please see the section Wolong below. The two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau (created in 1997 and 1999 respectively) each have a codified constitution called Basic Law . The law provides the regions with a high degree of autonomy, a separate political system, and a capitalist economy under

836-629: The Colonial Service. Finally, in 1954, they were all combined under the title of Her Majesty's Overseas Civil Service (HMOCS). That continued until 1 July 1997, when the largest remaining colony, Hong Kong, was handed over to the People’s Republic of China, designated as a Special Administrative Region . Thereafter the relatively few posts in the small remaining colonies (now British Overseas Territories ) were filled by ad hoc British government appointments and overseen by two Ministers of

880-868: The Colonies and the Colonial Office in London. It did not operate in British India , where the same function was delivered by the Indian Civil Service (ICS), nor in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , which was administered by the Sudan Political Service (SPS), nor in the internally self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia , which had its own civil service. The British Government's overall responsibility for

924-806: The Dominions Office. In 1966 the Colonial Office was merged with the Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO) to form the Commonwealth Office . In 1968 that Office was merged with the Foreign Office, renamed as the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), which maintained ultimate oversight of the dwindling residual HMOCS personnel until 1997. The historical record of the Colonial Service begins with

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968-665: The National People's Congress in the light of the specific conditions". At present, there are two SARs established by the Constitution: Hong Kong and Macau . These former British and Portuguese territories were transferred to China in 1997 and 1999, following the Sino-British and Sino-Portuguese Joint Declarations signed in 1984 and 1987, respectively. Pursuant to their Joint Declarations, which are binding inter-state treaties registered with

1012-593: The PLA will not be allowed to interfere with the local affairs of Hong Kong and Macau, and must abide by its laws. In 1988, scholar Chen Fang of the Academy of Military Science even tried to propose the "One military, two systems" concept to separate the defence function and public functions in the army. The PLA does not participate in the governance of the SAR but the SAR may request them for civil-military participation, in times of emergency such as natural disasters . Defence

1056-531: The People's Republic of China are one of four types of province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China directly under the control of its Central People's Government (State Council), being integral areas of the country. As a region, they possess the highest degree of autonomy from China's central government. However, despite the relative autonomy that the Central People's Government offers

1100-626: The State and the Crown very considerable, very special service, – and I salute you for it." The National Archives and the British Library , both in London, hold extensive records about all aspects of the British Empire, including the Colonial Service and HMOCS. There are particular collections in other centres, the chief ones being at: Another source is the independent website www.britishempire.co.uk created by Stephen Luscombe. He

1144-466: The autonomous level. Special administrative regions should not be confused with special economic zones , which are areas in which special economic laws apply to promote trade and investments . The Wolong Special Administrative Region in Sichuan province is a nature reserve and not a political division. There are currently two special administrative regions established according to Article 31 of

1188-414: The first two years of probation; then District Officer (in some territories termed Assistant District Commissioner); rising to District Commissioner when given such charge, and Provincial Commissioner above that. Colonial Governors were normally selected from appropriately senior officers. Exceptions were Gibraltar, Malta and Bermuda, formerly classified as "fortress" colonies, where until the post-war years

1232-494: The following sixteen sub-services were brought into the unified Colonial Service: During the 1940s four more were added, bringing the total to twenty: The Colonial Administrative Service represented the authority of the colonial government in all respects. It was an elite of generalists, people mostly with University or other higher education qualifications, and appointments were made after selection interviews intended to assess candidates’ personality, character and motivation. From

1276-546: The governors were normally military or naval officers, and thereafter were usually political appointees. A few territories recruited female administrative officers, designated as Women Administrative Assistants. They filled supporting roles either in provincial headquarters or in the central Secretariat. The first responsibility of the Colonial Administrative Service on was the maintenance of law and order. However, contrary to popular belief, this

1320-452: The hand-over of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997. A number of HMOCS Police officers and others stayed on to serve the SAR government . The approach of independence in each territory had fundamental effects on HMOCS personnel there, depending on the outlook of the emerging local rulers and the stage of general social and economic development. In the case of Ceylon , which became independent as

1364-434: The locally-engaged personnel in government service who were on local leave terms. The normal retirement age was 55, set originally to allow for the adverse effect the tropical climate had on their health. In some cases an officer could be transferred from one territory to another, by arrangement with the Colonial Office and the two colonial governments concerned. The overall size of the Colonial Service changed greatly through

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1408-495: The management of the territories overseas in the early 19th century lay with successive departments dealing with the various colonies and "plantations", until in 1854 a separate Colonial Office was created headed by a Secretary of State for the Colonies . That office was not responsible for the territories of the Indian Empire, including Burma, nor for Sudan which was linked to Egypt, nor for Southern Rhodesia which came under

1452-482: The mid-1920s, they attended a year’s training course at London, Oxford or Cambridge Universities. Administrative Officers were responsible for effecting government policy in the districts and provinces of each territory, as well as serving in the central Secretariat in the capital. First appointment was normally in the Provincial Administration. The starting rank was District Officer (cadet), during

1496-539: The pensioners by working for satisfactory outcomes. OSPA's journal, The Overseas Pensioner , was published bi-annually from 1960 until OSPA's closure in October 2017. It included articles and book reviews about all aspects of the Colonial Empire and the related experiences of colonial officers and their families. OSPA's closure was marked by a farewell event held in London on 8 June 2017. The guest of honour

1540-568: The principle of " one country, two systems " proposed by Deng Xiaoping . Currently, the two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for all affairs except those regarding diplomatic relations and national defence. Consequently, the National People's Congress authorises the SAR to exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, and each with their own Courts of Final Appeal . Special administrative regions are empowered to contract

1584-587: The publication on 30 March 1837, in the reign of King William IV, of the first set of what became known as Colonial Regulations, relating to "His Majesty's Colonial Service". It can therefore be said to have been the oldest of all the overseas services, predating the formation of the Indian Civil Service in 1858 and the Sudan Political Service in 1899, and in the course of its existence controlled 42 territories . Initially there

1628-859: The sovereignty over Hong Kong. It was envisioned as the model for the eventual unification with Taiwan and other islands, where the Republic of China has resided since 1949. Under the one country, two systems principle, the Chinese Central Government is responsible for the diplomatic, military and other state-level affairs of the two SARs. Both two SARs continue to possess their own multi-party legislatures, legal systems , police forces , separate customs territory , immigration policies , left-hand traffic , official languages , academic and educational systems , representation on certain international bodies and representation in international competitions, and other aspects that fall within

1672-646: The special administrative regions, the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee remains capable of enforcing laws for the special administrative regions. The legal basis for the establishment of SARs, unlike the other administrative divisions of China , is provided for by Article 31, rather than Article 30, of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China of 1982. Article 31 reads: "The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be instituted in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by

1716-531: Was The Prince of Wales , who gave a speech expressing the thanks of The Queen and of himself for "the extraordinarily valuable contribution, let alone the personal sacrifices, made by members of the Overseas Civil Service (and its previous manifestations) during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries". The guest speaker, introduced by OSPA's president Lord Goodlad , was the historian Lord Hennessy of Nympsfield . He concluded by saying, "You did

1760-523: Was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1888. In 1892, he was appointed Sheriff of Singapore and, in 1895, Registrar of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong . He was compulsorily retired over allegations of misconduct in 1904 and returned to England. Norton-Kyshe appears to have ceased publishing after his retirement. He died on 1 March 1920, four years after his estate had gone into administration under

1804-550: Was consequently concern about whether the new independent governments would be willing to continue to pay the pension entitlements of their former "colonial masters", and at what exchange rates when there was no certainty about the long-term soundness of their financial and economic policies. In response to these concerns, the four existing pensioner associations of retired officers who had served in Ceylon , Malaya , West Africa and East and Central Africa joined together in 1960 to form

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1848-406: Was followed by several more years of negotiations with the various overseas governments concerned to complete the process. The outcome was that the British Government accepted responsibility for all HMOCS pension payments, and that system operates until now. Over the next 40 years there was a succession of diverse pension problems relating to the Overseas Civil Service, so OSPA continued to represent

1892-939: Was largely implemented through the agency of indigenous police forces, local courts, district councils and local chiefs although there were variations between the different territories. In practice, Administrative Officers spent much of their time, especially after World War Two, in supervising and coordinating development of all kinds in their districts including medical services, schools, infrastructure, water supply, and provision of agricultural and veterinary services. The other services all had their own specialist professional qualifications or relevant experience. There were regular training courses for agriculture (in Trinidad), forestry, veterinary, medical, education, and police. For other professions such as audit, surveys, or fisheries, for example, there were ad hoc training arrangements. Although Colonial Service/HMOCS officers were recruited by

1936-448: Was no actual corps of officers employed in the colonies and "plantations", but that changed as the colonial empire grew during the rest of that century and into the 20th century. During the 1920s there were progressive moves towards the unification of the varied types of service that developed across the widely differing territories. In 1931 a unified Colonial Service was created, initially with sixteen sub-services, with four more added after

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