161-739: Part of a series on the History of Portugal [REDACTED] Ancient Prehistoric Iberia Pre-Roman Peoples Roman conquest of Hispania Romanization of Hispania Lusitania Gallaecia Suebic Kingdom Visigothic Kingdom Spania Medieval Umayyad conquest of Hispania Al-Andalus Gharb Al-Andalus Almoravid dynasty County of Portugal Reconquista Portuguese House of Burgundy 1383–1385 Crisis Age of Discovery Imperial expansion House of Aviz Portuguese Renaissance Portuguese Empire War of
322-567: A high income country , Portugal's GDP per capita was of about 80% of the EU-27 average. The Global Competitiveness Report of 2008–2009 ranked Portugal 43rd out of 134 countries and territories. Research by the Economist Intelligence Unit 's (EIU) Quality of Life survey in 2005 ranked Portugal 19th in the world. Portugal is home to a number of major companies with international reputation such as Grupo Portucel Soporcel ,
483-756: A nobility , which played a large social and political role during the Middle Ages . It was under the Visigoths that the Church began to play an important part within the state. Since the Visigoths did not learn Latin from the local people, they had to rely on Catholic bishops to continue the Roman system of governance. The laws established during the Visigothic monarchy were thus made by councils of bishops, and
644-647: A parliamentary monarchy involved a devastating Civil War from 1828 to 1834 . The governments of the constitutional monarchy were not able to truly industrialise and modernise the country; by the dawn of the twentieth century, Portugal had a GDP per capita of 40% of the Western European average and an illiteracy rate of 74%. Portuguese territorial claims in Africa were challenged during the Scramble for Africa . Political chaos and economic problems endured from
805-564: A 60-year dynastic union with Spain between 1580 and the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War led by John IV in 1640. Spain's disastrous defeat in its attempt to conquer England in 1588 by means of the Invincible Armada was also a factor, as Portugal had to contribute ships for the invasion. Further setbacks included the destruction of much of its capital city in an earthquake in 1755 , occupation during
966-650: A Portuguese presence far beyond the Tordesillas Line . By the late 17th century, the territory of Brazil encompassed the entire basin of the Amazon as far west as the Andes. At the same time, Portuguese colonists had moved south along the coast beyond Rio de Janeiro. The Portuguese Colony of Sacramento was established on the River Plate in 1680, provoking a century of Spanish-Portuguese border conflicts in what
1127-519: A Portuguese presence in Brazil was made by John III in 1533. His solution was simplistic; he divided the coastline into fifteen sections, each about 150 miles long, and granted these strips of land, on a hereditary basis, to fifteen courtiers, who become known as donatários. Each courtier was told that he and his heirs could found cities, grant land, and levy taxes over as much territory as they could colonize inland from their stretch of coastline. Only two of
1288-462: A Pre-Indo-European root *kal / *cala (see calanque and maybe Galici-a < Callaeci or Calaeci ). Another theory claims it derives from the word Caladunum , in fact an unattested compound *Caladunum , that may explain the toponym Calezun in Gascony . A further explanation proposes Gatelo as having been the origin of present-day Braga , Santiago de Compostela , and consequently
1449-675: A brief period in the 1790s, the British attempted to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama . By the 19th century, however, the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory. Thousands of miles down the coast, in Angola, the Portuguese found it harder to consolidate their early advantage against encroachments by Dutch, British, and French rivals. Nevertheless,
1610-527: A civil war that raged between León and Castile and distracted his enemies. Henry's son Afonso Henriques took control of the county upon his death. The city of Braga, the unofficial Catholic centre of the Iberian Peninsula, faced new competition from other regions. Lords of the cities of Coimbra and Porto fought with Braga 's clergy and demanded the independence of the reconstituted county. Portugal traces its national origin to 24 June 1128,
1771-590: A clear presence in the three regions which received their particular attention during the original age of exploration. The closest of these, on the sea journey from Portugal, was Portuguese Guinea , known also, from its main economic activity, as the Slave Coast . The local African rulers in Guinea, who prospered greatly from the slave trade, had no interest in allowing the Europeans to move any further inland than
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#17327870983131932-548: A decade of economic troubles, during which Portugal received two IMF -monitored bailouts, in 1986 the country entered the European Economic Community (and left the EFTA ). The European Union's structural and cohesion funds and the growth of many of Portugal's main exporting industries were leading forces in a new period of robust economic growth and socio-economic development that would flourish (though with
2093-434: A joint investment of several merchants, who were often Muslim, Christian, and Jewish. Little is directly known from the economic structures of the region due to the paucity of Arab sources. It is however possible to advance a few assertions. The constant warfare between Muslims and Christians and among Muslims certainly costed the region dearly and must have participated to the rampant problems of underpopulation experienced by
2254-484: A major world player in the international paper market, Sonae Indústria , the largest producer of wood-based panels in the world, Corticeira Amorim , the world leader in cork production, and Conservas Ramirez , the oldest canned fish producer in continuous operation. Before the arrival of Romans in Iberia, the peninsula had a rural-based subsistence economy with very limited trade, with the exception of large cities on
2415-802: A mountain region in modern northwestern Spain adjacent to the Bay of Biscay . He planned to use the Cantabrian Mountain range as a place of refuge and protection from the invaders and as a springboard to reconquer lands from the Moors. After defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722 AD, Pelagius was proclaimed king to found the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and start the war of reconquest known in Portuguese (and Spanish ) as
2576-587: A number of towns. In 1317, he made a pact with the Genoese merchant sailor Manuel Pessanha (Pesagno), appointing him Admiral and giving him trade privileges with his homeland, in return for twenty warships and crews. The intention was the defense of the country against pirates, and it laid the basis for the Portuguese Navy and the establishment of a Genoese merchant community in Portugal. Agriculture
2737-404: A seven-year campaign. The Visigothic resistance to this invasion was ineffective, though sieges were required to sack a couple of cities. This is in part because the ruling Visigoth population is estimated at a mere 1 to 2% of the total population. On one hand this isolation is said to have been 'a reasonably strong and effective instrument of government'; on the other, it was highly 'centralised to
2898-501: A shepherd from Serra da Estrela who was expert in guerrilla tactics , waged relentless war against the Romans, defeating several successive Roman generals, until he was assassinated in 140 BC by traitors bought by the Romans. Viriatus has long been hailed as the first truly heroic figure in proto-Portuguese history. Nonetheless, he was responsible for raids into the more settled Romanized parts of Southern Portugal and Lusitania that involved
3059-465: A short crisis around 1992–94 ) to the early 2000s. In 1991, GDP per capita surpassed the 1973 level and by 2000 it had achieved 70% of the EU-12 average, which nonetheless constituted an approach to the Western European standards of living without precedents in the centuries before. Similarly, for several years Portuguese subsidiaries of large multinational companies ranked among the most productive in
3220-752: Is a founding member of NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries . It entered the European Economic Community (now the European Union ) in 1986. The word Portugal derives from the combined Roman - Celtic place name Portus Cale ; a settlement where present-day's conurbation of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia (or simply, Gaia) stand, along
3381-644: Is now Portugal. Vulgar Latin (the basis of the Portuguese language) became the dominant language of the region, and Christianity spread throughout Lusitania from the third century. In 409, with the decline of the Roman Empire , the Iberian Peninsula was occupied by Germanic tribes that the Romans referred to as barbarians . In 411, with a federation contract with Emperor Honorius , many of these people settled in Hispania . An important group
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#17327870983133542-790: Is now Uruguay. Meanwhile, the use of the Portuguese language gradually gave the central region of South America an identity and a culture distinct from that of its Spanish neighbours. After initiating the European slave trade in Sub-Saharan Africa through its involvement in the African slave trade , Portugal played a decreasing role in it over the next few centuries. Although they were the first Europeans to establish trading settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa, they failed to press home their advantage. Nevertheless, they retained
3703-454: Is that Theodemund (Teodemundo) most likely ruled the Suebians. The dark period ended with the reign of Karriarico (550–559) who reinstalled Catholic Christianity in 550. He was succeeded by Theodemar (559–570) during whose reign the 1st Council of Braga (561) was held. After the death of Theodemar, Miro (570–583) was his successor. During his reign, the 2nd Council of Braga (572)
3864-680: The Reconquista . Currently, historians and archaeologists generally agree that northern Portugal between the Minho and the Douro rivers kept a significant share of its population, a social and political Christian area that until the late 9th century had no acting state powers. However, in the late 9th century, the region became part of a complex of powers, the Galician - Asturian , Leonese and Portuguese power structures. The coastal regions in
4025-487: The Algarve region by Phoenicians – Carthaginians . Numerous pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula inhabited the territory when a Roman invasion occurred in the 3rd century BC. The Romanization of Hispania took several centuries. The Roman provinces that covered present-day Portugal were Lusitania in the south and Gallaecia in the north. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal. Some of
4186-641: The Arab slave trade . To attract Muslim traders along the routes traveled in North Africa, the first factory trading post was built in 1445 on the island of Arguin , off the coast of Mauritania. Portuguese merchants accessed the interior via the Senegal and Gambia rivers , which bisected long-standing trans-Saharan routes. They brought in copperware, cloth, tools, wine, and horses, and later included arms and ammunition . In exchange, they received gold from
4347-518: The Atlantic helped develop the military and civilian (trade, fishery) activities of the western Iberian ports such as Sevilla , Lisbon, etc. Despite a general impression of sustained development, specially during the 10th and 11th centuries when the area witnessed a noticeable demographic expansion, the Gharb al-Andalus also underwent some dramatic episodes such as the great famine of 740 which decimated
4508-460: The Bay of All Saints in the north, and the city of Rio de Janeiro in the south, in March 1567. The Portuguese colonists adopted an economy based on the production of agricultural goods that were exported to Europe. Sugar became by far the most important Brazilian colonial product until the early 18th century, when gold and other minerals assumed a higher importance. The first attempt to establish
4669-582: The Berber colonists of the Douro region. Business partnerships would be made for many commercial ventures , and bonds of kinship enabled trade networks to form over huge distances. Muslims were involved in trade extending into Asia, and Muslim merchants traveled long distances for commercial activities. After 800 years of warfare, the Catholic kingdoms gradually became more powerful and eventually expelled
4830-558: The Callaeci peoples, along with the Lebor Gabála Érenn narrations and the interpretation of the archaeological remains throughout the northern half of Portugal and Galicia, it is possible to infer that there was a matriarchal society, with a military and religious aristocracy probably of the feudal type. The figures of maximum authority were the chieftain (chefe tribal), of military type and with authority in his Castro or clan, and
4991-670: The Celtici of Alentejo , and the Cynetes or Conii of the Algarve . Among the tribes or sub-divisions were the Bracari , Coelerni , Equaesi , Grovii , Interamici , Leuni , Luanqui , Limici , Narbasi , Nemetati , Paesuri , Quaquerni , Seurbi , Tamagani , Tapoli , Turduli , Turduli Veteres , Turduli Oppidani , Turodi , and Zoelae . A few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements (such as Tavira ) were also founded in
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5152-606: The Cornish name for the country, Portyngal . The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in southwestern Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale . The region was settled by Pre- Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes (also known as Conii ). Some coastal areas were visited by Phoenicians - Carthaginians and Ancient Greeks . It
5313-654: The Gharb Al-Andalus . As a matter of example, several attempts to repopulate the regions north of Coimbra to guarantee a line of defense against the Christian kingdom failed. The economy was heavily influenced both by structural Islamic habits (creation of cities) and the direction chosen by the dominating Muslim ruler of the Maghrib and al-Andalus. For instance, the great interest paid by the Almohad dynasty to
5474-724: The House of Guinea , the House of Guinea and Mina, and the House of Mina (respectively, the Casa da Guiné , Casa de Guiné e Mina , and Casa da Mina in Portuguese). Casa da Índia maintained a royal monopoly on the trade in pepper , cloves , and cinnamon , and levied a 30 percent tax on the profits of other articles. The export and distribution to Europe was made by the Portuguese factory in Antwerp . For about thirty years, from 1503 to 1535,
5635-685: The Kingdom of Galicia . Its territories, consisting largely of mountains, moorland and forests, were bounded on the north by the Minho River, and on the south by the Mondego River . At the end of the 11th century, the Burgundian knight Henry became count of Portugal and defended its independence by merging the County of Portugal and the County of Coimbra . His efforts were assisted by
5796-562: The Kingdom of León . Suebi-Visigothic arts and architecture, in particular sculpture, had shown a natural continuity with the Roman period. With the Reconquista, new artistic trends took hold, with Galician-Asturian influences more visible than the Leonese. The Portuguese group was characterized by a general return to classicism. The county courts of Viseu and Coimbra played a very important role in this process. Mozarabic architecture
5957-857: The Kingdom of the Suebi centred in Braga and the Visigothic Kingdom in the south. The 711–716 invasion by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate conquered the Visigoth Kingdom and founded the Islamic State of Al-Andalus , gradually advancing through Iberia. In 1095, Portugal broke away from the Kingdom of Galicia . Afonso Henriques , son of the count Henry of Burgundy , proclaimed himself king of Portugal in 1139. The Algarve (the southernmost province of Portugal)
6118-574: The Mediterranean coast, which had contact with Greek and Phoenician traders. Pre-Celts and Celts were some of the first groups present in the territory, with the Celtic economy centered on cattle raising, agriculture, and metal working. The territory's mineral wealth made it an important strategic region during the early metal ages, and one of the first objectives of the Romans when invading
6279-533: The Napoleonic Wars , and the loss of its largest colony, Brazil , in 1822. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million Portuguese left Portugal to live in Brazil and the United States due to harsh volcanic conditions. In 1910, a revolution deposed the monarchy. A military coup in 1926 installed a dictatorship that remained until another coup in 1974. The new government instituted sweeping democratic reforms and granted independence to all of Portugal's African colonies in 1975. Portugal
6440-439: The New World . In the 17th century, the lengthy Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668) between Portugal and Spain ended the sixty-year period of the Iberian Union (1580–1640). According to a 2016 study, Portugal's colonial trade "had a substantial and increasingly positive impact on [Portugal's] economic growth". Despite its vast colonial possessions, Portugal's economy declined relative to other advanced European economies from
6601-506: The Ottoman Turks , Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by Gama to break the Venetian trading monopoly. Portugal aimed to control trade within the Indian Ocean and secure the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. This new sea route around the Cape of Good Hope was firmly secured for Portugal by the activities of Afonso de Albuquerque , who was appointed the Portuguese viceroy of India in 1508. Early Portuguese explorers established bases in Portuguese Mozambique and Zanzibar and oversaw
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6762-433: The Papal bulls Dum Diversas (1452) and Romanus Pontifex (1455), granting Portugal the trade monopoly for the newly discovered lands. When the Portuguese first sailed down the Atlantic , extending their influence on coastal Africa, they were interested in gold. Trade in sub-Saharan Africa was controlled by Muslims, who controlled trans-Saharan trade routes for salt, kola , textiles, fish, and grain, and engaged in
6923-462: The Persian Gulf , Red Sea , and caravans , and then across the Mediterranean by the Venetians for distribution in Western Europe, which had a virtual monopoly on these valuable commodities. By establishing these trade routes, Portugal undercut the Venetian trade with its abundance of middlemen. The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by
7084-633: The Reformist Party , opening the doors to a new and prolonged period of governmental instability, and putting an end to the stability imposed by the "regenerador" movement . Context [ edit ] [REDACTED] This section is empty. You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) Consequences [ edit ] [REDACTED] This section is empty. You can help by adding to it . ( July 2010 ) References [ edit ] External links [ edit ] (in Portuguese) Political timeline of 1868 (in Portuguese) State and Society in conflict:
7245-561: The Rhodesias . There was a diplomatic crisis in 1890, but the borders between British and Portuguese colonies were agreed upon by treaty in 1891. During the 15th and 16th centuries, with its global empire that included possessions in Africa, Asia, South America, and Oceania, Portugal remained one of the world's major economic, political, and cultural powers. English, Dutch, and French interests in and around Portugal's well-established overseas possessions and trading outposts tested Portuguese commercial and colonizing hegemony in Asia, Africa, and
7406-405: The Roman Senate , and were operated by slaves . Subsistence agriculture was replaced by large farming units ( Roman villas ) producing olive oil , cereals , and wine, and rearing livestock. This farming activity was located mainly in the region to the south of the Tagus River, the third largest grain-producing area in the Roman Empire . There was also development in fishing activity, producing
7567-436: The Sesmarias law was issued in 1375, expropriating vacant lands and leasing it to unemployed cultivators, without great effect: by the end of the century, Portugal faced food shortages, having to import wheat from north Africa. After the 1383–1385 Crisis —combining a succession crisis, war with Castile, and Lisbon plagued by famine and anarchy—a newly elected Aviz dynasty, with strong links to England, marked an eclipse of
7728-403: The Tartessian language , once spoken in parts of SW Spain and SW Portugal, is at least proto-Celtic in structure. The Celtic presence in Portugal is traceable, in broad outline, through archaeological and linguistic evidence. They dominated much of northern and central Portugal; but in the south, they were unable to establish their stronghold, which retained its non-Indo-European character until
7889-426: The clergy started to emerge as a high-ranking class. Under the Visigoths, Gallaecia was a well-defined space governed by a doge of its own. Doges at this time were related to the monarchy and acted as princes in all matters. Both 'governors' Wamba and Wittiza (Vitiza) acted as doge (they would later become kings in Toledo). These two became known as the 'vitizians', who headquartered in the northwest and called on
8050-437: The history of Portugal , the Janeirinha ( Portuguese – Little January ) was the name of the movement which on 1 January 1868 protested against the tax on consumables and went on to carry out administrative reform of the country. With great support in the cities of Lisbon , Porto and Braga (a large demonstration in Porto on 1 January 1868 as part of this movement led to the local paper being called O Primeiro de Janeiro ),
8211-411: The triangular trade between China, Japan, and Europe, the Portuguese bought Chinese silk and sold it to the Japanese in return for Japanese-mined silver; since silver was more highly valued in China, the Portuguese could then use their newly acquired metal to buy even larger stocks of Chinese silk. However, by 1573, after the Spanish established a trading base in Manila, the Portuguese intermediary trade
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#17327870983138372-441: The 'barbaric' and 'decadent' Visigoth royalty. The Visigothic territories included what is today Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar, and the southwestern part of France known in ancient times as Septimania . The invading Moors wanted to conquer and convert all of Europe to Islam, so they crossed the Pyrenees to use Visigothic Septimania as a base of operations. Muslims called their conquests in Iberia ' al-Andalus ' and in what
8533-467: The 13th century, a monetary economy had been stimulated, but barter still dominated trade, and coinage was limited; foreign currency was also used until the beginning of the 15th century. In the second half of the 14th century, outbreaks of bubonic plague led to severe depopulation: the economy was extremely localized in a few towns, and migration from the country led to land being abandoned to agriculture and resulted in rises in rural unemployment. Only
8694-435: The 1550s, it increasingly relied on foreign financing. By about 1560, the income of the Casa da Índia was not able to cover its expenses. Goa had functioned from the start as the capital of Portuguese India , the central shipping base of a commercial net linking Lisbon, Malacca, and as far as China and the Maluku Islands ( Ternate ) since 1513. The first official visit of Fernão Pires de Andrade to Guangzhou (1517–1518)
8855-409: The 16th century, Portugal also started to colonize its newly discovered territory of Brazil . However, temporary trading posts were established earlier to collect Brazilwood , used as a dye, and with permanent settlements came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor. Several early settlements were founded, among them the colonial capital, Salvador , established in 1549 at
9016-505: The 16th to 19th centuries the Portuguese and their merchants were just one among many rival groups competing for the local trade in gold, ivory, and slaves. Even if the Portuguese hold on these three African regions was tenuous, they clearly remained the main European presence in Sub-Saharan Africa. It was natural to assert their claim, therefore, in all three regions when the scramble for Africa began later. Prolonged military campaigns were required to retain and impose Portuguese control over
9177-603: The 18th century. Diamonds were also discovered in large quantities in the same region in the 18th century. Colonists gradually moved west into the interior. Accompanying the first governor general in 1549 were members of the newly founded order of Jesuits. In their mission to convert the Indians, they were often the first European presence in new regions far from the coast. They frequently clashed with adventurers also pressing inland (in great expeditions known as bandeiras ) to find silver and gold or to capture Indians as slaves. These two groups, with their very different motives, brought
9338-439: The 9th century, Portugale was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and Minho , the Minho flowing along what would become the northern Portugal–Spain border . By the 11th and 12th centuries, Portugale , Portugallia , Portvgallo or Portvgalliae was already referred to as Portugal . The 14th-century Middle French name for the country, Portingal , which added an intrusive /n/ sound through
9499-474: The African coast is commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism , and marked the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade , Christian missionary evangelization , and the first globalization processes, which were to become a major element of European colonialism until the end of the 18th century. By the beginning of the colonial era there were forty forts operating along the coast. They acted mainly as trading posts and rarely saw military action, but
9660-442: The Africans in these territories in the late 19th century. The boundaries of Portuguese Guinea were agreed upon in two stages in 1886 with France, the colonial power in neighbouring Senegal and Guinea. No other nation presented a challenge for the vast and relatively unprofitable area of Angola. The most likely scene of conflict was Portuguese East Africa , where Portugal's hope of linking up with Angola clashed with Britain's plans for
9821-421: The Algarve, he sponsored voyages down the coast of Mauritania , gathering a group of merchants, shipowners, and stakeholders interested in the sea lanes. Later, his brother Prince Pedro granted him a "Royal Flush" of all profits from trading within the discovered areas. Soon the Atlantic islands of Madeira (1420) and Azores (1427) were reached and began to be settled, producing wheat for export to Portugal. By
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#17327870983139982-422: The Arab invaders from the South to be their allies in the struggle for power in 711. King Roderic (Rodrigo) was killed while opposing this invasion, thus becoming the last Visigothic king of Iberia. From the various Germanic groups who settled in western Iberia, the Suebi left the strongest lasting cultural legacy in what is today Portugal, Galicia and western fringes of Asturias. According to Dan Stanislawski,
10143-400: The Atlantic coast of Africa: Muslim merchants had a high demand for slaves, which were used as porters on the trans-Saharan routes , and for sale in the Islamic Empire . Expansion of sugar cane agriculture in Madeira 's captaincies started in 1455, using advisers from Sicily and (largely) the Genoese capital to produce the "sweet salt" rare in Europe . Already cultivated in Algarve,
10304-474: The Atlantic. In this region, unlike Guinea, the trade remained largely in Portuguese hands. Nearly all the slaves who came from this area were destined for Brazil. The deepest Portuguese penetration into the continent was from the east coast, up the Zambezi , with an early settlement as far inland as Tete . This was a region of powerful and rich African kingdoms. The eastern coastal area was also much visited by Arabs pressing south from Oman and Zanzibar . From
10465-447: The Buri). During the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I , commander Tariq ibn-Ziyad led a small force that landed at Gibraltar on 30 April 711, ostensibly to intervene in a Visigothic civil war. After a decisive victory over King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete on 19 July 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, joined by the Arab governor Musa ibn Nusayr of Ifriqiya , brought most of the Visigothic kingdom under Muslim occupation in
10626-437: The Celtic branches all share the same origin, and placenames such as Cale, Gal, Gaia, Calais , Galatia, Galicia, Gaelic , Gael, Gaul ( Latin : Gallia ), Wales , Cornwall, Wallonia and others all stem from one linguistic root. Cala is sometimes considered not Celtic, but from Late Latin calatum > calad > cala , compare Italian cala , French cale , itself from Occitan cala "cove, small harbour" from
10787-424: The Christian Visigothic kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula , were a mix of Berbers from North Africa and Arabs from the Middle East . By 714 Évora , Santarém and Coimbra had been conquered, and two years later Lisbon was in Muslim control. By 718 most of today's Portuguese territory was under Umayyad rule. The Umayyads eventually stopped in Poitiers but Muslim rule in Iberia would last until 1492 with
10948-784: The Código of Mártens Ferrão of 1867. A closed political reform (in Portuguese) O Primeiro de Janeiro homepage Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janeirinha&oldid=1230102214 " Categories : 1868 in Portugal Conflicts in 1868 Hidden categories: Articles to be expanded from July 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2010 All articles with empty sections Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2020 Articles with permanently dead external links History of Portugal The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when
11109-412: The EC-12 average by 1973. This growth period eventually ended in the mid-1970s, for that contributing the 1973 oil crisis and the political turmoil following the 25 April 1974 coup which led to the transition to democracy . From 1974 to the late 1970s, over one million Portuguese citizens arrived from the former African overseas territories, most as destitute refugees— the retornados . After nearly
11270-452: The Elder among others, about the social organization, and describing the inhabitants of these territories, the Gallaeci of Northern Portugal as: "A group of barbarians who spend the day fighting and the night eating, drinking and dancing under the moon." There were other similar tribes, and chief among them were the Lusitanians ; the core area of these people lay in inland central Portugal, while numerous other related tribes existed such as
11431-424: The Iberian Peninsula in Portugal and Galicia. Orosius , at that time resident in Hispania, shows a rather pacific initial settlement, the newcomers working their lands or serving as bodyguards of the locals. Another Germanic group that accompanied the Suebi and settled in Gallaecia were the Buri . They settled in the region between the rivers Cávado and Homem , in the area known as Terras de Bouro (Lands of
11592-585: The Japanese on a large scale. The arrival of the Portuguese in Japan in 1543 initiated the Nanban trade period , with the hosts adopting several technologies and cultural practices, such as the arquebus , European-style cuirasses, European ships, Christianity, decorative art, and language. In 1570, after an agreement between Jesuits and a local daimyō , the Portuguese were granted a Japanese port where they founded
11753-486: The Moors from the peninsula. In the case of the Kingdom of Portugal it happened in the 13th century; in the Algarve . The combined forces of Portugal , Aragon and Castile defeated the last Iberian Muslim strongholds in the 15th century. In 1139, the Kingdom of Portugal achieved independence from the Kingdom of León , having doubled its area through the Reconquista (the reconquest of former Christian lands to
11914-462: The Muslim rulers established in the Iberian Peninsula ) under Afonso Henriques , first King of Portugal. His successor, Sancho I , accumulated the first national treasury , and supported new industries and the middle class of merchants. Moreover, he created several new towns, such as Guarda in 1199, and took great care in populating remote areas. Starting in 1212, Afonso II of Portugal established
12075-619: The North were also attacked by Norman and Viking raiders mainly from 844. The last great invasion, through the Minho (river) , ended with the defeat of Olaf II Haraldsson in 1014 against the Galician nobility who also stopped further advances into the County of Portugal. At the end of the 9th century, a small minor county based in the area of Portus Cale was established by Vímara Peres on
12236-547: The Portuguese GDP per capita was only 38% of the EC -12 average. Starting in the early 1960s, Portugal entered in a period of robust economic growth and structural modernisation, owing to a liberalisation of the economy. As an expression of such economic opening, in 1960 the country was one of the EFTA founding member states. Yearly growth rates sometimes with two digits, allowed the Portuguese GDP per capita to reach 56% of
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12558-472: The Portuguese cut into the Venetian spice trade in the eastern Mediterranean. By 1510, King Manuel I of Portugal was pocketing a million cruzados yearly from the spice trade alone, and this led François I of France to dub Manuel I "le roi épicier", meaning "the grocer king". In 1506, about 65% of the state income was produced by taxes on overseas activity. Income started to decline mid-century because of
12719-678: The Portuguese title and fought the Battle of Pedroso on 18 February 1071 with Garcia II of Galicia , who gained the Galician title, which included Portugal, after the 1065 partition of the Leonese realms. The battle resulted in Nuno Mendes' death and the declaration of Garcia as King of Portugal , the first person to claim this title. Garcia styled himself as "King of Portugal and Galicia" ( Garcia Rex Portugallie et Galleciae ). Garcia's brothers, Sancho II of Castile and Alfonso VI of Leon , united and annexed Garcia's kingdom in 1071 as well. They agreed to split it among themselves; however, Sancho
12880-457: The Portuguese way of living in regions North of the Tagus is mostly inherited from the Suebi, in which small farms prevail, distinct from the large properties of Southern Portugal. Bracara Augusta, the modern city of Braga and former capital of Gallaecia , became the capital of the Suebi. Apart from cultural and some linguistic traces, the Suebians left the highest Germanic genetic contribution of
13041-415: The Portuguese), the Portuguese counts started using the title of duke, indicating even larger importance and territory. The region became known simultaneously as Portucale , Portugale , and Portugalia – the County of Portugal . The Kingdom of Asturias was later divided as a result of dynastic disputes; the northern region of Portugal became part of the Kingdom of Galicia and later part of
13202-452: The Reconquista completed, King Denis pursued policies on legislation and centralization of power, adopting Portuguese as the official language. He encouraged the discovery and exploitation of sulphur, silver, tin , and iron mines, and organized for the export of surplus production to other European countries. On 10 May 1293, King Denis instituted the Bolsa de Comércio , a commercial fund for
13363-624: The Roman conquest. In southern Portugal, some small, semi-permanent commercial coastal settlements were also founded by Phoenician-Carthaginians. Modern archaeology and research shows a Portuguese root to the Celts in Portugal and elsewhere. During that period and until the Roman invasions, the Castro culture (a variation of the Urnfield culture also known as Urnenfelderkultur ) was prolific in Portugal and modern Galicia. This culture, together with
13524-590: The Visigoth influence. From 470, conflict between the Suebi and Visigoths increased. By 500, the Visigothic Kingdom had been installed in Iberia, it was based in Toledo and advancing westwards. They became a threat to the Suebian rule. After the death of Remismund in 469 a dark period set in, where virtually all written texts and accounts disappear. This period lasted until 550. The only thing known about this period
13685-572: The Visigoths moved south to expel the Alans and Vandals and founded a kingdom with its capital in Toledo . In 448 Rechila died, leaving the state in expansion to Rechiar . Subsequently, this new king started to print coins under his own name, becoming the first of the Germanic kings to do so, and then was baptised to Nicene Christianity , probably by the Bishop Balconius , also becoming
13846-546: The accessibility of Madeira attracted Genoese and Flemish traders keen to bypass Venetian monopolies. Sugarcane production became a leading factor in the island's economy, and the establishment of plantations on Madeira, the Canary Islands , and the Cape Verde Islands increased the demand for labor. Rather than trading slaves back to Muslim merchants, there was an emerging market for agricultural workers on
14007-565: The agreement would be extended for another year). He gained monopoly trading rights for a popular substitute of black pepper , then called " malagueta ", the guinea pepper ( Aframomum melegueta ) , for another yearly payment of 100,000 reais . The Portuguese found Muslim merchants entrenched along the African coast as far as the Bight of Benin . The slave coast , as the Bight of Benin was known,
14168-560: The arrival of the Roman army in the Iberian Peninsula in 218 BC during the Second Punic War against Carthage . The Romans sought to conquer Lusitania , a territory that included all of modern Portugal south of the Douro river and Spanish Extremadura , with its capital at Emerita Augusta (now Mérida ). Mining was the primary factor that made the Romans interested in conquering the region: one of Rome's strategic objectives
14329-532: The banks of river Douro in the north of what is now Portugal. Porto stems from the Latin word for port or harbour, portus , with the second element Cale ' s meaning and precise origin being less clear. The mainstream explanation points to an ethnonym derived from the Callaeci also known as the Gallaeci peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. The names Cale and Callaici are
14490-500: The beginning of the reign of King Duarte I in 1433, the Real became the currency unit in Portugal, and remained so up to the 20th century. In January 1430, Princess Isabella of Portugal married Philip III, Duke of Burgundy , Artur Côrte-Real , Count of Flanders. Around 2,000 Portuguese accompanied her, developing great activity in trade and finance in what was then the richest European court. With Portuguese support, Bruges shipyard
14651-549: The best agricultural lands under Roman hegemony and fueled by roads, trade routes, and the minting of coins, which eased commercial transactions. Lusitania developed, driven by an intensive mining industry ; fields explored included the Aljustrel mines (Vipasca), São Domingos , and Riotinto in the Iberian Pyrite Belt , which extended to Seville , and contained copper, silver, and gold. All mines belonged to
14812-511: The city of Nagasaki , thus creating a trading center which for many years was Japan's main gateway to the world. Soon after, in 1557, Portuguese merchants established a colony on the island of Macau . Chinese authorities allowed the Portuguese to settle through an annual payment, creating a warehouse. After the Chinese banned direct trade by Chinese merchants with Japan, the Portuguese filled this commercial vacuum as intermediaries. Engaging in
14973-483: The coastal belt of the Algarve , Póvoa de Varzim , Matosinhos , Troia and the coast of Lisbon, for the manufacture of garum that was exported by Roman trade routes to the entire empire. Business transactions were facilitated by coinage and the construction of an extensive road network, bridges and aqueducts, such as Trajan's bridge in Aquae Flaviae (now Chaves ). Roman rule brought geographical mobility to
15134-554: The conservative land-oriented aristocracy. In 1415, Ceuta was conquered by the Portuguese with the aim of controlling navigation of the African coast, expanding Christianity with the avail of the papacy, and providing the nobility with war. The king's son, Henry the Navigator , then became aware of the profitability of the Saharan trade routes. Governor of the rich 'Order of Christ' and holding valuable monopolies on resources in
15295-510: The construction of forts and factories (trading posts) along the African coast, in the Indian subcontinent , and other places in Asia, which solidified the Portuguese hegemony. At Lisbon the Casa da Índia (House of India) was the central organization that managed all Portuguese trade overseas under royal monopoly during the 15th and 16th centuries. Established around 1500, it was the successor of
15456-528: The costs of maintaining a presence in Morocco and domestic waste. Also, Portugal did not develop a substantial domestic infrastructure to support this activity, but relied on foreigners for many services supporting their trading enterprises, and therefore a lot of money was consumed in this way. In 1549, the Portuguese trade center in Antwerp went bankrupt and was closed. As the throne became more overextended in
15617-530: The date of the Battle of São Mamede . Afonso proclaimed himself Prince of Portugal after this battle and in 1139, he assumed the title King of Portugal . In 1143, the Kingdom of León recognised him as King of Portugal by the Treaty of Zamora . In 1179, the papal bull Manifestis Probatum of Pope Alexander III officially recognised Afonso I as king. After the Battle of São Mamede , the first capital of Portugal
15778-583: The decline of the Roman Empire, circa 410–418, Suebi and Visigoths took over the power vacuum left by Roman administrators and established themselves as nobility, with some degree of centralized power at their capitals in Braga and Toledo . Although it suffered some decline, Roman law remained in the Visigothic Code , and infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, aqueducts, and irrigation systems,
15939-420: The defense of Portuguese traders in foreign ports, such as the County of Flanders, which were to pay certain sums according to tonnage, accrued to them when necessary. In 1308, he signed Portugal's first commercial agreement with England. He distributed land, promoted agriculture, organized communities of farmers and took a personal interest in the development of exports, founding and regulating regular markets in
16100-476: The development of the economy throughout the course of Portuguese history . It has its roots prior to nationality, when Roman occupation developed a thriving economy in Hispania , in the provinces of Lusitania and Gallaecia , as producers and exporters to the Roman Empire. This continued under the Visigoths and then Al-Andalus Moorish rule, until the Kingdom of Portugal was established in 1139. With
16261-598: The donatários were to have any success in this venture. In the 1540s, John III was forced to change his policy. He placed Brazil under direct royal control (as in Spanish America) and appointed a governor general. The first governor general of Brazil arrived in 1549 and headquartered himself at Bahia (today known as Salvador). It remained the capital of Portuguese Brazil for more than two centuries, until replaced by Rio de Janeiro in 1763. The economic strength of Portuguese Brazil derived at first from sugar plantations in
16422-460: The druid, mainly referring to medical and religious functions that could be common to several castros. The Celtic cosmogony remained homogeneous due to the ability of the druids to meet in councils with the druids of other areas, which ensured the transmission of knowledge and the most significant events. The first documentary references to Castro society are provided by chroniclers of Roman military campaigns such as Strabo , Herodotus and Pliny
16583-415: The empire and, at the end of the century, the emperor Diocletian founded the province of Gallaecia , which included modern-day northern Portugal , with its capital at Bracara Augusta (now Braga ). As well as mining, the Romans also developed agriculture, on some of the best agricultural land in the empire. In what is now Alentejo , vines and cereals were cultivated, and fishing was intensively pursued in
16744-779: The end of Portuguese reconquista and integration in the European Middle Age economy , the Portuguese were at the forefront of maritime exploration of the Age of Discovery , expanding to become the first global empire . Portugal then became the world's main economic power during the Renaissance , introducing most of Africa and the East to European society, and establishing a multi-continental trading system extending from Japan to Brazil. In 1822, Portugal lost its main overseas territory, Brazil. The transition from absolutism to
16905-500: The estuary of the Sado River , which made it one of the most important centers for canners in Hispania. At the same time, specialized industries also developed. The fish salting and canning in turn required the development of salt, shipbuilding , and ceramic industries, to facilitate the manufacture of amphorae and other containers that allowed the storage and transport of commodities such as oil, wine, cereals, and preserves. With
17066-507: The extent that the defeat of the royal army left the entire land open to the invaders. The resulting power vacuum , which may have indeed caught Tariq completely by surprise, would have aided the Muslim conquest immensely. Indeed, it may have been equally welcome to the Hispano-Roman peasants who – as D.W. Lomax claims – were disillusioned by the prominent legal, linguistic and social divide between them and
17227-480: The fall of the Kingdom of Granada . For the next several centuries, much of the Iberian Peninsula remained under Umayyad rule. Much of the populace was allowed to remain Christian, and many of the lesser feudal rulers worked out deals where they would submit to Umayyad rule in order to remain in power. They would pay a jizya tax, kill or turn over rebels, and in return receive support from the central government. But some regions, including Lisbon, Gharb Al-Andalus , and
17388-455: The first of the Germanic kings to do so, even before Clovis , king of the Franks . This bellicose king, almost conquered the whole of Hispania , taking many prisoners and several important cities, but failed to consolidate his conquest over the territory and didn't even come near Tarragona . After the assassination of the patrician Flavius Aëtius , Rechiar attempted, yet again, to conquer
17549-511: The fortifications were important, as arms and ammunition were being stored prior to trade. The profitable eastern spice trade was cornered by the Portuguese in the 16th century. In 1498, Vasco da Gama 's pioneering voyage reached India by sea, opening the first European direct trade in the Indian Ocean. Up to this point, spice imports to Europe had been brought overland through India and Arabia , based on mixed land and sea routes through
17710-415: The fortified Portuguese towns of Luanda (established in 1587 with 400 Portuguese settlers) and Benguela (a fort from 1587, a town from 1617) remained almost continuously in their hands. As in Guinea, the slave trade became the basis of the local economy, with raids carried ever further inland by local natives to gain captives. More than a million men, women, and children were shipped from this region across
17871-409: The fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. In the 15th century, Portugal's Company of Guinea was one of the first chartered commercial companies established by Europeans in other continents during the Age of Discovery . The Company's task was to deal with the spices and to fix the prices of the goods. The Portuguese presence in Guinea was largely limited to the port of Bissau . For
18032-460: The inhabitants of Portugal and increased their interaction with the rest of the world as well as internally. Soldiers often served in different regions and eventually settled far from their birthplace, while the development of mining attracted migration into the mining areas. The Romans founded numerous cities, such as Olisipo (Lisbon), Bracara Augusta (Braga), Aeminium (Coimbra) and Pax Julia (Beja), and left important cultural legacies in what
18193-526: The large profits, in 1482 the newly crowned king John II ordered a factory to be built in Elmina, to manage the local gold industry: Elmina Castle . São Jorge da Mina Factory centralized trade, which was held again as a royal monopoly. The Company of Guinea was founded in Lisbon as a government institution that was to deal with trade and fix the prices of the goods. 15th-century Portuguese exploration of
18354-499: The last years of the monarchy to the first Republic of 1910–1926 , which led to the installing of a national dictatorship in 1926. While Finance Minister António de Oliveira Salazar managed to discipline the Portuguese public finances , it evolved into a single-party corporative regime in the early 1930s—the Estado Novo —whose first three decades were also marked by a relative stagnation and underdevelopment; as such, by 1960
18515-690: The mines of Akan , Guinea pepper (a trade which lasted until Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498), and ivory . The expanding market opportunities in Europe and the Mediterranean resulted in increased trade across the Sahara. There was a very small market for African slaves as domestic workers in Europe, and as workers on the sugar plantations of the Mediterranean and later Madeira. The Portuguese found they could make considerable amounts of gold by transporting slaves from one trading post to another, along
18676-527: The movement immediately caused the fall of the government on 4 January. This discontent caused the formation of a new government presided over by António José d'Ávila and, for some historians, marks the end of the Regeneration . For, besides the fall of the government, the Janeirinha also brought about a new arrangement of Portugal's political forces, leading to the formation of a new political party,
18837-401: The north African trade of wheat and olive oil (valued also as an energy source), and a search for gold, although they also visited the ports of Bruges (Flanders) and England. In 1341, the Canary Islands were officially discovered under the patronage of the Portuguese king, but in 1344 Castile disputed them, further propelling the development of the Portuguese navy. To promote settlement,
18998-505: The north, established as early as the 1530s by one of the two successful donatários. But from the late 17th century onward, Brazil benefited at last from the mineral wealth which underpinned Spanish America. Gold was found in 1693 in the southern inland region of Minas Gerais . The discovery set off the first great gold rush of the Americas, opening up the interior as prospectors swarmed westwards, and underpinning Brazil's economy for much of
19159-511: The northern Iberian peninsula and a tooth has been found at Nova da Columbeira cave in Estremadura . Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago, spreading and roaming the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies and although they did not establish prosperous settlements, they did form organized societies. Neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals,
19320-459: The once rich and fertile kingdom of the Suebi into the sixth province of the Visigothic kingdom . Leovigild was crowned King of Gallaecia, Hispania and Gallia Narbonensis . For the next 300 years and by the year 700, the entire Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Visigoths . With the Visigoths settled in the newly formed kingdom, a new class emerged that had been unknown in Roman times:
19481-411: The orders of King Alfonso III of León, Galicia and Asturias. After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up its realms, King Alfonso III named Vímara Peres as its first count. Since the rule of Count Diogo Fernandes , the county increased in size and importance and, from the 10th century onward, with Count Gonçalo Mendes as Magnus Dux Portucalensium (Grand Duke of
19642-508: The origin of today's Gaia and Galicia . Another theory proposes that Cale or Calle is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port', like the Irish caladh or Scottish Gaelic cala . These explanations, would require the pre-Roman language of the area to have been a branch of Q-Celtic, which is not generally accepted because the region's pre-Roman language was Gallaecian . However, scholars like Jean Markale and Tranoy propose
19803-459: The peninsula was to access the mines and other resources. After the Second Punic War , from 29 BC to 411 AD, Rome governed the Iberian peninsula, expanding and diversifying the economy, and extending trade with the Roman Empire. Indigenous peoples paid tribute to Rome through an intricate web of alliances and allegiances. The economy experienced a major production expansion, profiting from some of
19964-479: The plantations. By 1500, the Portuguese had transported approximately 81,000 slaves to these various markets, and the proportion of imported slaves in Madeira reached 10% of the total population by the 16th century. By 1480, Antwerp had some 70 ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with refining and distribution concentrated in the city. By the 1490s, Madeira had overtaken Cyprus in the production of sugar, and
20125-439: The port then named A Mina (meaning "the mine"), where he established a trading post. Trade between Elmina and Portugal grew over the next decade. The port became a major trading center for gold and slaves purchased from local African peoples along the slave rivers of Benin. Using his profits from African trade, Fernão Gomes assisted the Portuguese king in the conquests of Asilah , Alcácer Ceguer , and Tangier in Morocco. Given
20286-705: The process of excrescence , spread to Middle English . Middle English variant spellings included Portingall , Portingale , Portyngale and Portingaill . The spelling Portyngale is found in Chaucer's Epilogue to the Nun's Priest's Tale . These variants survive in the Torrent of Portyngale , a Middle English romance composed around 1400, and " Old Robin of Portingale ", an English Child ballad. Portingal and variants were also used in Scots and survive in
20447-515: The process they conquered Cale, renaming it Portus Cale ('Port of Cale') and incorporating it in the province of Gaellicia with its capital in Bracara Augusta (modern day Braga , Portugal). During the Middle Ages , the region around Portus Cale became known by the Suebi and Visigoths as Portucale . The name Portucale changed into Portugale during the 7th and 8th centuries. By
20608-634: The raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal leaving a cultural footprint. The Cynetes developed a written language, leaving many stelae , which are mainly found in the south of Portugal. Early in the first millennium BC, waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and inter-married with the local populations, forming different tribes . Another theory suggests that Celts inhabited western Iberia / Portugal well before any large Celtic migrations from Central Europe . A number of linguists expert in ancient Celtic have presented compelling evidence that
20769-401: The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis . The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula , which lasted almost two centuries, led to the establishment of the provinces of Lusitania in the south and Gallaecia in the north of what is now Portugal. Following the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes controlled the territory between the 5th and 8th centuries, including
20930-399: The rest of the country's history. The border with Spain has remained almost unchanged since the 13th century. The Treaty of Windsor (1386) created an alliance between Portugal and England that remains in effect to this day. Since early times, fishing and overseas commerce have been the main economic activities. Economic history of Portugal The economic history of Portugal covers
21091-558: The rest of what would become Portugal, rebelled, succeeded in freeing themselves by the early 10th century In 718 AD, a Visigothic noble named Pelagius was elected leader by the ousted Visigoth nobles. Pelagius called for the remnant of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and re-group in the unconquered northern Asturian highlands, better known today as the Cantabrian Mountains ,
21252-561: The return from this failed campaign Miro died, thereby ending the prominence of the Suebi in Hispanic politics, and in two years the kingdom would be conquered by the Visigoths. In the Suebian Kingdom many internal struggles continued to take place. Eborico (Eurico, 583–584) was dethroned by Andeca (Audeca 584–585), who failed to prevent the Visigothic invasion led by Liuvigild . The Visigothic invasion, completed in 585, turned
21413-520: The sea offered alternatives, with most populations settling in fishing and trading coastal areas. Between 1325 and 1357, Afonso IV granted public funding to raise a proper commercial fleet and ordered the first maritime explorations, with the help of Genoese sailors under the command of admiral Manuel Pessanha. Forced to reduce their activities in the Black Sea , the Republic of Genoa had turned to
21574-431: The state's administration, designing the first set of Portuguese written laws. These were mainly concerned with private property , civil justice, and minting. He sent ambassadors to European kingdoms outside the Iberian Peninsula to begin commercial relations. The earliest references of commercial relations between Portugal and the County of Flanders document Portuguese attendance at Lille 's fair in 1267. In 1297, with
21735-420: The status of a world power during Europe's " Age of Discovery " as it built up a vast empire . Signs of military decline began with the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in Morocco in 1578; this defeat led to the death of King Sebastian and the imprisonment of much of the high nobility, which had to be ransomed at great cost. This eventually led to a small interruption in Portugal's 800-year-old independence by way of
21896-467: The success of sugar merchants such as Bartolomeo Marchionni would propel the investment in exploratory travel. In 1469, responding to meager returns from African explorations, King Afonso V granted monopoly of trade in part of the Gulf of Guinea to the merchant Fernão Gomes . For an annual rent of 200,000 reais , Gomes was to explore 100 leagues of the coast of Africa annually, for five years (later
22057-590: The surviving elements of the Atlantic megalithic culture and the contributions that come from the more Western Mediterranean cultures, ended up in what has been called the Cultura Castreja or Castro Culture . This designation refers to the characteristic Celtic populations called 'dùn', 'dùin' or 'don' in Gaelic and that the Romans called castrae in their chronicles. Based on the Roman chronicles about
22218-442: The urban remains are quite large, such as Conímbriga and Miróbriga . Several works of engineering, such as baths, temples, bridges, roads, circuses, theatres, and layman's homes are preserved throughout the country. Coins, sarcophagi, and ceramics are also numerous. Following the fall of Rome, the Kingdom of the Suebi and the Visigothic Kingdom controlled the territory between the 5th and 8th centuries. Romanization began with
22379-574: The valued garum or liquamen , a condiment obtained from the maceration of fish, preferably tuna and mackerel, exported throughout the entire empire. The largest producer of the entire Roman Empire was in Tróia Peninsula , near modern Setúbal , south of Lisbon. Remains of garum manufacturing plants show a sharp growth of the canning industry in Portugal, mainly on the coast of Algarve , but also in Póvoa de Varzim , Angeiras ( Matosinhos ), and
22540-627: The victimization of the inhabitants. The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula was complete two centuries after the Roman arrival, when they defeated the remaining Cantabri, Astures and Gallaeci in the Cantabrian Wars in the time of Emperor Augustus (19 BC). In 74 AD, Vespasian granted Latin Rights to most municipalities of Lusitania. In 212 AD, the Constitutio Antoniniana gave Roman citizenship to all free subjects of
22701-532: The whole of the peninsula, however his ambitions were derailed by the invading Visigoths under their king and Roman foederatus Theodoric II acting on the orders of the emperor Avitus . This led to a resounding defeat of the Suebian kingdom, with Rechiar fleeing wounded from Braga, only to be captured at Oporto and executed in December of 456 (d.C.). The realm was then divided, with Frantan and Aguiulfo ruling simultaneously. Both reigned from 456 to 457,
22862-606: The wider regions of Northern Portugal and Galicia. A different theory has it that Cala was the name of a Celtic goddess (drawing a comparison with the Gaelic Cailleach , a supernatural hag). Some French scholars believe the name may have come from Portus Gallus , the port of the Gauls or Celts. Around 200 BC, the Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War . In
23023-417: The world. However, the economy has been stagnant since the early 2000s and was heavily hit by the effects of the Great Recession , which eventually led to an IMF/EU-monitored bailout from 2011 to 2014 . In 2022, Portugal was on the verge of becoming by 2030 the 3rd poorest member state of the European Union (out of 27). The country adopted the euro in 1999. Despite being both a developed country and
23184-428: The year in which Maldras (457–459) reunified the kingdom. He was assassinated after a failed Roman-Visigothic conspiracy. Although the conspiracy did not achieve its true purposes, the Suebian Kingdom was again divided between two kings: Frumar (Frumario 459–463) and Remismund (Remismundo, son of Maldras ) (459–469) who would re-reunify his father's kingdom in 463. He would be forced to adopt Arianism in 465 due to
23345-414: Was Guimarães , from which the first king ruled. Later, when Portugal was already officially independent, he ruled from Coimbra. The Algarve , the southernmost region of Portugal, was finally conquered from the Moors in 1249, and in 1255 the capital shifted to Lisbon . Spain finally completed its Reconquista until 1492 , almost 250 years later. Portugal's land boundaries have been notably stable for
23506-458: Was Portugal's main activity, with produce mostly consumed internally. Wine and dried fruits from the Algarve (figs, grapes, and almonds) were sold in Flanders and England, salt from Setúbal and Aveiro was a profitable export to northern Europe, and leather and kermes , a scarlet dye , were also exported. Industry was minimal, and Portugal imported armor and munitions, fine clothes, and several manufactured products from Flanders and Italy. Since
23667-441: Was a decline in urban life during the Dark Ages . Roman institutions declined in the wake of the Germanic invasions with the exception of ecclesiastical organizations, which were fostered by the Suebi in the fifth century and adopted by the Visigoths afterwards. Although the Suebi and Visigoths were initially followers of Arianism and Priscillianism , they adopted Catholicism from the local inhabitants. St. Martin of Braga
23828-455: Was a particularly influential evangelist at this time. The Kingdom of the Suebi was the Germanic post-Roman kingdom, established in the former Roman provinces of Gallaecia - Lusitania . 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements were found in Alenquer (from old Germanic Alan kerk , temple of the Alans ), Coimbra and Lisbon. King Hermeric made a peace treaty with the Gallaecians before passing his domains to Rechila , his son. In 429,
23989-432: Was conquered from the Moors in 1249, and in 1255 Lisbon became the capital. Portugal's land boundaries have remained almost unchanged since then. During the reign of King John I , the Portuguese defeated the Castilians in a war over the throne (1385) and established a political alliance with England (by the Treaty of Windsor in 1386). From the late Middle Ages , in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal ascended to
24150-403: Was fairly successful, and the local Chinese authorities allowed the embassy led by Tomé Pires , brought by de Andrade's flotilla, to proceed to Beijing . In 1542, Portuguese traders arrived in Japan. According to Fernão Mendes Pinto , who claimed to have been present in this first contact, they arrived at Tanegashima , where locals were impressed by firearms that would be immediately made by
24311-424: Was found in the south, in Lisbon and beyond, while in the Christian realms Galician-Portuguese and Asturian architecture prevailed. As a vassal of the Kingdom of León, Portugal grew in power and territory and occasionally gained de facto independence during weak Leonese reigns; Count Mendo Gonçalves even became regent of the Kingdom of Leon between 999 and 1008. In 1070, the Portuguese Count Nuno Mendes desired
24472-430: Was held. The councils represented an advance in the organization of the territory (paroeciam suevorum (Suebian parish) and the Christianization of the pagan population ( De correctione rusticorum ) under the auspices of Saint Martin of Braga (São Martinho de Braga). The Visigothic civil war began in 577, in which Miro intervened. Later, in 583, he also organized an unsuccessful expedition to reconquer Seville. During
24633-435: Was incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia , after 45 BC until 298 AD. The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 years ago, when Homo heidelbergensis entered the area. The oldest human fossil found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old Aroeira 3 H. Heidelbergensis skull discovered in the Cave of Aroeira in 2014. Later Neanderthals roamed
24794-439: Was killed by a noble the next year. Alfonso took Castile for himself and Garcia recovered his kingdom of Portugal and Galicia. In 1073, Alfonso VI gathered all power, and beginning in 1077, styled himself Imperator totius Hispaniæ (Emperor of All Hispania). When the emperor died, the Crown was left to his daughter Urraca , while his illegitimate daughter Teresa inherited the County of Portugal ; in 1095, Portugal broke away from
24955-399: Was made up of the Suebi and Vandals in Gallaecia , who founded the Kingdom of the Suebi with its capital in Braga . They came to dominate Aeminium ( Coimbra ) as well, and there were Visigoths to the south. The Suebi and the Visigoths were the Germanic tribes who had the most lasting presence in the territories corresponding to modern Portugal. As elsewhere in Western Europe, there
25116-656: Was maintained to varying degrees. While trade dwindled in most of the former Roman lands in Europe, it survived to some degree in Visigothic Hispania. In 711, Moors occupied large parts of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the Al-Andalus . They maintained much of the Roman legacy; they repaired and extended Roman infrastructure, using it for irrigation, while introducing new agricultural practices and novel crops, such as sugar cane, rice, citrus fruit, apricots, and cotton. Trade flourished with effective systems of contract relied upon by merchants , who would buy and sell on commission , with money lent to them by wealthy investors, or
25277-435: Was reached by the Portuguese at the start of the 1470s. It was not until they reached the Kingdom of Kongo 's coast in the 1480s that they exceeded Muslim trading territory. Under Gomes' sponsorship, the equator was crossed and the islands of the Gulf of Guinea were reached, including São Tomé and Príncipe . On the coast, Gomes found a thriving alluvial gold trade among the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders at
25438-414: Was started, and in 1438 the Duke granted the Portuguese traders the opportunity to elect consuls with legal powers, thus giving full civil jurisdiction to the Portuguese community. In 1445, the Portuguese Feitoria of Bruges was built. In 1443, Prince Pedro , Henry's brother, granted him the monopoly of navigation, war, and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. Later, this monopoly would be enforced by
25599-448: Was to become Portugal, they mainly consisted of the old Roman province of Lusitania (the central and southern regions of the country), while Gallaecia (the northern regions) remained unsubdued. Until the Berber revolt in the 730s, al-Andalus was treated as a dependency of Umayyad North Africa. Subsequently, links were strained until the caliphate was overthrown in the late 740s. The Medieval Muslim Moors , who conquered and destroyed
25760-527: Was to cut off Carthaginian access to the Iberian copper, tin, gold, and silver mines. The Romans intensely exploited the Aljustrel (Vipasca) and Santo Domingo mines in the Iberian Pyrite Belt which extends to Seville . While the south of what is now Portugal was relatively easily occupied by the Romans, the conquest of the north was achieved only with difficulty due to resistance from Serra da Estrela by Celts and Lusitanians led by Viriatus , who managed to resist Roman expansion for years. Viriatus,
25921-465: Was trumped by the prime source of incoming silver to China from the Spanish Americas. Guarding its trade from European and Asian competitors, Portugal dominated not only the trade between Asia and Europe, but also much of the trade between different regions of Asia, such as India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. Jesuit missionaries, such as the Basque Francis Xavier , followed the Portuguese to spread Roman Catholicism to Asia, with mixed results. During
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