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46-519: With the support of his mother Taydula Khatun , Jani Beg made himself khan after eliminating his older brother and rival Tini Beg at Saray-Jük in 1342; he had already killed another ambitious brother, Khiḍr Beg. He is known to have actively interfered in the affairs of the Russian principalities and of Lithuania . The grand princes of Moscow , Simeon and Ivan II , were under constant political and military pressure from Jani Beg. Jani Beg commanded

92-425: A court apparently without a suitable male heir, and the subsequent rapid succession of khans is blamed on her intrigues. According to Ötemiš-Ḥājjī, on the death of Berdi Beg, with the apparent extinction of the line of Batu Khan , son of Jochi , Taydula Khatun invited Khiḍr , a descendant of Shiban , son of Jochi , to take the throne. Pleased with her choice, Taydula proposed that Khiḍr marry her. However, when he

138-475: A delicate wooden bowl filled with it to Ibn Baṭṭūṭa by her own hand as a mark of high favor. She proceeded to ask many questions about her visitors' journey, before they departed to visit with the khan's secondary wives Kabak Khātūn daughter of Naghatay, Bayalūn Khātūn daughter of the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos , and Urdujā Khātūn daughter of ʿĪsā Beg, and with his daughter It Küchüjük, wife of

184-522: A desert wanderer for Islam, Having joined battle with infidels and Hindus I readied myself to become a martyr, God be thanked I am become a ghazi. Uzbek ruler Muhammad Shaybani Khan wrote a prose essay called Risale-yi maarif-i Shaybāni in Chagatai in 1507, shortly after his capture of Greater Khorasan , and dedicated it to his son, Muhammad Timur. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work, "Bahr ul-Khuda", written in 1508,

230-515: A massive Crimean Tatar force that attacked the Crimean port city of Kaffa , then a Genoese colony, in 1343. The siege was lifted by an Italian relief force in February. In 1345, Jani Beg again besieged Kaffa ; however, his assault was again unsuccessful due to an outbreak of plague among his troops. Jani Beg's army catapulted infected corpses into Kaffa in an attempt to use the plague to weaken

276-518: A modern borrowed pronunciation from Tatar that is not consistent with historic Kazakh and Kyrgyz treatments of these letters Many orthographies, particularly that of Turkic languages, are based on Kona Yëziq. Examples include the alphabets of South Azerbaijani , Qashqai , Chaharmahali , Khorasani , Uyghur , Äynu , and Khalaj . Virtually all other Turkic languages have a history of being written with an alphabet descended from Kona Yëziq, however, due to various writing reforms conducted by Turkey and

322-444: A small crown decorated with jewels and surmounted by peacock feathers. At his audience with Taydula Khatun, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa found her sitting amid ten elderly ladies in waiting, before a group of fifty young slavegirls cleaning gold and silver salvers filled with cherries. Taydula Khatun was engaged in the same activity. Greeted by Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and given a Quranic recitation by one of his companions, she treated them to kumis and offered

368-602: A tendency to disregard certain characteristics of Chaghatay itself, e.g. its complex syntax copied from Persian . Chagatai developed in the late 15th century. It belongs to the Karluk branch of the Turkic language family. It is descended from Middle Turkic , which served as a lingua franca in Central Asia, with a strong infusion of Arabic and Persian words and turns of phrase. Mehmet Fuat Köprülü divides Chagatay into

414-421: Is an extinct Turkic language that was once widely spoken across Central Asia . It remained the shared literary language in the region until the early 20th century. It was used across a wide geographic area including western or Russian Turkestan (i.e. parts of modern-day Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan ), Eastern Turkestan (where a dialect, known as Kaşğar tılı, developed), Crimea ,

460-487: Is devoted to the description of diseases, their recognition and treatment. One of the manuscript lists is kept in the library in Budapest . Prominent 19th-century Khivan writers include Shermuhammad Munis and his nephew Muhammad Riza Agahi. Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva also wrote ghazals . Musa Sayrami 's Tārīkh-i amniyya , completed in 1903, and its revised version Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi , completed in 1908, represent

506-754: Is located in London Ötemish Hajji wrote a history of the Golden Horde entitled the Tarikh-i Dost Sultan in Khwarazm . In terms of literary production, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are often seen as a period of decay. It is a period in which Chagatai lost ground to Persian. Important writings in Chagatai from the period between the 17th and 18th centuries include those of Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur : Shajara-i Tarākima (Genealogy of

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552-482: Is set during the reign of Jani Beg and is a highly fictionalised narrative of how Aleksii healed Taidula from blindness. Taydula Khatun Taydula Khatun ( Turki / Kypchak and Persian : طیطغلی خاتون ; died 1360) was a queen consort of the Mongol Golden Horde as the wife of Öz Beg Khan ( r.  1313–1341 ) and possibly Nawruz Beg Khan ( r.   1360). She was also the mother of

598-433: Is sometimes called "ancient Uyghur ". In the twentieth century, the study of Chaghatay suffered from nationalist bias. In the former Chaghatay area, separate republics have been claiming Chaghatay as the ancestor of their own brand of Turkic. Thus, Old Uzbek, Old Uyghur, Old Tatar , Old Turkmen, and a Chaghatay-influenced layer in sixteenth-century Azerbaijanian have been studied separately from each other. There has been

644-726: Is written in Chagatai, as is the famous Baburnama (or Tuska Babure ) of Babur , the Timurid founder of the Mughal Empire . A Divan attributed to Kamran Mirza is written in Persian and Chagatai, and one of Bairam Khan 's Divans was written in Chagatai. The following is a prime example of the 16th-century literary Chagatai Turkic, employed by Babur in one of his ruba'is . Islam ichin avara-i yazi buldim, Kuffar u hind harbsazi buldim Jazm aylab idim uzni shahid olmaqqa, Amminna' lillahi ki gazi buldim I am become

690-532: The Caspian Sea . Jani Beg has been identified in this representation, being mentioned as " Jambech senyor de Sarra ", and the flag of the Golden Horde also appears ( [REDACTED] ). The caption to the right of his depiction reads: Here resides the emperor of this northern region whose empire starts in the province of Bulgaria and ends at the city of Organcio. The sovereign is named Jambech, Lord of

736-598: The Perso-Arabic alphabet . This variation is known as Kona Yëziq, ( transl.  old script ). It saw usage for Kazakh , Kyrgyz , Uyghur , and Uzbek . А а Ә ә U u, Oʻ oʻ Ұ ұ, Ү ү О о, Ө ө О о, Ө ө ئۆ/ئو, ئۈ/ئۇ Ө ө, У у, Ү ү Ө ө, У у, Ү ү A a Э э, е Э э, е ئە/ئا Ә ә Ә ә Е e, I i Ы ы, І і Ы ы, И и ئى، ئې The letters ف، ع، ظ، ط، ض، ص، ژ، ذ، خ، ح، ث، ء are only used in loanwords and do not represent any additional phonemes. For Kazakh and Kyrgyz, letters in parentheses () indicate

782-688: The Soviet Union , many of these languages now are written in either the Latin script or the Cyrillic script . The Qing dynasty commissioned dictionaries on the major languages of China which included Chagatai Turki, such as the Pentaglot Dictionary . The basic word order of Chagatai is SOV. Chagatai is a head-final language where the adjectives come before nouns. Other words such as those denoting location, time, etc. usually appear in

828-502: The Timurid historian Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"). She hoped to arouse his pity by approaching him with his 8-month-old brother in her arms, but Berdi Beg seized the baby from her hands and killed it by hurling it to the ground. The anecdote is unverifiable, but the purge is confirmed in other sources. On the other hand, Taydula may have retained sufficient influence to ensure continued royal favor to

874-644: The Uzbek SSR . However, when it became evident that the language was too archaic for that purpose, it was replaced by a new literary language based on a series of Uzbek dialects. Ethnologue records the use of the word "Chagatai" in Afghanistan to describe the "Tekke" dialect of Turkmen . Up to and including the eighteenth century, Chagatai was the main literary language in Turkmenistan and most of Central Asia. While it had some influence on Turkmen,

920-491: The Venetian Doge Andrea Dandolo ), and Taydula (by Russian sources and translations of Mongol documents). It is rationalized and interpreted variously, too, as Tayd-oghli , or more likely Tay-Tughuli , "having a foal tail (standard)," more comparable with the apparent form Tay-Dūla . According to Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, who visited the court in 1332, Taydula Khatun was the senior wife of Öz Beg, and

966-644: The Volga region (such as Tatarstan and Bashkortostan ), etc. Chagatai is the ancestor of the Uzbek and Uyghur languages. Turkmen , which is not within the Karluk branch but in the Oghuz branch of Turkic languages, was nonetheless heavily influenced by Chagatai for centuries. Ali-Shir Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature. Chagatai literature is still studied in modern Uzbekistan , where

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1012-551: The Chagatai Khanate. As part of the preparation for the 1924 establishment of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan , Chagatai was officially renamed "Old Uzbek", which Edward A. Allworth argued "badly distorted the literary history of the region" and was used to give authors such as Ali-Shir Nava'i an Uzbek identity. It was also referred to as "Turki" or "Sart" in Russian colonial sources. In China, it

1058-667: The Genoese. In 1356, Jani Beg conquered the city of Tabriz , installing his own governor. He also asserted Jochid dominance over the Chagatai Khanate , attempting to unite the three khanates of the Mongol Empire . After accepting surrender from Shaikh Uvais , Jani Beg boasted that three ulus (districts/nations) of the Mongol Empire were under his control. Soon after this, he faced an uprising in Tabriz resulting in

1104-653: The Metropolitan Aleksej was summoned to cure her with his prayers. After some difficulty, his prayers and a sprinkling with holy water resulted in an apparent miracle, as Taydula recovered her sight. According to another interpretation of events, Aleksej's patient was actually the Khan Jani Beg himself, while Taydula's blindness was a cover story to conceal it. When the new khan, Taydula's grandson Berdi Beg, seemed determined to exterminate his male kin, Taydula attempted to intercede for them, according to

1150-588: The Russian Metropolitan, Aleksej, and he was allowed to return home after Berdi Beg's accession. She also helped reach a compromise in the dispute between the Venetians and the Khan (inherited from Jani Beg's reign) over the Venetians' treatment of subjects of the Khan captured in the seizure of a Genoese galley. The death of Berdi Beg in 1359 left his grandmother Taydula Khatun the senior royal in

1196-715: The Sarra. The symbolism of the Golden Horde flag depicted by the Catalan Atlas ( [REDACTED] ) is fairly similar to the type of tamgha symbols (such as [REDACTED] ) actually found on the coinage of the Golden Horde. Such symbols were used until the time of Jani Beg, but essentially disappear thereafter. Jani Beg had a number of sons, only one of whom, Berdi Beg, reigned after him but who proceeded to eliminate his brothers. Two or three more khans appear to have claimed to be Jani Beg's sons and are sometimes treated as such by modern scholars. The 2012 Russian film The Horde

1242-516: The Turkmens) and Shajara-i Turk (Genealogy of the Turks). Abu al-Ghāzī is motivated by functional considerations and describes his choice of language and style in the sentence ‘I did not use one word of Chaghatay (!), Persian or Arabic’. As is clear from his actual language use, he aims at making himself understood to a broader readership by avoiding too ornate a style, notably saj’ , rhymed prose. In

1288-522: The best sources on the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) in Xinjiang . The following are books written on the Chagatai language by natives and westerners: Sounds /f, ʃ, χ, v, z, ɡ, ʁ, d͡ʒ, ʔ, l/ do not occur in initial position of words of Turkish origin. Vowel length is distributed among five vowels /iː, eː, ɑː, oː, uː/. Chagatai has been a literary language and is written with a variation of

1334-596: The defenders. Infected Genoese sailors subsequently sailed from Kaffa to Genoa, Messina, and Constantinople, introducing the Black Death into Europe. The story involving the catapult has been disputed. It is originally based on Gabriel de Mussis of Piacenza in Italy, who wrote about the plague in 1348. It is more likely that rats carrying plague-infested fleas went from the Jani Beg's camp to the city and thereby infected

1380-404: The following periods: The first period is a transitional phase characterized by the retention of archaic forms; the second phase began with the publication of Ali-Shir Nava'i 's first divan and is the highpoint of Chagatai literature, followed by the third phase, which is characterized by two bifurcating developments. One is preservation of the classical Chagatai language of Nava'i, the other

1426-465: The increasing influence of dialects of the local spoken languages. Uzbek and Uyghur , two modern languages descended from Chagatai, are the closest to it. Uzbeks regard Chagatai as the origin of their language and Chagatai literature as part of their heritage. In 1921 in Uzbekistan , then a part of the Soviet Union , Chagatai was initially intended to be the national and governmental language of

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1472-466: The khans Tini Beg ( r.  1341–1342 ) and Jani Beg ( r.  1342–1357 ), and the grandmother of Berdi Beg ( r.  1357–1359 ). The favorite of her husband, she gained and retained a lasting importance during the reigns of her sons and grandson, and attempted to hold on to power by appointing the latter's successors. The name of the queen is rendered variously in her own time as Ṭayṭughlī Ḫātūn (by Ibn Baṭṭūṭa ), Thaythalu-Katon (by

1518-468: The language is seen as the predecessor and the direct ancestor of modern Uzbek , and the literature is regarded as part of the national heritage of Uzbekistan. The word Chagatai relates to the Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680s), a descendant empire of the Mongol Empire left to Genghis Khan 's second son, Chagatai Khan . Many of the Turkic peoples , who spoke this language claimed political descent from

1564-404: The mother of his sons Tini Beg and Jani Beg, but not of his daughter It Küchüjük (Īt Kūjūjūk), who was born to an already deceased previous senior wife of Öz Beg's. Taydula is said to have been her husband's favorite, and he spent most of his nights with her. A rumor attributed this devotion to Taydula's supposed ability to recover her virginity after each coupling. Another rumor claimed that Taydula

1610-628: The order of emphasis put on them. Like other Turkic languages , Chagatai has vowel harmony (though Uzbek , despite being a direct descendant of Chaghatai, notably doesn't ever since the spelling changes under USSR; vowel harmony being present in the orthography of the Uzbek perso-arabic script). There are mainly eight vowels, and vowel harmony system works upon vowel backness . The vowels [i] and [e] are central or front-central/back-central and therefore are considered both. Usually these will follow two rules in inflection : [i] and [e] almost always follow

1656-531: The rise to power of the Jalayirid dynasty , an offshoot of Ilkhanate , and ultimately in the death of the Khan. The Chudov Monastery in Moscow, founded at about the time of Jani Beg's fall by Metropolitan Aleksii and Sergii of Radonezh , was built on land that according to legend was granted to Aleksii by the Khan as thanks for the miraculous curing of his mother Taydula by the former. The reign of Jani Beg

1702-595: The same person as the Nawruz Beg of the more primary sources. Khiḍr, however, did not give up his ambitions and, supported by the vengeful son of an emir put to death by the new khan, gathered a force with which he marched on Sarai . In a battle before the city, he captured the khan and Taydula Khatun, and had them executed. Thus, in 1360, Khiḍr succeeded in becoming khan. Chagatai language Chagatai ( چغتای , Čaġatāy ), also known as Turki , Eastern Turkic , or Chagatai Turkic ( Čaġatāy türkīsi ),

1748-522: The same ʿĪsā Beg. During a festival, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa describes Taydula Khatun sharing a cushion with her husband inside a large tent, surrounded by separately seated other royal wives and the khan's daughter and sons. After Öz Beg's death in 1341, Taydula's position of influence only increased: already the chief wife of the former khan, the current khan's mother commanded even more respect, and enjoyed extensive financial power, apparently amplified by her grateful son. She had her own revenue based, for example, on

1794-509: The second half of the 18th century, Turkmen poet Magtymguly Pyragy also introduced the use of classical Chagatai into Turkmen literature as a literary language, incorporating many Turkmen linguistic features . Bukharan ruler Subhan Quli Khan (1680–1702) was the author of a work on medicine, "Subkhankuli's revival of medicine" ("Ihya at-tibb Subhani") which was written in the Central Asian Turkic language (Chaghatay) and

1840-571: The taxes paid by Italian merchants and other foreigners. She also intervened decisively in politics. When Öz Beg died, his eldest son and designated successor Tini Beg was absent from court, residing in the lands of the recently suppressed Ulus of Orda . Although he was duly recognized as khan, Taydula Khatun favored her younger son, Jani Beg, who perhaps acted as regent during his brother's absence, or had perhaps already been designated successor by their father himself. Jani Beg murdered one of his other brothers, Khiḑr Beg, for his ambitions. When Tini Beg

1886-448: The two languages belong to different branches of the Turkic language family. The most famous of Chagatai poets, Ali-Shir Nava'i, among other works wrote Muhakamat al-Lughatayn , a detailed comparison of the Chagatai and Persian languages. Here, Nava’i argued for the superiority of the former for literary purposes. His fame is attested by the fact that Chagatai is sometimes called "Nava'i's language". Among prose works, Timur 's biography

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1932-827: Was already thanked for this by Pope Benedict XII in a letter dated 17 August 1340. She is also mentioned in a letter of the Venetian Doge Andrea Dandolo to Jani Beg Khan. When Jani Beg began to tax the Christian clergy to raise revenues for his campaigns, Taydula Khatun issued diplomas ( yarliks ) granting tax exemptions for the Metropolitans of Russia Feognost and Aleksej on 26 September 1347, 4 February 1351, and 11 February 1354, as well as two other diplomas in Latin for Catholic clergy, from 1358. In 1357, Taydula Khatun suffered from blindness, and

1978-411: Was descended from King Solomon . Like the other wives of the khan, the principal wife is described as riding in a wagon drawn by silk-gilt-caparisoned horses, inside a tent being distinguished by a dome of silver, ornamented with gold or wood encrusted with gems, and attended by two ladies in waiting, six slave girls, and ten to fifteen pages. The khatun is distinguished by wearing the bughtāq headgear,

2024-612: Was dissuaded from doing so by an adviser, she caused the emirs to expel him and he returned home across the Ural River . Taydula next placed on the throne the pretended Kildi Beg , apparently a mistake in this tradition for the Qulpa of the more primary sources, but he was not accepted as a genuine and legitimate ruler. Taydula finally settled on a certain Bazarchi, a descendant of Tangqut, son of Jochi, as khan and husband. This may be

2070-458: Was marked by the first signs of the feudal strife which would eventually contribute to the demise of the Golden Horde. Jani Beg's assassination in 1357 opened a quarter-century of political turmoil within the Golden Horde. Twenty-five khans succeeded each other between 1357 and 1378. Jani Beg appears in the 1375 Catalan Atlas : the Mongol polity of the Golden Horde is accurately depicted north of

2116-535: Was on his way back to court, perhaps fearing for Jani Beg, Taydula Khatun incited the emirs to murder Tini Beg, which they did at Saray-Jük in 1342. Jani Beg now became khan. Taydula Khatun continued to exercise significant influence over Jani Beg, and her close cooperation with him led some foreign sources to conclude, erroneously, that she was his wife rather than his mother; there may also be some confusion between similarly named or titled royal women. She showed favor towards Christians and Christian institutions, and

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