Misplaced Pages

#709290

27-496: After the September Junta had been a few months in power, the "military committee", led by Colonel Marmaduque Grove and Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Ibáñez del Campo , started to suspect that a Conservative restoration was under way. The fears seemed confirmed when Ladislao Errazuriz , head of the conservative party, suddenly presented his candidacy to the upcoming presidential elections. So, on January 23, 1925 they launched

54-668: A Conservative restoration was under way. The fears seemed confirmed when Ladislao Errázuriz , head of the Conservative Party and of the Unión Nacional alliance, suddenly presented his candidacy to the upcoming presidential elections. At that point, the Junta lost the confidence of those who had elevated them to power, chiefly among them the military committee . Young military officers began to contact sectors working in favour of Arturo Alessandri 's return, in particular

81-525: A conflict between the President and the conservatively controlled congress, who refused to discuss the laws that he sent them. On September 3, 1924 a group of 56 military officers protested for their low salaries, in the incident known as the rattling of the sabres . The next day the same group of young military officers, led by Colonel Marmaduke Grove and Major Carlos Ibáñez , created a "military committee" to defend themselves from threatened sanctions by

108-529: A law on cooperatives and the creation of courts of conciliation and labour arbitrage. At that point, Alessandri felt that he had become just a pawn of the military, and, on September 9, he resigned and requested asylum at the US Embassy. Congress refused to accept his resignation, and instead granted him a six-months constitutional leave of absence. He left the country immediately for Italy. General Altamirano assumed power as Vice President and on September 11

135-550: A military Junta was established to rule the country in the absence of the titular president, Alessandri. The military movement was not homogeneous, and included an anti- oligarchist wing headed by Marmaduque Grove and Carlos Ibáñez. They expressed their positions in the September 11 manifesto , which theorized a kind of " Manifest Destiny " of the Armed Forces to support the country's development. The manifesto stigmatized

162-458: Is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people. These people may or may not be distinguished by one or several characteristics, such as nobility , fame , wealth , education , or corporate , religious , political , or military control. Throughout history, power structures considered to be oligarchies have often been viewed as coercive, relying on public obedience or oppression to exist. Aristotle pioneered

189-649: The Ayalas and Manny Pangilinan , corporate figures allied with Duterte, including Dennis Uy of Udenna Corporation , benefitted during his administration. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent privatization of state-owned assets, a class of Russian oligarchs emerged. These oligarchs gained control of significant portions of the economy, especially in the energy, metals, and natural resources sectors. Many of these individuals maintained close ties with government officials, particularly

216-679: The Chilean coup of 1925 : army troops surrounded the La Moneda Palace and arrested General Luis Altamirano and the rest of the Junta members. The power was then handed to a Provisory Junta made of General Pedro Dartnell and General Emilio Ortiz Vega ; they in turn gave way to the January Junta on January 27. As soon as the Junta took power, they recalled President Arturo Alessandri back to Chile, from his exile in Italy. In

243-479: The Comité Obrero Nacional (National Workers' Committee). On January 23, 1925, army troops surrounded the La Moneda Palace and arrested General Altamirano. Following this new coup d'état , the power was handed to General Pedro Pablo Dartnell , who in turn gave way to the January Junta a few days later. The new junta declared that the leaders of the previous junta had "perverted" the intent of

270-410: The September Junta ) was the political structure established to rule Chile following the anti-conservative military coup that assumed power after first interfering in progressive President Arturo Alessandri 's deadlocked government. It ruled the country until it was ousted by yet another military coup, and gave way to the January Junta . During most of 1924, Chile had been politically paralyzed by

297-575: The president , leading some to characterize modern Russia as an oligarchy intertwined with the state. The Islamic Republic of Iran , established after the 1979 Iranian Revolution , is sometimes described as a clerical oligarchy. Its ruling system, known as Velayat-e-Faqih (Governance of the Jurist), places power in the hands of a small group of high-ranking Shia clerics, led by the Supreme Leader . This group holds significant influence over

SECTION 10

#1732786912710

324-521: The "corruption of the political life," justifying the coup by an alleged institutional crisis. It also alleged imminent "civil unrest" ( contienda civil ) from which the country had to be protected. The Junta was composed of General Luis Altamirano , chief of the Army and constitutional Vice President; Admiral Francisco Nef , chief of the Navy; and General Juan Pablo Bennett , who became the representative of

351-442: The "military committee". General Altamirano proceeded to close Congress and, declaring the state of siege , assumed dictatorial powers. During his conservative rule, he tried several measures to control the economic crisis and to reform the local bureaucracy. Nonetheless, from the very beginning the Junta proved ineffective in implementing any real changes to the political status quo . The "military committee" started to suspect that

378-716: The 2010 Citizens United v. FEC Supreme Court decision, which removed limits on donations to political campaigns. In 2014, a study by political scientists Martin Gilens of Princeton University and Benjamin Page of Northwestern University argued that the United States' political system does not primarily reflect the preferences of its average citizens. Their analysis of policy outcomes between 1981 and 2002 suggested that wealthy individuals and business groups held substantial influence over political decisions, often sidelining

405-513: The Army), as head of a new cabinet. On September 8, General Altamirano appeared in front of Congress to demand the passage of eight laws, including Alessandri's labor code. Congress dared not to protest, and the laws that had been languishing for years were passed in a matter of hours. These included the 8 hour day , suppression of child labour , regulation of collective bargaining , legislation on occupational safety , legalization of trade unions ,

432-549: The September 11 Manifesto, qualifying them as "traitors" and stating that "oligarchs [were] not the owners of Chile." One of the first act of the new junta was to arrest Errázuriz, while the popular classes supported the new junta at the condition of Alessandri's return to power Oligarchy List of forms of government Oligarchy (from Ancient Greek ὀλιγαρχία ( oligarkhía )  'rule by few'; from ὀλίγος ( olígos )  'few' and ἄρχω ( árkhō )  'to rule, command')

459-659: The United States as oligarchies. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos from 1965 to 1986, several monopolies arose in the Philippines, primarily linked to the Marcos family and their close associates. Analysts have described this period, and even subsequent decades, as an era of oligarchy in the Philippines. President Rodrigo Duterte , elected in 2016, promised to dismantle the oligarchy during his presidency. However, corporate oligarchy persisted throughout his tenure. While Duterte criticized prominent tycoons such as

486-411: The country's legislative, military, and economic affairs, and critics argue that this system concentrates power in a religious elite, marginalizing other voices within society. Since Ukraine's independence in 1991, a powerful class of business elites, known as Ukrainian oligarchs , has played a significant role in the country's politics and economy. These oligarchs gained control of state assets during

513-400: The following criteria: George Bernard Shaw coined the concept of an intellectual oligarchy in his play Major Barbara (1907). In the play, Shaw criticizes the control of society by intellectual elites and expresses a desire for the empowerment of the common people: I now want to give the common man weapons against the intellectual man. I love the common people. I want to arm them against

540-502: The government in response to their actions. On September 5, the "military committee" demanded of President Arturo Alessandri the dismissal of three of his ministers, including the minister of War; the enactment of a labor code; the passage of an income tax law ; and the improvement of the military budget and salaries. Alessandri had no option but to appoint General Luis Altamirano , the Army Inspector General (Chief of

567-450: The lawyer, the doctor, the priest, the literary man, the professor, the artist, and the politician, who, once in authority, is the most dangerous, disastrous, and tyrannical of all the fools, rascals, and impostors. I want a democratic power strong enough to force the intellectual oligarchy to use its genius for the general good or else perish. Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page have described Colombia, Indonesia, Russia, Singapore and

SECTION 20

#1732786912710

594-447: The list of top (political party) donors. Economist Simon Johnson argued that the rise of an American financial oligarchy became particularly prominent following the 2008 financial crisis. This financial elite has been described as wielding significant power over both the economy and political decisions. Former President Jimmy Carter in 2015 characterized the United States as an "oligarchy with unlimited political bribery" following

621-534: The majority of Americans. While the United States maintains democratic features such as regular elections, freedom of speech, and widespread suffrage, the study noted that policy decisions are disproportionately influenced by economic elites. However, the study received criticism from other scholars, who argued that the influence of average citizens should not be discounted and that the conclusions about oligarchic tendencies were overstated. Gilens and Page defended their research, reiterating that while they do not label

648-538: The meantime, they acted as caretakers and introduced no reforms to the government. Congress had been closed by the previous September Junta , so they didn't have to deal with any legislative matters either. President Alessandri returned and resumed power on March 20, 1925, putting an end to the Junta. This article about the history of Chile is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Government Junta of Chile (1924) Government Junta of Chile (September 11, 1924 - January 23, 1925), (also known as

675-414: The rapid privatization that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union. By 2021, Ukraine passed a law aimed at curbing oligarchic influence on politics and the economy. Several commentators and scholars have suggested that the United States demonstrates characteristics of an oligarchy, particularly in relation to the concentration of wealth and political influence among a small elite, as exemplified by

702-477: The use of the term as meaning rule by the rich, contrasting it with aristocracy , arguing that oligarchy was the perverted form of aristocracy. The consolidation of power by a dominant religious or ethnic minority can be considered a form of oligarchy. Examples include South Africa during apartheid , Liberia under Americo-Liberians , the Sultanate of Zanzibar , and Rhodesia . In these cases, oligarchic rule

729-412: Was often tied to the legacy of colonialism. In the early 20th century, Robert Michels expanded on this idea in his Iron Law of Oligarchy He argued that even democracies, like all large organizations, tend to become oligarchic due to the necessity of dividing labor, which ultimately results in a ruling class focused on maintaining its power. Business groups may be considered oligarchies if they meet

#709290