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23-532: The sociopolitical structure of the island was thought to have been organized under five Chiefdoms or Cacicazgos . Recent studies however suggest that there may have been well over 30 Chiefdoms and that the 5 which were recorded by Las Casas were the ones who made contact with the Spanish upon their arrival. The Chiefdom of Jaragua was under Cacique Boechio. After Boechío's alleged death of old age, his sister, Anacaona , emerged as successor and intermediate between

46-605: The Jamaica Channel . It was ruled by the cacique Bohechío (cacique)  [ es ] (Beehechio) and was the largest of the cacicazgos. Its center was located in a place called Guava, present-day Léogâne in Haiti. It was divided into 26 nitaínos. Bohechío was the brother of Anacaona , who was married to the cacique of Maguana; Caonabo. As such, Jaragua and Maguana had a strong alliance and would partner to ward off and attack rival cacicazgos. The mother goddess of

69-621: The resulting earthquake and tsunami devastated Cap Haitien . Considerable seismic hazard continues to exist on this fault: The Windward Passage region was studied in detail by a voyage of the EV Nautilus in August 2014, assisted by the ROV Hercules . This expedition provided measurements of water circulation through the straight, as well as observations of animal life on the deep continental shelf . This article about

92-612: The Windward Passage from the southern coast of Cuba to the northern coast of Hispaniola. During the Holocene the slip rate between these two islands was 9 ± 3 mm (0.35 ± 0.12 in)/year. The Septentrional Fault extends east at least to the still active Mona Rift in the Mona Passage , where extension occurs between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico . The last rupture of this fault occurred in 1842;

115-517: The cacicazgo of Maguá. This was noted by chronicler Bartolomé de las Casas, who wrote that in 1502 the language was on the decline and by 1527 extinct. Maguá means "the Stone". The chiefdom's mother-goddess was Guacara or the 'Stone Mother'. The cacicazgo of Maguana was located in the center of the island, bounded on the north by the cacicazgos of Marién and Maguá, south by the Caribbean, east by

138-561: The cacicazgo was Zuimaco . The cacicazgo of Higüey spanned the entire southeast of Hispaniola, bordered to the north by the cacicazgo of Maguá and the Bay Samana , south by the Caribbean, east by the Canal de la Mona , and west by the cacicazgo of Maguana. It was ruled by the cacique Cayacoa  [ es ] and was divided into 21 nitaínos. The capital of the cacicazgo was located in present-day Higüey . Floyd states Cotubanama

161-455: The cacicazgos of Maguá and Higüey, and west by the cacicazgos of Marién and Jaragua. This cacicazgos territories were all located in present-day Dominican Republic. It was ruled by the cacique Caonabo , husband of Anacaona . Its center was established at Corral de los Indios located in the present day town of Juan de Herrera in San Juan province . It was divided into 21 nitaínos. This

184-530: The cacicazgos of Maguá and Maguana, and west by the Windward Passage . It was ruled by the cacique Guacanagaríx , with its capital located in El Guarico, near the present-day city of Cap-Haïtien . It was divided into 14 nitaínos. This cacicazgo was the first to welcome Christopher Columbus and to convert to Christianity. The cacicazgo of Marién fought against the cacicazgo Mairena , which

207-542: The early historical era. At the time of European contact in 1492, the island was divided into five chiefdoms or cacicazgos , each headed by a cacique or paramount chief . Below him were lesser caciques presiding over villages or districts and nitaínos , an elite class in Taíno society. The Taíno of Hispaniola were an Arawak people related to the inhabitants of the other islands in the Greater Antilles . At

230-601: The eastern tip of the Guantánamo Province of Cuba, or the western tip of Haiti's Nord-Ouest Department , it is possible to see lights on the other side of the Windward Passage. For decades, Cuba and Haiti had disputes over where the maritime boundary between the two nations was. In 1977, they settled by signing the Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement setting the official boundary. The Septentrional-Oriente fault zone passes through

253-648: The easternmost region of Cuba and the northwest of Haiti . 80 km (50 mi) wide, the Windward Passage has a threshold depth of 1,700 m (5,600 ft). With Navassa Island on its southern approach, it connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Caribbean Sea, and is in the direct path of shipping between the Panama Canal and the eastern seaboard of the United States . From either

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276-540: The massacre fled to the island of Guanabo, eight leagues away, but they were later rounded up and enslaved by the Spanish. (He also notes that one of these persons was given to him as a slave). Chiefdoms of Hispaniola The chiefdoms of Hispaniola ( cacicazgo in Spanish) were the primary political units employed by the Taíno inhabitants of Hispaniola ( Taíno : Quisqueya , Babeque , Bohio or Ayiti ) in

299-424: The massacred. He writes that the Spanish slashed the legs off boys as they ran, and that even when some Spaniards tried to save a child by pulling them onto their horses, that another would come and "pierce the child with a lance." Because of the massacre, King Ferdinand V deposed and recalled Ovando back to Spain in 1509. He died two years later, on 29 May 1511. According to las Casas, some of those who escaped

322-538: The natives of Jaragua and the Spanish. She was reputed to have been an efficient administrator, a beautiful woman and highly respected. At that time the Spanish had an alliance with the Chiefdom of Marien through Guacanagaríx . Guacanagarix told the Spanish that the tribe of Xaragua was planning a rebellion. Although Anacaona had always paid her tribute she was then considered a threat by the governor. According to Las Casas in 1503 Ovando advised Anacaona that he would visit

345-574: The time of European contact, they were at war with a rival indigenous group, the Island Caribs . In 1508, there were about 60,000 Taínos in the island of Hispaniola; by 1531 infectious disease epidemics and exploitation had resulted in a dramatic decline in population. The boundaries of each cacicazgo were precise. The first inhabitants of the island used geographic elements as references, such as major rivers, high mountains, notable valleys and plains. This enabled them to define each territory. Each

368-547: The town of Xaragua with his men to celebrate their good relations. During the celebration Ojeda and his men turned on the natives. Anacaona and her fellow native noblemen were arrested and accused of conspiracy and of trying to start a rebellion. Imprisoned, Anacaona answered with these verses: It is not honorable to kill; nor can honor propitiate tragedy. Let us open a bridge of love, so that across it even our enemies may walk and leave for posterity their footprints. Ovando had gone to Jaragua with 300 men plus many local natives of

391-589: The tribe of Marien. Ovando allegedly enticed the Caciques that were present into a batey (large hut) to witness a tournament by Spaniards. He then gave a prearranged signal and the Spaniards seized and bound the caciques, while others fell on the Indians milling outside." Many of the Indians were thus killed, including 80 caciques burned alive, and Anacaona hanged. Las Casas records that there were children among

414-567: Was aided by Caonabo of the cacicazgo of Maguana for control of the mythical 'Mother' goddess Iermao. The 'Mother' Iermao was the goddess of the cacicazgo of Marién, which means "body stone". The cacicazgo of Maguá was located on the northeastern part of Hispaniola, bordered to the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, the south by the cacicazgos of Maguana and Higüey, and west by the cacicazgos of Marién and Maguana. This chiefdom's territories are all in present-day Dominican Republic. It

437-477: Was captured by Spanish forces led by commander Alonso de Ojeda. Instead of being condemned to death the cacique was sent to Spain to be paraded in front of the Royal Court but died on his voyage. The cacicazgo of Jaragua spanned the entire south-west of the island of Hispaniola. It was bordered on the north by the cacicazgo of Marién, south by the Caribbean Sea, east by the cacicazgo of Maguana, and west by

460-473: Was divided into cacique nitaínos, subdivisions headed by the cacique helpers . The entries below relate the territory of each former cacique to the modern-day departments of Haiti and the provinces of the Dominican Republic . The cacicazgo of Marién included the entire northwestern part of Hispaniola, bordered to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, the south by the cacicazgo of Jaragua, east by

483-586: Was ruled by the cacique Guarionex and was centered near the present location of Santo Cerro in La Vega . It was divided into 21 nitaínos. This cacicazgo was one of the richest of the island. The territory was also inhabited by an ethnically distinct group of natives called the Ciguayo , who were concentrated on the Samaná Peninsula . This group, who spoke the Ciguayo language , was absorbed into

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506-549: Was the cacique of Higüey, who was captured by Juan de Esquivel and hanged in Santo Domingo . The mother goddess of Higüey was Atabeira, which means "Mother of the original stone". Windward Passage Windward Passage ( French : Passage au Vent ; Spanish : Paso de los Vientos ) is a strait in the Caribbean Sea , between the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola . The strait specifically lies between

529-480: Was the principal cacicazgo of the island and was represented as "The Rock". The term Maguana means "the first stone" or "the only stone". The principal mother goddess of the chiefdom was Apito, which means "Mother of Stone". The cacique Caonabo was the first to resist the Spanish occupation. The fort that Christopher Columbus established on the north coast of the island, La Navidad , was destroyed by Caonabo. Caonabo also attempted to sack Fortaleza de Santo Tomás, but

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