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67-450: The terms jargon , slang, and argot are not consistently differentiated in the literature; different authors interpret these concepts in varying ways. According to one definition, jargon differs from slang in being secretive in nature; according to another understanding, it is specifically associated with professional and technical circles. Some sources, however, treat these terms as synonymous. The use of jargon became more popular around

134-495: A semantic field . Slang can be either culture-wide or known only within a certain group or subculture. Argot is slang or jargon purposely used to obscure meaning to outsiders. Conversely, a lingua franca is used for the opposite effect, helping communicators to overcome unintelligibility, as are pidgins and creole languages . For example, the Chinook Jargon was a pidgin. Although technical jargon's primary purpose

201-414: A suffix to coin names for modern-day jargons such as "medicant", a term used to refer to the type of language employed by members of the medical profession that is largely unintelligible to lay people. The thieves' cant was a feature of popular pamphlets and plays, particularly between 1590 and 1615, but continued to feature in literature through the 18th century. There are questions about how genuinely

268-538: A " friend of Dorothy ", a tongue-in-cheek acknowledgment of a stereotypical affinity for Judy Garland in The Wizard of Oz . This code was so effective that the Naval Investigative Service , upon learning that the phrase was a way for gay sailors to identify each other, undertook a search for this "Dorothy", whom they believed to be an actual woman with connections to homosexual servicemen in

335-931: A certain subset of words, such as nouns, or semantic content words). Such systems are examples of argots à clef , or "coded argots". Specific words can go from argot into everyday speech or the other way. For example, modern French loufoque 'crazy', 'goofy', now common usage, originated in the louchébem transformation of Fr. fou 'crazy'. In the field of medicine, physicians have been said to have their own spoken argot, cant, or slang, which incorporates commonly understood abbreviations and acronyms, frequently used technical colloquialisms , and much everyday professional slang (that may or may not be institutionally or geographically localized). While many of these colloquialisms may prove impenetrable to most lay people, few seem to be specifically designed to conceal meaning from patients (perhaps because standard medical terminology would usually suffice anyway). The concept of

402-422: A combination of plain language and images. The criticism against jargon can be found in certain fields where professionals communicate with individuals with no industry background. In a study done by analyzing 58 patients and 10 radiation therapists , professionals diagnosed and explained the treatment of a disease to a patient with the use of jargon. It was found that using jargon left patients confused about what

469-511: A convenient way within communities. A subject expert may wish to avoid jargon when explaining something to a layperson. Jargon may help communicate contextual information optimally. For example, a football coach talking to their team or a doctor working with nurses. With the rise of the self-advocacy within the Disability Rights Movement , "jargonized" language has started to face repeated rejection for being language that

536-417: A conversation about or within the context of a certain field or profession will go. For example, a conversation between two professionals in which one person has little previous interaction or knowledge of the other person could go one of at least two possible ways. One of the professionals (who the other professional does not know) does not use, or does not correctly use the jargon of their respective field, and

603-438: A higher forward sound [i], close to the y in happy and city, while New Zealand English has a lower backward sound [ɘ], a slightly higher version of the a in about and comma. Thus, New Zealanders hear Australians say "feesh and cheeps", while Australians hear New Zealanders say "fush and chups". A long drawn out pronunciation of the names of the cities Brisbane and Melbourne rather than the typically Australian rapid "bun" ending

670-895: A means to prevent outsiders from understanding their communication and as a manner of establishing a subculture that meets the needs of their alternative social structure. Anti-languages differ from slang and jargon in that they are used solely among ostracized social groups, including prisoners, criminals, homosexuals, and teenagers. Anti-languages use the same basic vocabulary and grammar as their native language in an unorthodox fashion. For example, anti-languages borrow words from other languages, create unconventional compounds, or utilize new suffixes for existing words. Anti-languages may also change words using metathesis , reversal of sounds or letters (e.g., apple to elppa ), or substituting their consonants. Therefore, anti-languages are distinct and unique and are not simply dialects of existing languages. In his essay "Anti-Language", Halliday synthesized

737-422: A person of power's character when speaking with one another. Argot A cant is the jargon or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group. It may also be called a cryptolect , argot , pseudo-language , anti-language or secret language . Each term differs slightly in meaning; their uses are inconsistent. Richard Rorty defines cant by saying that "'Cant', in

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804-424: A seemingly innocuous phrase as a secret message. For example, members of Alcoholics Anonymous sometimes refer to themselves as "a friend of Bill W.", which is a reference to AA's founder, William Griffith Wilson . To the uninitiated, this would seem like a casual – if off-topic – remark, but other AA members would understand its meaning. Similarly, during World War II , a homosexual US sailor might call himself

871-399: A shibboleth". In 1956, economist Paul Samuelson applied the term shibboleth in works including Foundations of Economic Analysis to mean an idea for which "the means becomes the end, and the letter of the law takes precedence over the spirit." Samuelson admitted that shibboleth is an imperfect term for this phenomenon. Shibboleths have been used by different subcultures throughout

938-469: A special language because every science has its own ideas". As a rationalist member of the Enlightenment , he continued: "It seems that one ought to begin by composing this language, but people begin by speaking and writing, and the language remains to be composed." An industry word is a specialized kind of technical terminology used in a certain industry. Industry words and phrases are often used in

1005-416: A specific area, and those in that field know and use the terminology. Precise technical terms and their definitions are formally recognized, documented, and taught by educators in the field. Other terms are more colloquial, coined and used by practitioners in the field, and are similar to slang . The boundaries between formal and slang jargon, as in general English, are quite fluid. This is especially true in

1072-452: A specific industry. The primary driving forces in the creation of technical jargon are precision, efficiency of communication, and professionalism. Terms and phrases that are considered jargon have meaningful definitions, and through frequency of use, can become catchwords . While jargon allows greater efficiency in communication among those familiar with it, a side effect is that it raises the threshold of comprehensibility for outsiders. This

1139-426: A technical and a non-technical meaning are referred to as semi-technical vocabulary: for example, Chinh Ngan Nguyen Le and Julia Miller refer to colon as an anatomical term and also a punctuation mark ; and Derek Matravers refers to person and its plural form persons as technical language used in philosophy , where their meaning is more specific than "person" and "people" in their everyday use. The French word

1206-484: Is a common way for someone to be exposed as new to the country. Within Australia, what someone calls " devon ", or how they name the size of beer they order can often pinpoint what state they are from, as both of these have varied names across the country. In Canada, the name of Canada's second largest city, Montreal , is pronounced / ˌ m ʌ n t r i ˈ ɔː l / by English-speaking locals. This contrasts with

1273-449: Is a language used by various groups to prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. The term argot is also used to refer to the informal specialized vocabulary from a particular field of study, occupation, or hobby, in which sense it overlaps with jargon . In his 1862 novel Les Misérables , Victor Hugo refers to that argot as both "the language of the dark" and "the language of misery". The earliest known record of

1340-570: Is a positive or negative attribute of a patient's experience has evidence to support both sides. On one hand, as mentioned before, these phrases can be overwhelming for some patients who may not understand the terminology. However, with the accessibility of the internet, it has been suggested that these terms can be used and easily researched for clarity. Jargon is commonly found in the field of law. These terms are often used in legal contexts such as legal documents, court proceedings, contracts, and more. Some common terms in this profession include: There

1407-424: Is also sometimes used in a broader sense to mean jargon , the proper use of which identifies speakers as members of a particular group or subculture . In information technology , Shibboleth is a community-wide password that enables members of that community to access an online resource without revealing their individual identities. The origin server can vouch for the identity of the individual user without giving

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1474-503: Is any custom or tradition, usually a choice of phrasing or single word, that distinguishes one group of people from another. Shibboleths have been used throughout history in many societies as passwords , ways of self-identification, signals of loyalty and affinity, ways of maintaining traditional segregation, or protection from real or perceived threats. The term originates from the Hebrew word shibbóleth ( שִׁבֹּלֶת ), which means

1541-508: Is believed to have been derived from the Latin word gaggire , meaning "to chatter", which was used to describe speech that the listener did not understand. The word may also come from Old French jargon meaning "chatter of birds". Middle English also has the verb jargounen meaning "to chatter", or "twittering", deriving from Old French. The first known use of the word in English

1608-533: Is found within The Canterbury Tales , written by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. Chaucer related "jargon" to the vocalizations of birds. In colonial history, jargon was seen as a device of communication to bridge the gap between two speakers who did not speak the same tongue. Jargon was synonymous with pidgin in naming specific language usages. Jargon then began to have a negative connotation with lacking coherent grammar, or gibberish as it

1675-810: Is gjin oprjochte Fries ('Butter, rye bread and green cheese, whoever cannot say that is not a genuine Frisian') was a phrase used by the Frisian Pier Gerlofs Donia during a Frisian rebellion (1515–1523). Ships whose crew could not pronounce this properly were usually plundered and soldiers who could not were beheaded by Donia. In Japan during the 1923 Kantō Massacre , in which ethnic Koreans in Japan were hunted down and killed by vigilantes after rumors spread that they were committing crimes, shibboleths were attested to having been used to identify Koreans. The Japanese poet Shigeji Tsuboi wrote that he overheard vigilantes asking people to pronounce

1742-474: Is largely based. Such argots are lexically divergent forms of a particular language, with a part of its vocabulary replaced by words unknown to the larger public; argot used in this sense is synonymous with cant . For example, argot in this sense is used for systems such as verlan and louchébem , which retain French syntax and apply transformations only to individual words (and often only to

1809-575: Is little regarded or remembered beyond small talk or fairly insignificant in this conversation. Or, if the person does use particular jargon (showing their knowledge in the field to be legitimate, educated, or of particular significance) the other professional then opens the conversation up in an in-depth or professional manner. The use of jargon can create a divide in communication, or strengthen it. Outside of conversation, jargon can become confusing in writing. When used in text, readers can become confused if there are terms used that require outside knowledge on

1876-535: Is now pronounced as [ʃ] (as in shoe ). In the Book of Judges chapter 12, after the inhabitants of Gilead under the command of Jephthah inflicted a military defeat upon the invading tribe of Ephraim (around 1370–1070 BC), the surviving Ephraimites tried to cross the river Jordan back into their home territory, but the Gileadites secured the river's fords to stop them. To identify and kill these Ephraimites,

1943-565: Is often referred to as an argot, but it has been argued that it is an anti-language because of the social structure it maintains through the social class of the droogs. In parts of Connacht , in Ireland, cant mainly refers to an auction , typically on fair day ("Cantmen and Cantwomen, some from as far away as Dublin, would converge on Mohill on a Fair Day, ... set up their stalls ... and immediately start auctioning off their merchandise") and secondly means talk ("very entertaining conversation

2010-452: Is specialized terminology within the field of education. Educators and administrators use these terms to communicate ideas specific to the education system. Common terms and acronyms considered to be jargon that are used within this profession include: Jargon may serve the purpose of a "gatekeeper" in conversation, signaling who is allowed into certain forms of conversation. Jargon may serve this function by dictating to which direction or depth

2077-630: Is to aid technical communication , not to exclude outsiders by serving as an argot, it can have both effects at once and can provide a technical ingroup with shibboleths . For example, medieval guilds could use this as one means of informal protectionism . On the other hand, jargon that once was obscure outside a small ingroup can become generally known over time. For example, the terms bit , byte , and hexadecimal (which are terms from computing jargon ) are now recognized by many people outside computer science . The philosopher Étienne Bonnot de Condillac observed in 1782 that "every science requires

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2144-480: Is usually accepted as an unavoidable trade-off , but it may also be used as a means of social exclusion (reinforcing ingroup–outgroup barriers) or social aspiration (when introduced as a way of demonstrating expertise). Some academics promote the use of jargon-free language, or plain language, as an audience may be alienated or confused by the technical terminology, and thus lose track of a speaker or writer's broader and more important arguments. Some words with both

2211-399: Is widely inaccessible. However, jargon is largely present in everyday language such as in newspapers, financial statements, and instruction manuals. To combat this, several advocacy organizations are working on influencing public agents to offer accessible information in different formats. One accessible format that offers an alternative to jargonized language is " easy read ", which consists of

2278-405: The grypsera of Polish prisons, thieves' cant , Polari , and Bangime . Anti-languages are sometimes created by authors and used by characters in novels. These anti-languages do not have complete lexicons, cannot be observed in use for linguistic description , and therefore cannot be studied in the same way a language spoken by an existing anti-society would. However, they are still used in

2345-574: The anti-language was first defined and studied by the linguist Michael Halliday , who used the term to describe the lingua franca of an anti-society . An anti-society is a small, separate community intentionally created within a larger society as an alternative to or resistance of it. For example, Adam Podgórecki studied one anti-society composed of Polish prisoners; Bhaktiprasad Mallik of Sanskrit College studied another composed of criminals in Calcutta. These societies develop anti-languages as

2412-518: The Anglosphere. Colombian conceptual artist Doris Salcedo created a work titled Shibboleth at Tate Modern , London, in 2007–2008. The piece consisted of a 548-foot-long crack that bisected the floor of the Tate's lobby space. Salcedo said of the work: It represents borders, the experience of immigrants, the experience of segregation, the experience of racial hatred. It is the experience of

2479-622: The Chicago area. Likewise, homosexuals in Britain might use the cant language Polari . Mark Twain used an explicit shibboleth to conceal a furtive shibboleth. In The Innocents Abroad he told the Shibboleth story in seemingly "inept and uninteresting" detail. To the initiated, however, the wording revealed that Twain was a freemason . "Fourteen Words", "14", or "14/88" are furtive shibboleths used among white supremacists in

2546-642: The Flemish phrase schild en vriend , 'shield and friend', or possibly gilden vriend , 'friend of the Guilds'. However, many Medieval Flemish dialects did not contain the cluster sch- either (even today's Kortrijk dialect has sk- ), and Medieval French rolled the r just as Flemish did. There is an anecdote in Sicily that, during the rebellion of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282, the inhabitants of

2613-587: The Gileadites told each suspected survivor to say the word shibboleth . The Ephraimite dialect resulted in a pronunciation that, to Gileadites, sounded like sibboleth . In Judges 12:5–6 in the King James Bible , the anecdote appears thus (with the word already in its current English spelling): And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan before the Ephraimites: and it was so, that when those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me go over; that

2680-599: The Pacific theater in World War II used the word lollapalooza as a shibboleth to challenge unidentified persons, on the premise that Japanese people would often pronounce both letters L and R as rolled Rs. In Oliver Gramling's Free Men Are Fighting: The Story of World War II (1942) the author notes that, in the war, Japanese spies would often approach checkpoints posing as American or Filipino military personnel. A shibboleth such as lollapalooza would be used by

2747-621: The Spanish word for parsley, perejil , was used as a shibboleth to identify Haitian immigrants living along the border in the Dominican Republic. The Dominican dictator, Rafael Trujillo , ordered the execution of these people. It is alleged that between 20,000 and 30,000 individuals were murdered within a few days in the Parsley Massacre , although more recent scholarship and the lack of evidence such as mass graves puts

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2814-840: The actual estimate closer to between 1,000 and 12,168. During the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II , the Dutch used the name of the seaside town of Scheveningen as a shibboleth to tell Germans from Dutch ("Sch" in Dutch is analyzed as the letter " s " combined with the digraph "ch", producing the consonant cluster [sx] , while in German "Sch" is read as the trigraph " sch ", pronounced [ ʃ ] , closer to "sh" sound in English). Some American soldiers in

2881-780: The business world is a common occurrence. The use of jargon in business correspondence reached a high popularity between the late 1800s into the 1950s. In this context, jargon is most frequently used in modes of communication such as emails, reports, and other forms of documentation. Common phrases used in corporate jargon include: Medicine professionals make extensive use of scientific terminology. Most patients encounter medical jargon when referring to their diagnosis or when receiving or reading their medication. Some commonly used terms in medical jargon are: At first glance, many people do not understand what these terms mean and may panic when they see these scientific names being used in reference to their health. The argument as to whether medical jargon

2948-433: The effect of excluding those who are unfamiliar with the particular specialized language of the group. This can cause difficulties, for example, when a patient is unable to follow the discussions of medical practitioners, and thus cannot understand his own condition and treatment. Differences in jargon also cause difficulties where professionals in related fields use different terms for the same phenomena. The use of jargon in

3015-440: The form of boarding buses and getting the passengers to pronounce words that had [ b ] at the beginning (like baldiya 'bucket') and executing the people who found it difficult. In Australia and New Zealand, the words "fish and chips" are often used to highlight the difference in each country's short-i vowel sound [ɪ] and asking someone to say the phrase can identify which country they are from. Australian English has

3082-703: The island killed the French occupiers who, when questioned, could not correctly pronounce the Sicilian word cìciri 'chickpeas'. Following Mayor Albert's Rebellion in 1312 Kraków , Poles used the Polish language shibboleth Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn ('Lentil, wheel, grinds (verb), mill') to distinguish the German-speaking burghers. Those who could not properly pronounce this phrase were executed. Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin,

3149-601: The latter back vowel as being closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation used by Nevadans. Likewise, the same test can be used to identify someone unfamiliar with southwest Missouri , as the city of Nevada, Missouri is pronounced with the "a" as in "cape" ( / n ɪ ˈ v eɪ d ə / ). During the Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present), Ukrainians have used the word palianytsia (a type of Ukrainian bread) to distinguish between Ukrainians and Russians. In New York City, how one pronounces

3216-543: The literature reflected vernacular use in the criminal underworld. A thief in 1839 claimed that the cant he had seen in print was nothing like the cant then used by gypsies, thieves, and beggars. He also said that each of these used distinct vocabularies, which overlapped, the gypsies having a cant word for everything, and the beggars using a lower style than the thieves. Shibboleth A shibboleth ( / ˈ ʃ ɪ b əl ɛ θ , - ɪ θ / ; Biblical Hebrew : שִׁבֹּלֶת , romanized:  šībbōleṯ )

3283-540: The men of Gilead said unto him, Art thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay; Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him at the passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the Ephraimites forty and two thousand. In modern English , a shibboleth can have a sociological meaning, referring to any in-group word or phrase that can distinguish members from outsiders. It

3350-579: The name Derry or Londonderry for the province's second-largest city was often taken as an indication of the speaker's political stance, and as such frequently implied more than simply naming the location. The pronunciation of the name of the letter H is a related shibboleth, with Catholics pronouncing it as "haitch" and Protestants often pronouncing the letter differently . During the Black July riots of Sri Lanka in 1983, many Tamils were massacred by Sinhalese youths. In many cases these massacres took

3417-635: The name of Houston Street in Manhattan is a common differentiatior between tourists and those who live in the city. Tourists tend to pronounce it similarly to the name of the city in Texas , while the New York pronunciation is HOW-stun ( / ˈ h aʊ s t ən / ). A furtive shibboleth is a type of a shibboleth that identifies individuals as being part of a group, not based on their ability to pronounce one or more words, but on their ability to recognize

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3484-474: The part of a plant containing grain , such as the ear of a stalk of wheat or rye ; or less commonly (but arguably more appropriately) ' flood , torrent '. The modern use derives from an account in the Hebrew Bible , in which pronunciation of this word was used to distinguish Ephraimites , whose dialect used a different first consonant. The difference concerns the Hebrew letter shin , which

3551-548: The phrase jūgoen gojissen ( Japanese : 15円50銭 , lit.   'fifteen yen , fifty sen'). If the person pronounced it as chūkoen kochissen , they were reportedly dragged away for punishment. Both Korean and Japanese people recalled similar shibboleths being used, including ichien gojissen ( lit.   ' one yen, fifty sen ' ). Other strings attested to were ga-gi-gu-ge-go ( Japanese : がぎぐげご ) and ka-ki-ku-ke-ko ( Japanese : かきくけこ ), which were thought difficult for Koreans to pronounce. In October 1937,

3618-431: The rapidly developing world of computers and networking. For instance, the term firewall (in the sense of a device used to filter network traffic) was at first technical slang. As these devices became more widespread and the term became widely understood, the word was adopted as formal terminology. Technical terminology evolves due to the need for experts in a field to communicate with precision and brevity but often has

3685-491: The research of Thomas Harman, Adam Podgórecki , and Bhaktiprasad Mallik to explore anti-languages and the connection between verbal communication and the maintenance of a social structure. For this reason, the study of anti-languages is both a study of sociology and linguistics. Halliday's findings can be compiled as a list of nine criteria that a language must meet to be considered an anti-language: Examples of anti-languages include Cockney rhyming slang , CB slang , verlan ,

3752-439: The sense in which Samuel Johnson exclaims, 'Clear your mind of cant,' means, in other words, something like that which 'people usually say without thinking, the standard thing to say, what one normally says'." In Heideggerian terms it is what "das Man" says. There are two main schools of thought on the origin of the word cant : An argot ( English: / ˈ ɑːr ɡ oʊ / ; from French argot [aʁɡo] ' slang ')

3819-667: The sentry, who, if the first two syllables come back as rorra, would "open fire without waiting to hear the remainder". Another sign/countersign used by the Allied forces: the challenge/sign was "flash", the password "thunder", and the countersign "Welcome". This was used during D-Day during World War II due to the rarity of the voiceless dental fricative (th-sound) and voiced labial–velar approximant (w-sound) in German. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, use of

3886-426: The sixteenth century attracting persons from different career paths. This led to there being printed copies available on the various forms of jargon. Jargon, also referred to as "technical language", is "the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group". Most jargon is technical terminology ( technical terms ), involving terms of art or industry terms , with particular meaning within

3953-464: The study of anti-languages. Roger Fowler's "Anti-Languages in Fiction" analyzes Anthony Burgess 's A Clockwork Orange and William S. Burroughs ' Naked Lunch to redefine the nature of the anti-language and to describe its ideological purpose. A Clockwork Orange is a popular example of a novel where the main character is a teenage boy who speaks an anti-language called Nadsat . This language

4020-435: The subject. Ethos is used to create an appeal to authority. It is one of three pillars of persuasion created by Aristotle to create a logical argument. Ethos uses credibility to back up arguments. It can indicate to the audience that a speaker is an insider with using specialized terms in the field to make an argument based on authority and credibility. Jargon can be used to convey meaningful information and discourse in

4087-439: The target server any further identifying information. Hence the individual user does not know the password that is actually employed – it is generated internally by the origin server – and so cannot betray it to outsiders. The term can also be used pejoratively, suggesting that the original meaning of a symbol has in effect been lost and that the symbol now serves merely to identify allegiance, being described as "nothing more than

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4154-401: The term argot in this context was in a 1628 document. The word was probably derived from the contemporary name les argotiers , given to a group of thieves at that time. Under the strictest definition, an argot is a proper language with its own grammatical system. Such complete secret languages are rare because the speakers usually have some public language in common, on which the argot

4221-447: The treatments and risks were, suggesting that jargon in the medical field is not the best in communicating the terminology and concepts. Many examples of jargon exist because of its use among specialists and subcultures alike. In the professional world, those who are in the business of filmmaking may use words like "vorkapich" to refer to a montage when talking to colleagues. In rhetoric , rhetoricians use words like "arete" to refer to

4288-545: The typical American pronunciation of the city as / ˌ m ɒ n t r i ˈ ɔː l / . In the United States, the name of the state Nevada comes from the Spanish nevada [neˈβaða] , meaning 'snow-covered'. Nevadans pronounce the second syllable with the "a" as in "trap" ( / n ɪ ˈ v æ d ə / ) while some people from outside of the state can pronounce it with the "a" as in "palm" ( / n ɪ ˈ v ɑː d ə / ). Although many Americans interpret

4355-683: The world at different times. Regional differences, level of expertise, and computer coding techniques are several forms that shibboleths have taken. There is a legend that before the Battle of the Golden Spurs in May 1302, the Flemish slaughtered every Frenchman they could find in the city of Bruges , an act known as the Matins of Bruges . They identified Frenchmen based on their inability to pronounce

4422-541: Was often described as 'great cant'" or "crosstalk"). In Scotland, two unrelated creole languages are termed cant . Scottish Cant (a mixed language, primarily Scots and Romani with Scottish Gaelic influences) is spoken by lowland Roma groups. Highland Traveller's Cant (or Beurla Reagaird ) is a Gaelic -based cant of the Indigenous Highland Traveller population. The cants are mutually unintelligible. The word has also been used as

4489-448: Was seen as a "broken" language of many different languages with no full community to call their own. In the 1980s, linguists began restricting this usage of jargon to keep the word to more commonly define a technical or specialized language use. In linguistics, it is used to mean "specialist language", with the term also seen as closely related to slang , argot and cant . Various kinds of language peculiar to ingroups can be named across

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