Misplaced Pages

#645354

71-549: The garden was founded in 1758 by Stanisław Leszczyński , the last Duke of Lorraine , as an adjunct to the Royal College of Medicine. It occupies 27 hectares (67 acres). It is the city's oldest botanical garden, and remained active as such until 1993 when its collections were transferred to the larger Jardin botanique du Montet outside the central city. It was named in honor of celebrated local botanist Dominique Alexandre Godron (1807-1880), who redesigned and reinvigorated

142-637: A counter-offensive and crossed the Dneper , but could not retake the strategic town of Żórawno , and a peace treaty (the Treaty of Żurawno ) was signed soon afterwards. Although Kamieniec Podolski and much of Podolia remained a part of the Ottoman Empire, Poland gained the return of the towns of Bila Tserkva and Pavoloch . The treaty with the Ottomans began a period of peace that was much needed for

213-528: A country estate in Lunéville , and actively ruled Lorraine and Bar, sponsoring numerous public works projects. Nearby, Nancy , the historic capital of Lorraine, has a Place Stanislas (Stanisław Square) named in his honour, much of which was developed during his reign. He also took up political philosophy , engaging in discourse with other Enlightenment figures such as Jean Jacques Rousseau , and wrote philosophical treatises in his native Polish, making him

284-651: A daughter, Maria , who became Queen of France as wife of Louis XV . In 1697, as Cup-bearer of Poland , he signed the confirmation of the articles of election of Augustus II the Strong . In 1703 he joined the Lithuanian Confederation, which the Sapiehas with the aid of Sweden had formed against Augustus. The following year, Stanisław was selected by Charles XII of Sweden after a successful Swedish invasion of Poland , to supersede Augustus II, who

355-892: A defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava , and was subsequently driven into exile in the Ottoman Empire . As a result, Augustus II returned to the throne, and while Charles served his exile in the Ottoman Empire, Stanisław accepted the rule of the tiny state of Palatine Zweibrücken , a small state of the Holy Roman Empire which was in personal union with Sweden and located near the region of Alsace . After Charles's death in 1719, he moved to nearby Wissembourg in Alsace. In 1725, his daughter Marie Leszczyńska married Louis XV of France. The death of Augustus II sparked

426-486: A dozen castellans and a few score of noblemen on 12 July 1704. A few months later, Stanisław was forced by a sudden inroad of Augustus II to seek refuge in the Swedish camp, but finally on 24 September 1705, he was crowned king with great splendor. Charles himself supplied his nominee with a new crown and scepter in lieu of the ancient Polish regalia , which had been carried off to Saxony by Augustus. During this time

497-675: A figure within the Polish Enlightenment . When he died in 1766, his titles passed to his son-in-law, Louis XV. His retaking of the Polish throne in 1733 formed the backdrop for Un giorno di regno , an opera by composer Giuseppe Verdi and librettist Felice Romani , which premiered in 1840. Born in Lwów (now Lviv ) in 1677, he was the son of Rafał Leszczyński , voivode of Poznań Voivodeship , and Princess Anna Katarzyna Jabłonowska . He married Katarzyna Opalińska , by whom he had

568-579: A letter to his wife, he wrote, "All the common people kissed my hands, my feet, my clothes; others only touched me, saying: 'Ah, let us kiss so valiant a hand!'" The war against the Ottomans was not yet over, and Sobieski continued the campaign with the Battle of Párkány on 7–9 October. After early victories, the Polish found themselves a junior partner in the Holy League, gaining no lasting territorial or political rewards. The prolonged and indecisive war also weakened Sobieski's position at home. For

639-777: A member of the Sejm in 1664 and 1665. In between he participated in the Russian campaign of 1663. Sobieski remained loyal to the King during the Lubomirski Rebellion of 1665–66, though it was a difficult decision for him. He participated in the Sejm of 1665, and after some delays, accepted the prestigious office of the Marshal of the Crown on 18 May that year. Around late April or early May 1666 he received another high office of

710-546: A proper guard—the sort of thing Richard the Lionhearted might've used to slay camels in the streets of Jerusalem. This man went down on one knee in the dirt, and he did it with verve and enthusiasm. You see your rich man kneeling in church and it takes him two or three minutes, you can hear his knees popping and sinews creaking, he totters this way and that, creating small alarums amongst the servants who are gripping his elbows. But this brute knelt easily, even lustily if such

781-641: A skilled military leader. Later that year, in November, his first child, James Louis Sobieski was born in Paris. On 5 February 1668, he achieved the rank of Grand Hetman of the Crown, the highest military rank in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thereby the de facto commander-in-chief of the entire Polish Army. Later that year he supported the French candidacy of Louis, Grand Condé for

SECTION 10

#1732780037646

852-475: A strong supporter of the French faction in the Polish royal court, represented by Queen Marie Louise Gonzaga . His pro-French allegiance was reinforced in 1665, when he married Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien and was promoted to the rank of the Crown Grand Marshal . In 1662, he was again elected a deputy to the Sejm, and took part in the work on reforming the military. He was also

923-747: A sudden heart attack. His wife, Marie Casimire Louise , died in 1716 in Blois , France, and her body was returned to Poland. They are interred together in Wawel Cathedral , Kraków , although his heart is interred separately in the Church of the Transfiguration in Warsaw , Poland. He was succeeded by Augustus II . Sobieski is remembered in Poland as a "hero king", victor at Vienna who defeated

994-454: A thing were possible, and facing toward the city of Vienna, he planted his sword in the ground so that it became a steel cross. The morning light was shining directly into his grizzled face and glinting from the steel of the blade and glowing in some indifferent colored jewels set into the weapon's hilt and crossbar. The man bowed his head and took to mumbling in Latin. The hand that wasn't holding

1065-599: The Académie de Stanislas and Bibliothèque municipale de Nancy , and devoted himself for the rest of his life to science and philanthropy, engaging most notably in controversy with Rousseau . He also published Głos wolny wolność ubezpieczający , one of the most important political treatises of the Polish Enlightenment. His court painter was André Joly . Stanisław was still alive when his great-great-granddaughter, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria ,

1136-518: The Battle of Zboriv . In 1652, Marek died in Tatar captivity after his capture at the Battle of Batih . John was promoted to the rank of pułkownik and fought with distinction in the Battle of Berestechko . In 1653, he voluntarily spent time as a hostage in the Crimean Tatar capital of Bakhchysarai . A promising commander, John was sent by King John II Casimir as one of the envoys in

1207-604: The Château de Chambord . Stanislaw's son-in-law Louis XV supported his claims to the Polish throne after the death of Augustus II the Strong in 1733, which led to the War of the Polish Succession . On 11 September 1733, Stanisław himself arrived at Warsaw , having traveled night and day through central Europe disguised as a coachman. On the following day, despite many protests, Stanisław was duly elected King of Poland for

1278-555: The Sejm elected Augustus the Strong , Elector of Saxony to succeed John III in 1697 as August II. Russia's primary antagonist in the Great Northern War , Sweden had supported Stanisław Leszczyński for the throne, and after defeating a combined army of Saxon and Polish-Lithuanian forces, deposed August II and installed Leszczyński as Stanisław I in 1704. In 1709, Charles XII of Sweden , Stanisław's main supporter, suffered

1349-633: The Treaty of Hadiach with the Cossacks. In 1660, he took part in the last offensive against the Swedes in Prussia, and was rewarded with the office of starost of Stryj . Soon afterward he took part in the war against the Russians, participating in the Battle of Slobodyshche and Battle of Lyubar , and later that year he again was one of the negotiators of a new treaty with the Cossacks (the Treaty of Cudnów ). Through personal connections, he became

1420-454: The War of the Polish Succession in 1733. As had happened on the death of John III Sobieski , foreign intrigue and influence plagued the Sejm election . Despite the presence of Russian troops in the country, the Sejm, with support of the French, elected Stanisław to succeed Augustus II, while the Russians encouraged a group of break-away nobles to hold their own election, selecting instead Frederick Augustus II of Saxony , son of Augustus II, to

1491-710: The opera Un giorno di regno , ossia Il finto Stanislao ( A One-Day Reign, or The Pretend Stanislaus , but often translated into English as King for a Day ) by Giuseppe Verdi , to an Italian libretto written in 1818 by Felice Romani . [REDACTED] Media related to Stanislaus I Leszczyński at Wikimedia Commons John III Sobieski John III Sobieski ( Polish : Jan III Sobieski ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈjan ˈtʂɛt͡ɕi sɔˈbʲɛskʲi] ); Lithuanian : Jonas III Sobieskis ( Lithuanian pronunciation: ['joːnäs so'bʲɛskis] ); Latin : Ioannes III Sobiscius ( Latin pronunciation: [joˈannɛs soˈbiʃiʊs] ) 17 August 1629 – 17 June 1696)

SECTION 20

#1732780037646

1562-562: The Commonwealth in 1648. Upon receiving the news of the death of king Władysław IV Vasa and the hostilities of the Khmelnytsky Uprising , they volunteered for the army. They both fought in the siege of Zamość . They founded and commanded their own banners ( chorągiew ) of cavalry (one light, " cossack ", and one heavy, of Polish hussars ). Soon, the fortunes of war separated the brothers. In 1649, Jakub fought in

1633-500: The Commonwealth's own military campaign against Prussia was opposed by Commonwealth magnates, many of them taking the Prussian side. Backed by Brandenburg and Austria , internal enemies of Sobieski even planned to dethrone him and elect Charles of Lorraine . The French-Prussian treaty of 1679 meant that Sobieski lost the major foreign ally for his planned campaign against Prussia; consequently, he started to distance himself from

1704-418: The Commonwealth, as the pro-French faction of Sobieski and pro-court faction of King Michał formed two confederations , which despite major Ottoman incursions in the south seemed more concerned with one another than with uniting to defend the country. The court faction called openly for confiscation of his estates and dismissal from office, and declared him an "enemy of the state". This division culminated in

1775-698: The Commonwealth, that of the Field Crown Hetman . Soon afterward, he was defeated at the Battle of Mątwy , and signed the Agreement of Łęgonice on 21 July, which ended the Lubomirski Rebellion. In October 1667, he achieved another victory over the Cossacks of Petro Doroshenko and their Crimean Tatar allies in the Battle of Podhajce during the Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–71) . This allowed him to regain his image as

1846-544: The Deluge), Sobieski allied himself by 1683 with Leopold I , of the Holy Roman Empire . Both sides promised to come to one's another aid if their capitals were threatened. The alliance was signed by royal representatives on 31 March 1683 and ratified by the Emperor and Polish parliament within weeks. Although aimed directly against the Ottomans and indirectly against France, it had the advantage of gaining internal support for

1917-462: The Great at the most critical period of the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden, and Stanisław placed a small army corps at the disposal of the Swedes and was beaten in Battle of Koniecpol . However, Stanisław depended so entirely on the success of Charles' arms that after the Battle of Poltava (1709), his authority vanished as a dream at the first touch of reality. Stanisław then resided in

1988-441: The Great of Prussia), whence he issued a manifesto to his partisans which resulted in the formation of a confederation on his behalf, and the despatch of a Polish envoy to Paris to urge France to invade Saxony with at least 40,000 men. In Ukraine too, Count Nicholas Potocki kept on foot to support Stanisław a motley host of 50,000 men, which was ultimately scattered by the Russians. On 26 January 1736, Stanisław again abdicated

2059-488: The Lithuanian Pac family ). In light of the war, requiring Sobieski to be on the front lines, the coronation ceremony was significantly delayed – he was crowned John III almost two years later, on 2 February 1676. Though Poland-Lithuania was at that time the largest and one of the most populous states of Europe, Sobieski became a king of a country devastated by almost half a century of constant war. The treasury

2130-568: The Ottoman threat to the south. In the autumn of 1674, he recommenced the war against the Ottomans and managed to recapture a number of cities and fortresses including Bratslav , Mogilev , and Bar , which re-established a strongly fortified line defending Poland's southern border in Ukraine. In 1675, Sobieski defeated a Turkish and Tatar offensive aiming at Lviv . In 1676, the Tatars began

2201-581: The Ottoman threat, an image that became particularly well recognized after his story was told in many works of 19th-century literature. In the Polish Biographical Dictionary he is described as "an individual above his contemporaries, but still one of them"; an oligarch and a magnate, interested in personal wealth and power. His ambitions for the most part were instilled in him by his beloved wife, whom he undoubtedly loved more than any throne (when being forced to divorce her and marry

Jardin Dominique Alexandre Godron - Misplaced Pages Continue

2272-515: The Ottomans in the Battle of Khotyn and capturing the fortress located there. The news of the battle coincided with the death of King Michal the day before the battle. This made Sobieski one of the leading figures of the state, so on 19 May the following year, he was elected monarch of the Commonwealth . His candidacy was almost universally supported, with only a dozen or so members of the diet opposing him (mainly centered around magnates of

2343-465: The Polish husaria cavalry along with Austrians and Germans in a massive charge down the hillside. Soon, the Ottoman battle line was broken and the Ottoman forces scattered in disarray. At 5:30 pm, Sobieski entered the deserted tent of Kara Mustafa and the Battle of Vienna ended. The Pope and other foreign dignitaries hailed Sobieski as the "Savior of Vienna and Western European civilization." In

2414-549: The Polish throne, and after this candidacy fell apart, Philip William, Elector Palatine . Following the election of Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki he joined the opposition faction; he and his allies helped veto several sejms (including the coronation ones), and his attitude once again resulted in him losing popularity among the regular szlachta . While his pro-French stance in politics alienated some, his military victories against invading Tatars in 1671 helped him gain other allies. The year 1672 saw internal politics destabilizing

2485-424: The Russian entrenchments, but was finally compelled to surrender. This was the first time that France and Russia had met as foes in the field. On 30 June 1735, Danzig capitulated unconditionally, after sustaining a siege of 135 days which cost the Russians 8,000 men. Disguised as a peasant, Stanisław had contrived to escape two days before. He reappeared at Königsberg (where he briefly met the future King Frederick

2556-454: The Turks out of Europe. At the beginning of his reign, however, the Polish state was in dire fiscal straits and faced military threats to the north. King Louis XIV of France promised to mediate a truce between the Ottomans and Poland so that Sobieski could focus his attentions on Prussia. The negotiations ended in failure and Sobieski's Baltic goals had to be tempered by the immediate reality of

2627-539: The cities and ordered universal military conscription. In July, the Austrian envoy asked for Polish assistance. Soon afterward, the Polish army started massing for an expedition against the Ottomans, and in August was joined by Bavarians and Saxon allies under Charles of Lorraine . Sobieski's greatest success came in 1683, with his victory at the Battle of Vienna , in joint command of Polish and German troops, against

2698-472: The defense of Poland's southern borders. This was a beginning of what would become the Holy League , championed by Pope Innocent XI to preserve Christendom . Meantime, in the spring of 1683, royal spies uncovered Ottoman preparations for a military campaign. Sobieski feared that the target might be the Polish cities of Lwów and Kraków . To counteract the threat, Sobieski began the fortification of

2769-565: The diplomatic mission of Mikołaj Bieganowski to the Ottoman Empire . There, Sobieski learned the Tatar language and the Turkish language and studied Ottoman military traditions and tactics. It is likely he participated as part of the briefly allied Polish-Tatar forces in the 1655 Battle of Okhmativ . After the start of the Swedish invasion of Poland known as " The Deluge ", John Sobieski

2840-487: The existence of strong internal opposition to Sobieski; however, it changed a number of allegiances, and further opposition was temporarily weakened through the king's successful political maneuvering, including granting the Grand Hetman office to one of the opposition's chief leaders, Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski . Conscious that Poland lacked allies and risked war against most of its neighbours (a situation similar to

2911-429: The former Queen as a condition to gain the throne, he immediately refused the throne) and tended to obey, at times blindly. He failed to reform the ailing Commonwealth, and to secure the throne for his heir. At the same time, he displayed high military prowess, he was well educated and literate, and a patron of science and arts. He supported the astronomer Johannes Hevelius , mathematician Adam Adamandy Kochański and

Jardin Dominique Alexandre Godron - Misplaced Pages Continue

2982-922: The garden during his tenure as director, and now displays horticultural collections in its long, narrow beds. 48°41′41″N 6°11′20″E  /  48.6948°N 6.1890°E  / 48.6948; 6.1890 This Meurthe-et-Moselle geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a garden in France is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Stanis%C5%82aw Leszczy%C5%84ski Stanisław I Leszczyński ( Polish pronunciation: [staˈɲiswaf lɛʂˈt͡ʂɨj̃skʲi] ; Lithuanian : Stanislovas Leščinskis Lithuanian pronunciation: [staˈɲɪsɫɔvas lɛʃˈtʃɪŋskʲɪs] ; French : Stanislas Leczinski French pronunciation: [stanislas lɛɡzɛ̃ski] 20 October 1677 – 23 February 1766), also Anglicized and Latinized as Stanislaus I ,

3053-421: The historian and poet Wespazjan Kochowski . His Wilanów Palace became the first of many palaces that would dot the lands of the Commonwealth over the next two centuries. On 5 July 1665, he married the widow of Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski , Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien (1641–1716), of Nevers , Burgundy, France. Their children were: When he turned to go back to the camp, he discovered that there

3124-484: The humiliating Treaty of Buchach , where the Commonwealth was forced to cede territories to the Ottomans, but promise an annual tribute. Sobieski eventually succeeded in balancing politics and national defense, and a combination of his military victories over the invaders, and successful negotiations at the Sejm in April 1673, led to a compromise in which the court faction dropped its demands and challenges against him. In

3195-535: The invading Ottomans under Kara Mustafa . Upon reaching Vienna on 12 September, with the Ottoman Army close to breaching the walls, Sobieski ordered a full attack. In the early morning, the united army of about 65,000 –76,000 men (including 22,000, –27,000 Poles ) attacked a Turkish force of about 143,000 men. At about 5:00 pm, after observing the infantry battle from the Kahlenberg hilltop, Sobieski led

3266-531: The king of Sweden sent Peter Estenberg to King Stanislaw to act as an ambassador and correspondence secretary. The Polish king's first act was to cement an alliance with Charles XII whereby the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth engaged to assist Sweden against the Russian tsar. Stanisław did what he could to assist his patron. Thus, he induced Ivan Mazepa , the Cossack hetman , to desert Peter

3337-567: The kingship. War broke out almost immediately, evolving into a proxy war between the Bourbon and Habsburg dynasties and their supporters, with the Bourbon faction led by France and Spain , with their allies Sardinia and Sweden, while the Habsburg faction was led by Austria and their allies Russia, Prussia , and Saxony . After two years of fighting across the entire continent, a ceasefire

3408-553: The next four years Poland would blockade the key fortress at Kamenets , and Ottoman Tatars would raid the borderlands . In 1691, Sobieski undertook another expedition to Moldavia , with slightly better results, but still with no decisive victories. Although the King spent much time on the battlefields, which could suggest a good state of health, towards the end of his life he became seriously and increasingly ill. King John III Sobieski died in Wilanów , Poland on 17 June 1696 from

3479-592: The philosophical faculty of the University of Kraków in 1646. After finishing his studies, John and his brother Marek Sobieski left for western Europe, where he spent more than two years travelling. They visited Leipzig , Antwerp , Paris , London , Leiden , and The Hague . During that time, he met influential contemporary figures such as Louis II de Bourbon , Charles II of England and William II, Prince of Orange , and learned French, German , and Italian, in addition to Latin . Both brothers returned to

3550-513: The position of the chorąży koronny (Standard-bearer of the Crown). During the three-day-long battle of Warsaw of 1656, Sobieski commanded a 2,000-man strong regiment of Tatar cavalry. He took part in a number of engagements over the next two years, including the Siege of Toruń in 1658. In 1659, he was elected a deputy to the Sejm (Polish parliament), and was one of the Polish negotiators of

3621-482: The pro-French faction, which, in turn, resulted in the cooling down of the Polish-French relations. During the Sejm of 1683, the French ambassador was expelled for involvement with a plan to dethrone Sobieski, which definitely marked the end of the Polish-French alliance. At the same time Sobieski made peace with the pro-Habsburg faction and started to gravitate towards an alliance with Austria. This did not end

SECTION 50

#1732780037646

3692-578: The repair of the country and strengthening of the royal authority. Sobieski managed to reform the Polish army completely. The army was reorganised into regiments, the infantry finally dropped pikes , replacing them with battle-axes , and the Polish cavalry adopted hussar and dragoon formations. Sobieski also greatly increased the number of cannon and introduced new artillery tactics. Sobieski wanted to conquer Prussia with Swedish troops and French support. Regaining control of this autonomous province

3763-477: The second time. However, Russia was opposed to any nominee of France and Sweden. Russia protested against his election at once, in favor of the new Elector of Saxony, son of the late king, as being the candidate of her Austrian ally. On 30 June 1734, a Russian army of 20,000 under Peter Lacy , after proclaiming Frederick Augustus II of Saxony as king in Warsaw, proceeded to besiege Stanisław at Danzig , where he

3834-483: The throne but received in compensation the duchies of Lorraine and of Bar , which was to revert to France on his death. In 1738, he sold his estates of Rydzyna and Leszno to Count (later Prince) Alexander Joseph Sułkowski . He settled at Lunéville where he held court at the Château de Lunéville , which became a centre of the arts and culture, drawing a number of personalities of the enlightenment including Madame Émilie du Châtelet . In Nancy in 1750 he founded both

3905-511: The town of Rydzyna . The vast majority of Poles hastened to repudiate Stanisław and make their peace with Augustus. Henceforth a mere pensioner of Charles XII, Stanisław accompanied Krassow 's army corps in its retreat to Swedish Pomerania . On the restoration of Augustus , Stanisław abdicated the Polish Crown (though he retained the royal title) in exchange for the little Principality of Palatine Zweibrücken . In 1716, an assassination

3976-455: The war against the Ottoman Empire and established himself as a leading figure in Poland and Lithuania . In 1674, he was elected monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth following the sudden and unexpected death of King Michael . Sobieski's 22-year reign marked a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of previous conflicts. Popular among his subjects, he

4047-541: The year 1672, the Polish-Lithuanian Tatars rose up in open rebellion against the Commonwealth. This was the widely remembered Lipka rebellion . Thanks to the efforts of Sobieski, who was held in great esteem by the Tatar soldiers, many of the Lipkas seeking asylum and service in the Ottoman Army returned to his command. On 11 November 1673, Sobieski added a major victory to his list, this time defeating

4118-599: Was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death in 1696. Born into Polish nobility , Sobieski was educated at the Jagiellonian University and toured Europe in his youth. As a soldier and later commander, he fought in the Khmelnytsky Uprising , the Russo-Polish War and during the Swedish invasion known as the Deluge . Sobieski demonstrated his military prowess during

4189-408: Was almost empty and the court had little to offer the powerful magnates, who often allied themselves with foreign courts rather than the state. Sobieski had a number of long-term plans, including establishing his own dynasty in the Commonwealth, regaining lost territories, and strengthening the country through various reforms. One of his ambitions was to unify Christian Europe in a crusade to drive

4260-489: Was among the Greater Polish regiments led by Krzysztof Opaliński , Palatine of Poznań which capitulated at Ujście , and swore allegiance to King Charles X Gustav of Sweden . However, around late March 1656, he abandoned their side, returning to the side of Polish king John II Casimir Vasa , enlisting under the command of hetmans Stefan Czarniecki and Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski . By 26 May 1656, he received

4331-550: Was an able military leader, most famously for his victory over the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. The defeated Ottomans named Sobieski the "Lion of Lechistan ", and the Pope hailed him as the saviour of Western Christendom . Suffering from poor health and obesity in later life, Sobieski died in 1696 and was buried at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków . He was succeeded by Augustus II of Poland and Saxony . John Sobieski

SECTION 60

#1732780037646

4402-407: Was another man up on this hill, a stone's throw away: some kind of monk or holy man, perhaps, as he was dressed in a rough sackcloth robe, with no finery. But then the bloke whipped out a sword. It was not one of your needle-thin rapiers, such as fops pushed at each other in the streets of London and Paris, but some kind of relic of the Crusades, a two-handed production with a single crossbar instead of

4473-462: Was attempted by a Saxon officer, Lacroix, but Stanisław was saved by Stanisław Poniatowski (father of the future king Stanisław II August ). Forced to leave Deux-Ponts in 1719 after the death of Charles XII in whose name he was Count Palatine , Stanisław Leszczyński then resided at Wissembourg in Alsace . In 1725, he had the satisfaction of seeing his daughter Maria become queen consort of Louis XV of France. From 1725 to 1733, Stanisław lived at

4544-448: Was born in 1762. In his last years, his close friend, the Hungarian-born Marshal of France Ladislas Ignace de Bercheny lived on his estate to provide company. Leszczyński died aged 88 in 1766 as a result of serious burns – his silk attire had caught fire from a spark while the King was asleep near the fireplace in his palace in Lunéville on 5 February. He was medically treated for several days but died of wounds on 23 February. He

4615-602: Was born on 17 August 1629, in Olesko , now in Ukraine, then part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to a renowned noble family de Sobieszyn Sobieski of Janina coat of arms . His father, Jakub Sobieski , was the Voivode of Ruthenia and Castellan of Kraków ; his mother, Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz was a granddaughter of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski . John Sobieski spent his childhood in Żółkiew . After graduating from Bartłomiej Nowodworski College in Kraków in 1643, young John Sobieski then graduated from

4686-436: Was declared in 1735. Stanislaus officially abdicated in January 1736, and the Peace of Vienna was promulgated in 1738, whereby Augustus III was officially recognized as King of Poland, and Stanisław was compensated for losing the throne a second time with the duchies of Bar and Lorraine , both of which were nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire at the time. While Duke of Lorraine, Stanisław lived out his remaining years at

4757-431: Was entrenched with his partisans (including the Primate and the French and Swedish ministers) to await the relief that had been promised by France. The siege began in October 1734. On 17 March 1735, Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich superseded Peter Lacy , and on 20 May 1735 the long-expected French fleet appeared and disembarked 2,400 men on Westerplatte . A week later, this little army gallantly attempted to force

4828-410: Was hostile towards the Swedes. Leszczyński was a young man of blameless antecedents, respectable talents, and came from an ancient family, but certainly without sufficient force of character or political influence to sustain himself on so unstable a throne. Nevertheless, with the assistance of a bribing fund and an army corps, the Swedes succeeded in procuring his election by a scratch assembly of half

4899-401: Was in the Commonwealth's best interest, and Sobieski also hoped for it to become part of his family domain. To this end he made the secret Treaty of Jaworów (1675), but he achieved nothing. The wars with the Ottoman Empire were not decisively won by the Commonwealth, the ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia made treaties with France , Prussia defeated the Swedish invasion , and Sobieski's plans for

4970-467: Was the longest living Polish king. Originally buried in the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours, Nancy , following the French Revolution his remains were brought back to Poland and buried in the royal tomb of the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków . His wife also suffered many miscarriages. Loosely based on an incident of King Stanisław's life are the play Le faux Stanislas written by the Frenchman Alexandre Vincent Pineu-Duval in 1808, transformed into

5041-440: Was twice King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , and at various times Prince of Deux-Ponts , Duke of Bar and Duke of Lorraine . During the Great Northern War , multiple candidates had emerged after the death of John III Sobieski for the elective kingship of Poland (which also included the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as part of the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth ). Backed by powerful neighbors in Russia and Austria ,

#645354