70-545: Jasrat ( c. 1375 – 1442; also known as Jasrath ) was a 15th-century Punjabi Muslim ruler of Sialkot from 1410 until his death in 1442. Jasrat along with his father Shaikha opposed Tamerlane during his invasion of Delhi Sultanate in 1398. He was defeated and made captive but regained his power after getting free. Jasrat supported Shahi Khan against Ali Shah in the Kashmir Civil War (1419–1420) and obtained significant spoils after his victory in
140-731: A 15th century Dogri poem , this event took place at the bank of a river in Jammu. By the time of his death, Jasrat had succeeded in conquering most of Punjab and Jammu, and ruled over Duggar , including region from Sirmur in Himachal Pradesh to Shivalik ( Murree Hills ) in Potohar , and north -central Punjab . He also constructed or re-fortified several forts in the region under his rule, including Ramkot , Pharwala , Rawat , Baghsar and Throchi . His descendants, however, could not keep control over his conquered regions and lost them to
210-449: A brave warrior and a reckless adventurer, who led more than a dozen campaigns against Delhi sultanate but lacked sufficient resources and political support within the sultanate to conquer it. Punjabi Muslims Europe North America Oceania Punjabi Muslims are Punjabis who are adherents of Islam . With a population of more than 112 million, they are the third-largest predominantly Islam-adhering Muslim ethnicity in
280-469: A brutal invasion of Delhi sultanate in 1398. Lahore had been under control of Shaikha Khokhar since 1394, who resisted Timur but was defeated and killed. Afterwards, Timur plundered Delhi and massacred its inhabitants. Tughlaq power crumbled and resulted in nobles asserting formal independence. In 1414 the Tughlaq dynasty was itself replaced by Sayyid dynasty of Khizr Khan , a Punjabi chieftain. Much of
350-435: A large amount of wealth and arms from him. Following conquest of Jammu, Manik Dev was appointed as new Raja. After the invasion of Jammu, Jasrat raised a contingent of Mongol mercenaries and sacked Dipalpur and plundered suburbs of Lahore, after which he returned with bounty to his domains as usual. In August 1428, Jasrat again marched against Delhi sultanate. He besieged Kalanor , and completely sacked Jalandhar. However, he
420-613: A large army against Jasrat and other rebels. Jasrat raised the siege of Lahore in July and left for Tilhar, although Jalandhar became part of his domains. Later, when the governor of Lahore Allahdad Kaka invaded Jasrat's territories in 1432 to re-gain charge of Jalandhar he was defeated at Bajwara and fled. In 1431, Sikander Tohfa allied with Jasrat against the Afghans who had firmly based themselves at Sirhind. Jasrat and Sikander easily captured Sirhind, but Afghans had already left and moved to
490-606: A skirmish with British colonial forces while inflicting heavy losses to the British. Punjabi Muslims, classified as a " martial race " by the British colonialists, made a substantial part of the British Indian Army , British academic David Omissi calling them the single largest group in both World Wars, at the eve of World War II accounting for around 29% of its total numbers. Due to these reasons, another British academic, Kate Imy, writes that "Punjabi Muslims were
560-521: A thorn in the flesh of Delhi Sultans for many years. His invasions had proved disastrous for the Sayyid dynasty, and his neutrality and subsequent death in 1442 facilitated the establishment of Lodi dynasty in 1451 to some extent. A Dogri language historic novel "Veer Jasrath Khokhar" is based on his life. In Punjab, he is seen favourably due to his resistance against Timur and Delhi sultans. The historian K. S. Lal , after analysing his career, calls Jasrat
630-582: Is a wide range of folk songs for every occasion from birth to death including marriage, festivals, fairs and religious ceremonies. Punjabi Muslims are found almost exclusively in Pakistan with 98% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India. Thus religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Sunni population with Shia , Ahmadiyya and Christian minorities. While
700-514: Is centered around the concept of biraderi ( برادری ), social brotherhood within the tribe and clan. The major tribes and clans among Punjabi Muslims are the Jats , Rajputs , Arains , Ansari , Sheikh , Gujjars and Awans . In his 1911-book The Armies of India , British major Sir George Fletcher MacMunn would write that Muslims of Punjab "are of many mixed races, but who largely consist of Rajput tribes converted to Islam at various times in
770-412: Is considered a folk hero of Punjab. Although Firishta mistakenly calls Jasrat a Gakhar , he is generally believed by historians to be a Khokhar instead. He was born to a local chieftain, Shaikha in c. 1375 , during a time when Delhi Sultanate was in decline due to civil war among members of Tughlaq dynasty . In historical accounts, Jasrat has also been called as Jasrat Shaikha, hence
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#1732780063783840-538: Is famous for its rich literature of qisse , most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiban by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassui Punnhun by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892). In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred
910-496: Is known about early life of Jasrat. He first came to prominence during the invasion of Tamerlane in 1398–99. Jasrat opposed him with a force of 2,000 at river Sutlej between Tulamba and Dipalpur , but was defeated and made captive, later being taken to Samarkand . Shaikha was also killed by Tamerlane when he captured Lahore. Timur then proceeded to sack Delhi , and brutally massacred its citizens. Jasrat managed to escape and returned to Punjab after Tamerlane died in 1405. With
980-641: The ghazal for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the Kafi . Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing with other compositions. Sufi music and Qawali , commonly practiced in Punjab, Pakistan ; are other important genres in the Punjab region. Folk music of Punjab is the traditional music of Punjab produced using traditional musical instruments like Tumba , Algoza , Dhadd , Sarangi , Chimta and more. There
1050-813: The Bahawalpur state , then under Daudpotra Nawabs, remained independent from Sikh regime. With Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, Sikh power declined. After suffering defeat in the Anglo-Sikh wars , their territory was annexed in 1849 by the British East India Company. Views of the Sikh Empire rule, are mixed amongst different Punjabi Muslim groups. Ranjit Singh is seen favourably by a section of Punjabi activists in Pakistan but remains overall largely negative. The mid 19th-century Punjabi Muslim historians, such as Shahamat Ali who experienced
1120-662: The Khokhar clan, who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately became the power holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had acquired. Francesca Orsini and Samira Sheikh have presented a similar view in their work. After his accession to the throne, Khizr Khan appointed Malik-us-Sharq Tuhfa as his wazir and he was given the title of Taj-ul-Mulk and he remained in office until 1421. The fiefs of Muzaffarnagar and Saharanpur were given to Sayyid Salim. Abdur Rahman received
1190-636: The Lodi dynasty by 1470. By the time of invasion of Babur in 1526, they had lost Potohar as well to the Gakhars . Like sultans of Kashmir, Jasrat also married into the Dogra Dev dynasty of Jammu. He married the daughter of Bhim Dev's successor, Manakdeo (Manik Dev) as well. Raja Manik Dev's two other daughters were married to Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir, and became mothers of his sons Haider Shah and Hasan Shah . In this way, he had matrimonial ties with
1260-528: The Ravi River . After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours, the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island, they were defeated by Nicholson in the Battle of Trimmu Ghat . However, the main opponent of British rule in Punjab was Rai Ahmad Khan from Kharral clan who waged war against it for three months in central Punjab. He was killed on 21 September 1857 in
1330-610: The Rohtas fort in the region. Gakhar chiefs such as Kamal Khan were part of Mughal nobility when Humayun regained Delhi after defeating Sur dynasty in the Second Battle of Panipat . According to the Ain-i-Akbari written during the reign of Akbar , Punjab region was divided into Lahore and Multan provinces . Muslims had majority in southern Punjab by the 16th century, and a definitive Punjabi identity had formed as
1400-507: The 12th century to the 19th century, many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language, the most prominent being Bulleh Shah . Punjabi Sufi poetry also developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1630–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), Waris Shah (1722–1798), Saleh Muhammad Safoori (1747–1826), Mian Muhammad Baksh (1830–1907) and Khwaja Ghulam Farid (1845–1901). The Punjabi language
1470-573: The Battle of Thanna . In 1423 he conquered Jammu after defeating its Raja , Bhim Dev. Encouraged by the early victories, Jasrat aimed for Delhi and invaded the Delhi Sultanate several times between 1421 and 1432. Although he was mostly unsuccessful in these campaigns, Jasrat managed to expand his control over most of Punjab and Jammu as well as parts of present-day Himachal Pradesh . He, along with Dulla Bhatti and Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal ,
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#17327800637831540-684: The Hindu Varna social class hierarchy, such as Jats , who were known to Muslims as Zutt . The tribes of the Bar region would be contacted by Sufi mystics like Fariduddin Ganjshakar over the centuries and converted to Islam, albeit a syncretic form. Gakhars of the Pothohar plateau were noted for their martial capabilities and gradually converted to Islam. In 1161, the Ghurids conquered
1610-524: The Khalji rule. With the support of various factions including Khokhars, he established the Tughlaq dynasty . Some of the earliest mentions of Punjabi language date to this period. By the late 14th century, the Tughlaq dynasty had declined, and the sultanate was divided among various warlords. The city of Lahore was intermittently captured by Khokhars. Taking advantage of the prevailing anarchy, Timur led
1680-532: The Lower Rachna and Sindh Sagar Doabs under their chief Inayatullah Khan (r.1747–1787). However, Sikhs , who originated in central Punjab, gradually expanded westwards. Owing to their superior European-style military training and discipline, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh not only gained control of most of Punjab but also conquered Kashmir (1818), Multan (1818) and Peshawar (1833) from Durrani Afghans. Only
1750-522: The Mughal Empire. Mughal authority in Punjab remained in the hands of Nawabs who gave nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor in Delhi; however it collapsed in Punjab after Mir Mannu died in 1753. Last Nawab of Punjab, Adina Beg was a Punjabi Arain who attempted to make Punjab independent. After his untimely death in 1758, Ahmad Shah Durrani directly annexed the region. Punjab suffered from
1820-534: The Mughal standard with Persian legends. Historian Robina Yasmin, on the other hand, argues against the stereotypical narratives of claimed anti-Muslim oppression by the Sikh Empire. After researching contemporary sources held in the Fakir Khana archives in Pakistan and England, she concluded that the Sikh rulers were secular and allowed their Muslim subjects to freely practice their religion. She also points out
1890-588: The Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, Baisakhi , the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then
1960-585: The Punjabi Muslim poet Shah Mohammad viewed Anglo-Sikh wars as war between the Punjab and Hind (India). During colonial period, communal identity superseded regional one, and Punjabi Muslims increasingly disowned Punjabi language in the favour of Urdu in Persian script. During the colonial era, the practice of religious syncretism among Punjabi Muslims and Punjabi Hindus was noted and documented by officials in census reports: "In other parts of
2030-483: The Sikh Empire first hand, presented a different view on Ranjit Singh's empire and governance. According to Ali, Ranjit Singh's government was despotic, and he was a mean monarch in contrast to the Mughals. His account portrays Ranjit Singh as leading his Khalsa army's "insatiable appetite for plunder", their desire for "fresh cities to pillage", and eliminating the Mughal era "revenue intercepting intermediaries between
2100-474: The Sultan's character whose moral qualities were those of a descendant of Muhammad. Abraham Eraly is of the opinion that Khizr Khan's ancestors were likely descendants of an Arab family who had long ago settled in region of Multan during the early Tughluq period, but he doubts his Sayyid lineage. According to Richard M. Eaton and oriental scholar Simon Digby , Khizr Khan was a Punjabi chieftain belonging to
2170-456: The alliance of sultan Sikandar Shah Miri of Kashmir, he re-established his control over northern Punjab . He was sent by Sultan Sikander to sack the city of Jammu during the reign of its Raja , Pala Deo (Pala Dev), and spent next few years quietly, consolidating his control over Bhimber and Pothohar . In 1420, a civil war erupted between Sultan of Kashmir , Ali Shah and the claimant to throne Shahi Khan. Ali Shah defeated Shahi Khan with
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2240-462: The allied army reached Srinagar , dispute occurred between Shahi Khan and Jasrat as the latter intended to annex Kashmir into his own kingdom. Ultimately, both reached a friendship treaty according to which Shahi Khan would supply money and men to Jasrat for his conquest of Punjab. With the help of Jasrat, Shahi Khan was enthroned as sultan Zain-ul-Abidin . In 1414, the Tughlaq dynasty was replaced by dynasty of Khizr Khan . However, he could not stop
2310-578: The city of Ghazni, forcing the Ghaznavids to shift their capital to Lahore. Soon, however, Muhammad Ghori invaded Punjab as well, and conquered Lahore and Multan in 1186, marking end of the Ghaznavids. In 1206, he was assassinated at Damiak by Isma'ilis or Punjabi Khokhars . One of his Mamluk slaves, Qutb ud-Din Aibak , established the Delhi Sultanate , with Lahore being the first capital of
2380-660: The decline of the sultanate. Jasrat envisioned to conquer Delhi, and after death of Khizr Khan in May 1421, crossed Ravi . He successively conquered Ludhiana and Jalandhar and proceeded to besiege Sirhind . In October 1421, Sultan Mubarak Shah marched against Jasrat, who after a skirmish at Rupar , retreated to his kingdom. Due to his old enmity with Jasrat, Raja of Jammu Bhim Dev greatly aided Mubarak Shah during his war. Bhim Dev also destroyed Jasrat's stronghold of Tilhar at Rajouri in January 1422. In May 1422, Jasrat again invaded
2450-801: The eight invasions of the Durrani Afghans between 1748 and 1767, which ravaged the region. During these centuries of Mughal rule, Punjabi Muslims established great institutions of Islamic civilization in cities and towns such as Lahore and Sialkot. Punjabi Muslim scholars were "in high demand", teaching the Islamic sciences as far as Central Asia , in cities such as Bukhara , even being considered there as Awliya' within their lifetimes. The Kamboh clan of Lahore also produced many notable scholars and administrators. Other influential Muslim scholars born in Punjab during Mughal era include Abdul Hakim Sialkoti and Ahmad Sirhindi . Between 1761 and 1799,
2520-482: The events of both have been sometimes confused. In the late 14th century, Khokhars controlled the territory between Salt Range ( Kuh-i-Jud ) and Sirmur in Himachal Pradesh, and were usually in a state of conflict with the Delhi sultans as well as neighbouring rulers in Kashmir and Jammu. Owing to the anarchy prevailing in the Delhi Sultanate, Shaikha conquered Lahore as well from the Tughlaq sultans in 1394. Little
2590-471: The fact that during the reign of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, there was never a single case of rebellion against the Sikh authorities by Muslims. She further claims any beliefs of maltreatment of Muslims is based upon misunderstandings of the condition of the Muslim community during the Sikh Empire. Before British annexation of Punjab, the consciousness of a Punjabi identity was at its zenith. Writing in 1840s,
2660-450: The fiefs of Multan and Fatehpur. In 1414, an army led by Taj-ul-Mulk was sent to suppress the rebellion of Har Singh, the Raja of Katehar . Raja fled to the forests but finally was compelled to surrender and agree to pay tributes in future. In July 1416 an army led by Taj-ul-Mulk was sent to Bayana and Gwalior where it plundered the peasants in the name of realising the amount equivalent to
2730-418: The help of Bhim Dev, Raja of Jammu and his father-in-law, and expelled him from Kashmir . Shahi Khan went to Sialkot to ask Jasrat for help, who decided to support him. Hearing this, Ali Shah marched with his army to Sialkot. The two sides met at Thanna and in the ensuing battle, Ali Shah's army was routed and he was himself killed by Jasrat. This battle greatly increased the prestige and wealth of Jasrat. When
2800-694: The hills. There many of them, including Bahlol Khan Lodi 's relatives, were massacred by both and others were made captives. After 1436, Jasrat fought battles against the Lodi chief Bahlol Khan, who had re-established himself at Sirhind by bringing all Afghans under his banner. The alliance of Jasrat and Sikander saw success as Bahlol Khan was compelled to retreat towards the Siwalik foothills . But when Muhammad Shah left Delhi to invade Jasrat's domains in 1441 and appointed Bahlol Khan as governor of Sirhind to combat him, he made peace with Bahlol and advised him to capture
2870-610: The holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus." The news of the Rebellion of 1857 reached Punjab quite late. Jhelum in Punjab saw a rebellion in which 35 British soldiers were killed on 7 July 1857. Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of Colonel William Spring . On 9 July, most of the brigade of sepoys at Sialkot rebelled and began to move to Delhi. They were intercepted by John Nicholson with an equal British force as they tried to cross
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2940-485: The inhabitants of Punjab started to be addressed as Punjabis by the outsiders during 17th century. Several Punjabi Muslims rose to high ranks during Mughal period, such as Grand Vizier (Prime Minister) Saadullah Khan (1645–1656). He belonged to the Thaheem clan of Chiniot . Saadullah Khan oversaw construction of several Mughal monuments including Taj Mahal under the supervision of architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori , who
3010-578: The lower middle echelons and the artisan classes, the Ahrar's having a diversity of Islamic schools but generally subscribed to a Deobandi interpretation with an Islamic socialist approach as well. During the Partition of 1947 , millions also migrated from East Punjab to West Punjab to escape violence from Hindu and Sikh militias. After independence, Bengalis formed the majority ethnicity of Pakistan , followed by Punjabis. After 1971, Punjabis became
3080-409: The majority ethnicity. Sufism has also played a major role in the history of Punjab . Many prominent Sufi saints were born in Punjab, including Fariduddin Ganjshakar , Waris Shah and Bulleh Shah . Punjabi Muslims had a major contribution in the development of Punjabi language . Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1179–1266) is recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language. Roughly from
3150-646: The past." Khizr Khan Khizr Khan (reigned 28 May 1414 – 20 May 1421) was the founder of the Sayyid dynasty , the fourth ruling dynasty of the Delhi sultanate , in northern India soon after the invasion of Timur and the fall of the Tughlaq dynasty . Khizr Khan was Governor of Multan under the Tughlaq ruler, Firuz Shah Tughlaq , and was known to be an able administrator. He did not take up any royal title due to fear of invasion by Amir Timur (better known historically as Tamerlane ) and contended himself with
3220-623: The peasant-cultivator and the treasury". As a symbolic assertion of power, the Sikhs regularly desecrated Muslim places of worship, including closing of the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar and the conversion of the Bad shahi Mosque in Lahore to an ammunition store and horse stable, but the empire still maintained Persian administrative institutions and court etiquette; the Sikh silver rupees were minted on
3290-619: The power struggle within the sultanate. The strongest opposition to Delhi sultanate in Punjab was offered by Jasrat. He spent two decades fighting against Delhi sultans whilst keeping most of Punjab independent from their rule. According to the Tareekh-i-Mubarak Shahi of 15th century historian Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi , Jasrat aspired to capture the throne of Delhi. Sirhindi further adds that in spite of repeated failure, his spirit remained high, and he continued to be
3360-587: The processions of Tazias , in Muharram , with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of Sabils (shelters where water and sharbat are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the Chiraghan fair of Shalamar (Lahore) are no doubt practices answering to
3430-562: The region around Lahore in Punjab. In 1525, the Mughal emperor Babur invaded Delhi Sultanate and conquered it by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat . The Gakhars of Potohar remained loyal to the house of Babur after Sher Shah Suri overthrew the Mughals under Humayun . This caused Sher Shah Suri to invade Pothohar and the local chief Sarang Khan died fighting against him. However, Gakhars continued their resistance, even after Sher Shah Suri's minister Todar Mal constructed
3500-464: The region via missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the Punjab region thereby becoming the faith of many by the 16th century. This contributed to the formation of a Punjabi Muslim identity. At the advent of Islam in the seventh century, Punjab was part of Takka kingdom . By then, Buddhism had declined in Punjab after the fall of the Kushans , and had largely disappeared by
3570-564: The rulers of Jammu and Kashmir. Jasrat also maintained good relations with the custodians of the Shrine of Baba Farid , with whom Khokhars had a close political alliance. One of his daughters was married to the then custodian and a descendant of Baba Farid , Shiekh Faizullah. Jasrat was a vital ally for sultan Zain-ul-Abidin, and took shelter in the Kashmir valley several times during his campaigns in Punjab. After 1432, he undertook only two further campaigns against Delhi sultans, and became neutral in
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#17327800637833640-566: The south Indian kingdom of Mysore was ruled by Hyder Ali , stated to be a Punjabi adventurer in the army of Mysore, and his son Tipu Sultan . Tipu Sultan, who is widely hailed as a freedom fighter in South Asia, led Mysore during Anglo-Mysore Wars and also pioneered modern rocketry . Ahmad Shah Durrani and his successors failed to maintain control of Punjab except in Attock, Kasur and Multan where large Afghan colonies were based. Punjab
3710-519: The sultanate and this time besieged Lahore, but was unable to take it by storm. With the help of Raja Bhim, Delhi army invaded his domains and Jasrat again retreated in September 1422. Due to the support Bhim Dev had been providing to the Delhi sultanate, Jasrat invaded Jammu in April 1423 and ravaged the region. Bhim Dev was killed in a battle and Jasrat married one of his daughters, as well as captured
3780-457: The sultanate. The early period of the Delhi Sultanate saw several Mongol invasions of Punjab . Ultimately, Mongols were defeated during the rule of the Khalji dynasty . Islam became firmly established in Punjab during the era of Delhi Sultanate, and tribes like Khokhars played an important role in the inter-dynastic struggle. In 1320, Ghazi Malik , the former governor of Multan, rebelled against
3850-517: The system of dyarchy. It provided for the constitution of Punjab Legislative Assembly of 175 members presided by a Speaker and an executive government responsible to the Assembly. The Unionist Party under a Punjabi Muslim, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan formed the government in 1937. Sir Sikandar was succeeded by Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana in 1942 who remained the Premier till partition in 1947. Although
3920-653: The term of the Assembly was five years, the Assembly continued for about eight years and its last sitting was held on 19 March 1945. During the 1930s and the 1940s, the Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam , an anti-colonial Islamist political party founded in 1929 as an offshoot of the Khilafat Movement and a close collaborator of the Indian National Congress , became the dominant political force among Punjabi Muslims, especially among
3990-549: The throne of Delhi for himself. Unlike Jasrat, who was viewed as an outsider by Delhi nobles, Bahlol was a part of the nobility and had better prospect of gaining the throne of Delhi. In return of his support, Bahlol ceded the region between Chenab and Jhelum ( Chaj Doab ) to Jasrat and agreed to not interfere in his territories. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin acted as witness to the peace treaty between both. Jasrat died in 1442, said by some historians to have been murdered by his Dogri queen to avenge her father Bhim Dev's death. According to
4060-441: The time of Sayyid Sultans was spent in fighting against Jasrat , who was the most formidable opponent of Delhi sultans in Punjab. South Punjab became independent from Delhi when Langah Sultanate broke away in 1445. The rulers of medieval Gujarat Sultanate in western India are also described as having Punjabi Khatri origins. By the early 16th century, the Lodi dynasty which succeeded Sayyids had control over little more than
4130-466: The titles of Rayat-i-Ala (Sublime Banners) and Masnad-i-Aali or (Most High Post). During his reign, coins were continued to be struck in the name of previous Tughlaq rulers. After his death on 20 May 1421, he was succeeded by his son Mubarak Khan , who took the title of Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah . A contemporary writer Yahya Sirhindi says in his Takhrikh-i-Mubarak Shahi that Khizr Khan
4200-422: The total population of Punjab is 127 million as noted in the 2023 Pakistan census , ethnic Punjabis comprise approximately 44.7% of the national population. Ethnic Punjabis, that is, discounting the local Kashmiris , Pashtuns and Baloch residents, thus number approximately 111,303,000 million in Pakistan; this makes Punjabis the largest ethnic group in Pakistan by population. Punjabi Muslim society
4270-558: The true backbone of the Indian Army." However, there was also a history of popular resistance from Punjabi Muslims against British colonialism, including during the 1857 Indian Rebellion with the likes of Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal, facts which historian Turab-ul-Hassan Sargana says have been undermined because the elites of Punjab who collaborated with the British are those who still rule Pakistan today. The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy to Punjab replacing
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#17327800637834340-406: The turn of the 10th century. Several scholars have identified Takka kingdom with the kingdom of al-Usaifan , whose king is reported by al-Biladhuri to have converted to Islam during the reign of Caliph al-Mu'tasim ( r. 833–842 ). However, Islam as a political power got introduced via southern Punjab only after the 8th century Umayyad conquest of Sindh . The first Muslim state in Punjab
4410-413: The various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 16th century CE. However, Punjab as a linguistic, geographical and cultural entity had existed for centuries prior. Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. Islam spread in
4480-594: The world, after Arabs and Bengalis . The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of Sunni Islam , while a minority adhere to Shia Islam . Most of them are primarily geographically native to the Pakistani province of Punjab , but a large group of them have ancestry across the Punjab region as a whole. Punjabi Muslims speak or identify with the Punjabi language (under a Perso-Arabic script known as Shahmukhi ) as their mother tongue . The coalescence of
4550-462: Was a descendant of Muhammad . Members of the dynasty derived their title, Sayyid (a title of descendants of Muhammad), based on the claim that they belonged to his lineage through his daughter Fatima . However, Yahya Sirhindi based his conclusions on unsubstantial evidence, the first being a casual recognition by Sayyid Jalaluddin Bukhari of Uch Sharif of his Sayyid heritage, and the second being
4620-473: Was also from Punjab, and led the Mughal army to Balkh in 1646 during Shah Jahan's war against the Safavids in the region. Wazir Khan of Chiniot was also a grand vizier in the early Shah Jahani era. The death of Aurangzeb in 1707, began the decline of Mughal power in the 18th century. Between 1712 and 1719, Barhas , a dynasty of kingmakers of peasant origins from Punjab, exercised de facto control over
4690-423: Was defeated by Delhi armies, Jasrat again invaded the sultanate in 1431. He conquered Jalandhar and defeated Sikander Tohfa, taking him away as captive. Sikander was released after paying heavy ransom. Jasrat next besieged Lahore for several months during 1431–32. By this time, the influence of Delhi Sultanate had diminished in Punjab, and the region was in the hands of rebels. By February 1432, Mubarak Shah moved with
4760-569: Was defeated by governor of Lahore Sikander Tohfa at the bank of river Beas near Kangra and retreated to Tilhar, leaving the war spoils back. This failure disappointed Jasrat, who realised that he lacked sufficient power to conquer Delhi. Thus, he started negotiations with Shaikh Ali, the Timurid governor of Kabul . However, when Shaikh Ali ultimately invaded Punjab in 1430, Jasrat did not aid him, although many other Khokhar leaders, including his nephew Khajeka had joined Shaikh Ali. After Shaikh Ali
4830-400: Was divided into petty Muslim and Sikh chieftancies. The situation remained as such till Ranjit Singh took Lahore in 1799. The two important Punjabi Muslim states that existed in 18th century Punjab were those of the Sials and the Gakhars. Gakhars under Sultan Muqarrab Khan (r.1738–1769) established rule over Potohar and the Chaj Doab whilst the Sials with their capital at Jhang conquered
4900-470: Was the Emirate of Multan , established in 855 after the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate . In the 11th century, Muslim conquered northern Punjab after the defeat of the native Hindu Shahis by the Ghaznavids . The city of Lahore emerged as a thriving city, rivalling Ghazni and effectively acted as a second capital of the empire. In Punjab, conversion to Islam occurred mostly amongst pastoralist or agricultural groups that were not integrated into
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