Misplaced Pages

#561438

19-648: Bad Bevensen is the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Bevensen-Ebstorf . Incorporated into the municipality are the villages of Gollern, Groß Hesebeck, Jastorf, Klein Bünstorf, Klein Hesebeck, Medingen, Röbbel, Sasendorf and Seedorf. Jastorf is situated some 3 kilometres (2 miles) south of the town center. It is the site of an Iron Age cemetery which gave the name of the Jastorf culture . In

38-422: A category of apportionment rules , i.e. algorithms for allocating seats in a legislative body among multiple groups (e.g. parties or federal states ). The quota methods begin by calculating an entitlement (basic number of seats) for each party, by dividing their vote totals by an electoral quota (a fixed number of votes needed to win a seat, as a unit). Then, leftover seats, if any are allocated by rounding up

57-422: A district. The following example allocates 10 seats using the largest-remainder method by Droop quota. It is easy for a voter to understand how the largest remainder method allocates seats. Moreover, the largest remainder method satisfies the quota rule (each party's seats are equal to its ideal share of seats, either rounded up or rounded down) and was designed to satisfy that criterion. However, this comes at

76-576: Is called Hamilton 's method , and is the third-most common apportionment rule worldwide (after Jefferson's method and Webster's method ). Despite their intuitive definition, quota methods are generally disfavored by social choice theorists as a result of apportionment paradoxes . In particular, the largest remainder methods exhibit the no-show paradox , i.e. voting for a party can cause it to lose seats. The largest remainders methods are also vulnerable to spoiler effects and can fail resource or house monotonicity , which says that increasing

95-477: Is first allocated a number of seats equal to their integer. This will generally leave some remainder seats unallocated. To apportion these seats, the parties are then ranked on the basis of their fractional remainders, and the parties with the largest remainders are each allocated one additional seat until all seats have been allocated. This gives the method its name - largest remainder. Largest remainder methods produces similar results to single transferable vote or

114-513: Is in part responsible for the extreme complexity of administering elections by quota-based rules like the single transferable vote (see counting single transferable votes ). The Alabama paradox is when an increase in the total number of seats leads to a decrease in the number of seats allocated to a certain party. In the example below, when the number of seats to be allocated is increased from 25 to 26, parties D and E end up with fewer seats, despite their entitlements increasing. With 25 seats,

133-507: Is more generous to less-popular parties and the Droop quota to more-popular parties. Specifically, the Hare quota is unbiased in the number of seats it hands out, and so is more proportional than the Droop quota (which tends to give more seats to larger parties). The Hare suffers the disproportionality that it sometimes allcates a majority of seats to a party with less than a majority of votes in

152-795: The Samtgemeinde mayor (the chairman of the committee), and according to size of the council from four to ten assistants and the council can decide a rise by two (§56 paragraph 2 local government law). These positions are distributed among the factions and groups in the council according to the largest remainder method . Largest remainder method Condorcet methods Positional voting Cardinal voting Quota-remainder methods Approval-based committees Fractional social choice Semi-proportional representation By ballot type Pathological response Strategic voting Paradoxes of majority rule Positive results The quota or divide-and-rank methods make up

171-728: The Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein , Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , and Brandenburg , and the Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate . A Samtgemeinde is a government body composed of a collective association of gemeinden ( municipalities ), the lowest level of official territorial division in Germany. Samtgemeinden were introduced in Lower Saxony on 4 March 1955 upon the adoption of

190-533: The Droop quota . The use of a particular quota with one of the largest remainder methods is often abbreviated as "LR-[quota name]", such as "LR-Droop". The Hare (or simple) quota is defined as follows: LR-Hare is sometimes called Hamilton's method, named after Alexander Hamilton , who devised the method in 1792. The Droop quota is given by: and is applied to elections in South Africa . The Hare quota

209-568: The noun Gemeinde (municipality). Samtgemeinde can be translated into English as "joint municipal association" or "collective municipal association" but one-to-one translation is hardly possible. The term Sammtgemeinden (at that time written with double m) was originally used for low-level administrative units in Prussia during a short-lived reform that saw the reorganization of parishes between 1850 and 1853. Samtgemeinden have three organs: The Samtgemeinde committee consists of

SECTION 10

#1732766023562

228-458: The quota Borda system , where voters organize themselves into solid coalitions . The single transferable vote or the quota Borda system behave like the largest-remainders method when voters all behave like strict partisans (i.e. only mark preferences for candidates of one party). There are several possible choices for the electoral quota . The choice of quota affects the properties of the corresponding largest remainder method, and particularly

247-457: The seat bias . Smaller quotas allow small parties to pick up seats, while larger quotas leave behind more votes. A somewhat counterintuitive result of this is that a larger quota will always be more favorable to smaller parties. A party hoping to win multiple seats sees fewer votes captured by a single popular candidate when the quota is small. The two most common quotas are the Hare quota and

266-703: The Lower Saxony Municipal Code ( Niedersächsische Gemeindeordnung ), which was based on British administrative structures at the time. According to §71 paragraph 1 Lower Saxony law on local government, a Samtgemeinde should have at least 7,000 inhabitants. Approximately 80% of the municipalities in Lower Saxony have united to Samtgemeinden . The Samtgemeinde executes many local government administrative duties for its member municipalities, including land use planning , wastewater disposal, social security , organisation of cemeteries and fire stations , sponsorship of elementary schools ,

285-419: The apportionment for some parties. These rules are typically contrasted with the more popular highest averages methods (also called divisor methods). By far the most common quota method are the largest remainders or quota-shift methods , which assign any leftover seats to the "plurality" winners (the parties with the largest remainders , i.e. most leftover votes). When using the Hare quota , this rule

304-533: The construction of local connecting roads, equipment and entertainment of libraries , sports sites and other public utilities . Samtgemeinden can take over other tasks of the member municipalities, for instance, tourism . The term Samtgemeinde (plural: Samtgemeinden ) is a neologism consisting of the German adjectives gesamt (whole, entire, all, complete, total, aggregate, collective, overall, general, joint, united) or zusammen (together, jointly) and

323-572: The cost of greater inequalities in the seats-to-votes ratio , which can violate the principle of one man, one vote . However, a greater concern for social choice theorists, and the primary cause behind its abandonment in many countries, is the tendency of such rules to produce erratic or irrational behaviors called apportionment paradoxes : Such paradoxes also have the additional drawback of making it difficult or impossible to generalize procedure to more complex apportionment problems such as biproportional apportionments or partial vote linkage . This

342-399: The number of seats in a legislature should not cause a party to lose a seat (a situation known as an Alabama paradox ). The largest remainder method divides each party's vote total by a quota . Usually, quota is derived by dividing the number of valid votes cast, by the number of seats. The result for each party will consist of an integer part plus a fractional remainder . Each party

361-613: The run-up to the G20 summit in 2017, left-wing extremists set a fire in the town. Bad Bevensen is twinned with: This Uelzen (district) location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Samtgemeinde A Samtgemeinde ( German pronunciation: ['zamtgəmaɪndə] ; plural: Samtgemeinden ) is a type of administrative division in Lower Saxony , Germany . Samtgemeinden are local government associations of municipalities , equivalent to

#561438