60-484: Jean-Baptiste Andrea (born 4 April 1971) is a French novelist, film director and screenwriter. He grew up in Cannes , where he started making short films . He later moved to Paris and graduated in political science and economics. In Paris, he met Fabrice Canepa , and the two of them began writing films together. Together, they wrote and directed the cult horror film Dead End . His debut novel , Ma Reine (My Queen),
120-582: A royal commission to consolidate existing statutes and enactments of English law . In 1857 he was one of the founders of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science and was its president at some congresses. In 1860, Brougham was given by Queen Victoria a second peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux , of Brougham in the County of Westmorland and of Highhead Castle in
180-562: A cash payment. Brougham paid and secured his anonymity. ELECTORS OF THE COUNTY OF YORK You honourably distinguished yourselves In the ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE by your zealous support of WILLIAM WILBERFORCE Who can be more worthy of your choice as a REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE COUNTY the enlightened friend and champion of Negro Freedom HENRY BROUGHAM by returning him YOU WILL DO AN HONOUR TO THE COUNTY and A SERVICE TO HUMANITY Brougham remained
240-599: A castle in 1035 fortified the city then known as Cannes, and at the end of the 11th century construction was started on two towers on the Lérins islands. One took a century to build. Around 1530, Cannes detached from the monks who had controlled the city for hundreds of years and became independent. During the 18th century, both the Spanish and British tried to gain control of the Lérins Islands but were chased away by
300-543: A committed opponent of slavery However, Brougham was adopted as a Whig candidate by only a tiny majority at the nomination meeting: the Whig gentry objecting that he had no connection with agricultural interests, and no connection with the county. Brougham came second in the poll, behind the other Whig candidate; although the liberals of Leeds had placarded the town with claims that one of the Tory candidates supported slavery, this
360-546: A correlation between the observed number of sunspots and wheat prices. This met with ridicule as a "grand absurdity" from Lord Brougham. Economists nowadays concur with Brougham on the irrelevancy of sunspots . thumb|Photograph of Brougham The success of the Edinburgh Review made Brougham a man of the mark from his first arrival in London. He quickly became a fixture in London society and gained
420-464: A follower of Newton , launched anonymous attacks in the Edinburgh Review against Thomas Young 's research, which proved light was a wave phenomenon that exhibited interference and diffraction. These attacks slowed acceptance of the truth for a decade, until François Arago and Augustin-Jean Fresnel championed Young's work. Brougham's scientific forays also included an attack upon Sir William Herschel (1738–1822). As Royal Astronomer, Herschel found
480-569: A member of Parliament for Winchelsea until February 1830 when he was returned for Knaresborough . However, he represented Knaresborough only until August the same year, when he became one of four representatives for Yorkshire . His support for the immediate abolition of slavery brought him enthusiastic support in the industrial West Riding . The Reverend Benjamin Godwin of Bradford devised and funded posters that appealed to Yorkshire voters who had supported William Wilberforce to support Brougham as
540-431: A peer in 1830. Brougham won popular renown for helping defeat the 1820 Pains and Penalties Bill , an attempt by the widely disliked George IV to annul his marriage to Caroline of Brunswick . He became an advocate of liberal causes including abolition of the slave trade , free trade and parliamentary reform. Appointed Lord Chancellor in 1830, he made a number of reforms intended to speed up legal cases and established
600-538: A picturesque coast" and constructed the villa Eleonore-Louise; Brougham's work to improve living conditions attracted the English aristocracy, who also built winter residences. The 19th century saw the modernization of Cannes, spearheaded by Marie de Lametz and her son Prince Charles III to follow the successes of nearby Nice and the successful gambling industry in Bad Homburg . After several failures in 1850s,
660-580: A port of call between the Lérins Islands . In 154 BC , it became the scene of violent but quick conflict between the troops of Quintus Opimius and the Oxybii . In the 10th century, the town was known as Canua. The name may derive from "canna", a reed . Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here. Le Suquet housed an 11th-century tower, which overlooked
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#1732780260218720-510: A settlement here known as Aegitna ( Ancient Greek : Αἴγιτνα ). Historians are unsure what the name means, but the connection to Greek αἴγες "waves, surf" seems evident. The second element could be compared to the Cretan and Thessalian towns of Itanos ( Ἴτανος ) and Iton ( Ἴτων ); also phonetically close is the Aetolian town of Aegitium ( Αἱγἱτιον ). The area was a fishing village used as
780-606: Is a city located on the French Riviera . It is a commune located in the Alpes-Maritimes department , and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival , Midem , and Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity . The city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences. By the 2nd century BC, the Ligurian Oxybii established
840-697: Is both a passenger station and a goods/maintenance depot. It is situated alongside the beach and has a connection to local ferries. There are three more stations on the line to Grasse: Le Bosquet , La Frayère, and Ranguin . Coach services arrive at the Gare Routière de Cannes, in the centre of the city, near the Town Hall. Companies from abroad include Eurolines and Agence Phocéens. Regional services are by Rapides Côte d'Azur and CTM, with services from Nice and Grasse/Mandelieu respectively. Local bus services are provided by Bus Azur . Ferries are available in
900-573: Is nearby. Cannes station is the main railway station for the city of Cannes. It is situated on the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway . There are several rail services including: TGVs from Paris Gare de Lyon to Nice, a TER from Marseille St Charles to Nice, a TER service from Cannes to Les Arcs,and a TER service from Grasse/Cannes to Ventimiglia (Italy). The formers occasional Thello (Italian train) from Marseille St Charles to Milan no longer operates since December 2021. Cannes-la-Bocca station
960-692: Is the waterfront avenue with palm trees . La Croisette is known for picturesque beaches, restaurants, cafés, boutiques, and luxury hotels. Le Suquet , the old town, provides a good view of La Croisette. The fortified tower and the Chapelle Sainte-Anne house the Musée des Explorations du monde. A distinctive building in Cannes is the Russian Orthodox church . Cannes of the 19th century can still be seen in its grand villas, built to reflect
1020-508: Is up to the present dominated by Brougham's statue, and he is honoured for his major role in building the city of Cannes. His hatchment is in Ninekirks , which was then the parish church of Brougham. The Barony of 1830 became extinct on his death, while he was succeeded in the Barony of 1860 according to the special remainder by his younger brother William Brougham . As the designer of
1080-707: The Central Criminal Court . He never regained government office after 1834 and although he played an active role in the House of Lords , he often did so in opposition to his former colleagues. Education was another area of interest. He helped establish the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge and University College London , as well as holding some academic posts, including Rector, University of Edinburgh . In later years he spent much of his time in
1140-543: The First World War , but more Americans. Winter tourism gave way to summer tourism, and the summer casino at Palm Beach was constructed. In 1931, Karan Singh the crown prince of Jammu and Kashmir was born at the Martinez Hotel . The city council had the idea of starting an international film festival shortly after World War II. On 3 November 2011, it hosted the 2011 G20 summit . In 2021, Cannes
1200-709: The MIPIM , MIPTV , MIDEM , Cannes Lions, and the NRJ Music Awards. There is an annual television festival in the last week in September. The economic environment is based on tourism, business fairs, trade, and aviation. Cannes has 6,500 companies, of which 3,000 are traders, artisans, and service providers. In 2006, 421 new companies were registered. Cannes hosts the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center , headquarters of Thales Alenia Space ,
1260-648: The Nice harbour from Bastia and Calvi in Corsica, with services provided by SNCM Ferryterranée and Corsica Ferries . From Bastia, the journey is 4 hours, and 45 minutes on conventional ferries, and 3 hours, and 40 minutes on express ferries, while from Calvi, conventional vessels take 3 hours, and 45 minutes, and express vessels take 2 hours and 45 minutes. An average of four ferries a day sail on these routes, with more during summer. Cannes has 2 marinas – Vieux Port de Cannes (with 800 berths up to 145 m in length) beside
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#17327802602181320-531: The Promenade des Anglais (literally, "The Promenade of the English"). The baron inspired others to winter in Cannes and own a second home there. He oversaw the construction of 'Villa Elenore-Louise' which he named after his daughter, living in the villa himself. One of his friends became the riviera's de facto estate agent owing to the building of Château Vallombrosa . The newly built villas made popular by Brougham attracted royalty, including as Queen Victoria and
1380-704: The University of Edinburgh , where he chiefly studied natural science and mathematics, but also the law. He published several scientific papers through the Royal Society , notably on light and colours and on prisms , and at the age of only 25 was elected a Fellow. However, Brougham chose law as his profession and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1800. He practised little in Scotland, and instead entered Lincoln's Inn in 1803. Five years later he
1440-468: The movement for the abolition of slavery , a cause to which he was to be passionately devoted for the rest of his life. Despite being a well-known and popular figure, Brougham had to wait before being offered a parliamentary seat to contest. However, in 1810 he was elected for Camelford , a rotten borough controlled by the Duke of Bedford . He quickly gained a reputation in the House of Commons , where he
1500-451: The County of Cumberland, with remainder to his youngest brother William Brougham (died 1886). The patent stated that the second peerage was in honour of the great services he had rendered, especially in promoting the abolition of slavery. Brougham was said to be the father of writer Marie Blaze de Bury . Her last name was Stuart or Stewart and she was born in Oban , Scotland in 1813. She
1560-705: The French town of Cannes , making it a popular resort for the British upper-classes; he died there in 1868. Brougham was born and grew up in Edinburgh , the eldest son of Henry Brougham (1742–1810), of Brougham Hall in Westmorland , and Eleanora, daughter of Reverend James Syme. The Broughams had been an influential Cumberland family for centuries. Brougham was educated at the Royal High School and
1620-566: The French. The islands were later controlled by many, such as Jean-Honoré Alziary and the Bishop of Fréjus . They had many different purposes: in the middle of the 19th century, one served as a hospital for soldiers wounded in the Crimean War . Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux bought land at the Croix des Gardes "about the year 1838, when it was little more than a fishing village on
1680-580: The House of Commons and worked especially in advocating a programme for the education of the poor, where he chaired the select committee which produced the influential Reports on the Education of the Lower Orders . He was also a proponent of legal reform and it was on this subject in 1828, he made a six-hour speech, the longest ever made in the House of Commons. In 1812, Brougham had become one of
1740-487: The Northern Circuit rose fivefold, although he had to wait until 1827 before being made a King's Counsel . In 1826, Brougham, along with Wellington, was one of the clients and lovers named in the notorious Memoirs of Harriette Wilson . Before publication, Wilson and publisher John Joseph Stockdale wrote to all those named in the book offering them the opportunity to be excluded from the work in exchange for
1800-574: The Palais des Festivals and Port Pierre Canto at the far end of the Croisette. Vieux Port is the main port and is used for cruise stopovers and yacht charters. Cannes is twinned with: Cannes has friendship pacts with: Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux , PC , FRS ( / ˈ b r uː ( ə ) m ... ˈ v oʊ k s / ; 19 September 1778 – 7 May 1868)
1860-460: The Princess. Brougham threatened to introduce evidence of George IV's affairs and his secret marriage to a Roman Catholic, which could have potentially thrown the monarchy into chaos, and it was suggested to Brougham that he hold back for the sake of his country. He responded with his now-famous speech in the House of Lords: An advocate, in the discharge of his duty, knows but one person in all
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1920-583: The Time of George III . In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In 1837, Brougham presented a bill for public education, arguing that "it cannot be doubted that some legislative effort must at length be made to remove from this country the opprobrium of having done less for the education of the people than any of the more civilized nations on earth". In 1838, after news came up of British colonies where
1980-597: The administration was replaced in November by Sir Robert Peel 's Tories. When Melbourne became Prime Minister again in April 1835, he excluded Brougham, saying his conduct was one of the main reasons for the fall of the previous government; Baron Cottenham became Lord Chancellor in January 1836. Brougham was never to hold office again. However, for more than thirty years after his fall he continued to take an active part in
2040-703: The annual International Actors' Performance Festival (Festival Performance d'Acteur). Local theaters include the Théâtre Debussy, the Espace Miramar and the Alexandre III. The area around Cannes has developed into a high-tech cluster. The technopolis of Sophia Antipolis lies in the hills beyond Cannes. The Film Festival is a major event for the industry which takes place every year in May. In addition, Cannes hosts other major annual events such as
2100-405: The brougham , a four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage that bears his name, Brougham's patronage brought renown to the French seaside resort of Cannes . In 1835, when little more than a fishing village on a picturesque coast, Brougham purchased a tract of land and built on it, leading it to become a popular sanitorium of Europe. Owing to his influence the beachfront promenade at Nice became known as
2160-444: The busiest time of the year. Mean temperatures drop below 10 °C (50 °F) for only three months of the year (December to February). The spring and autumn are also warm, although more suited to those who prefer slightly cooler weather. The record high temperature was 39.2 °C (102.6 °F) on 19 July 2023, while the record low temperature was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F) on 9 January 1985. The Promenade de la Croisette
2220-467: The chief advisers to Queen Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of George, Prince of Wales, the Prince Regent and future George IV . This was to prove a key development in his life. In April 1820, Caroline , then living abroad, appointed Brougham her Attorney-General. Earlier that year George IV had succeeded to the throne on the death of his long incapacitated father George III . Caroline
2280-406: The emancipation of the slaves was obstructed or where the ex-slaves were being badly treated and discriminated against, Lord Brougham stated in the House of Lords: The slave ... is as fit for his freedom as any English peasant, aye, or any Lord whom I now address. I demand his rights; I demand his liberty without stint.... I demand that your brother be no longer trampled upon as your slave! Brougham
2340-660: The first European satellite manufacturer. Cannes is home to the football side AS Cannes , which currently plays in the French fourth division. The club is notable for having launched the professional career of Zinedine Zidane . The city hosts the Jumping International de Cannes international horse jumping event every June. Cannes women's volleyball team RC Cannes has been very successful (won twenty French Championships and two CEV Champions League ). Located 24 km (15 mi) from Cannes, Nice Côte d'Azur Airport . The smaller Cannes – Mandelieu Airport
2400-480: The friendship of Lord Grey and other leading Whig politicians. In 1806 the Foreign Secretary , Charles James Fox , appointed him secretary to a diplomatic mission to Portugal , led by James St Clair-Erskine, 2nd Earl of Rosslyn , and John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent . The mission aimed to counteract the anticipated French invasion of Portugal . During these years he became a close supporter of
2460-422: The island, including Roman (1st century BC) and Saracen (10th century AD) ceramics. Cistercian monks are the only inhabitants of the smaller, southern St Honorat Island . Monks have inhabited the island since AD 410 and, at the height of their powers, owned Cannes, Mougins , and Vallauris . Medieval vestiges remain in the stark church, which is open to the public, and in the ruins of the 11th-century monastery on
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2520-476: The judicial business of the House of Lords, and in its debates, having now turned fiercely against his former political associates, but continuing his efforts on behalf of reform of various kinds. He also devoted much of his time to writing. He had continued to contribute to the Edinburgh Review , the best of his writings being subsequently published as Historical Sketches of Statesmen Who Flourished in
2580-541: The late 1860s saw an expansion of casino, villas, hotels, roads and railway (the distance from Paris to Cannes reduced to 23 hours). At the end of the 19th century, several more railways were completed, which prompted the arrival of streetcars . In Cannes, projects such as the Boulevard Carnot and the rue d'Antibes were carried out. After the closure of the Casino des Fleurs (hôtel Gallia), a luxury establishment
2640-426: The principle of zealously advocating for one's client. The bill passed, but by the narrow margin of only nine votes. Lord Liverpool , aware of the unpopularity of the bill and afraid that it might be overturned in the House of Commons, then withdrew it. The British public had mainly been on the Princess's side, and the outcome of the trial made Brougham one of the most famous men in the country. His legal practice on
2700-653: The seashore. The monks inhabit the Lérins Abbey and divide their time between prayer and producing red and white wines. The Musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Provence houses artifacts from prehistoric to present, in an 18th-century mansion. The Musée de la Castre has objects from the Pacific Atolls, Peruvian relics, and Mayan pottery. Other venues include the Musée de la Marine, Musée de la Mer, Musée de la Photographie and Musée International de la Parfumerie. Small venues stage productions and host short sketches during
2760-642: The style of Fiesole, near Florence , which may be visited on appointment. It took the Man in the Iron Mask 11 years to leave the tiny, forested St Marguerite Island . The mysterious individual was believed to be of noble blood, but his identity has never been proven. His cell can be visited in the Fort of St Marguerite, now renamed the Musée de la Mer (Museum of the Sea). This museum also houses discoveries from shipwrecks off
2820-533: The swamps where the city now stands. Most of the ancient activity, especially protection, was on the Lérins Islands, and the history of Cannes is closely tied to the history of the islands. An attack by the Saracens in 891, who remained until the end of the 10th century, devastated the country around Canua. The insecurity of the Lérins islands forced the monks to settle on the mainland, at the Suquet. Construction of
2880-683: The wealth and standing of their owners and inspired by anything from medieval castles to Roman villas. They are not open to the public. Lord Brougham's Italianate Villa Eléonore Louise (one of the first in Cannes) was built between 1835 and 1839. Also known as the Quartier des Anglais, this is the oldest residential area in Cannes. Another landmark is the Villa Fiésole (known today as the Villa Domergue) designed by Jean-Gabriel Domergue in
2940-553: The world, and that person is his client. To save that client by all means and expedients, and at all hazards and costs to other persons, and amongst them, to himself, is his first and only duty; and in performing this duty he must not regard the alarm, the torments, the destruction which he may bring upon others. Separating the duty of a patriot from that of an advocate, he must go on reckless of consequences, though it should be his unhappy fate to involve his country in confusion. The speech has since become legendary among defence lawyers for
3000-502: Was a British statesman who became Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain and played a prominent role in passing the Reform Act 1832 and Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . Born in Edinburgh , Brougham helped found the Edinburgh Review in 1802 before moving to London, where he qualified as a barrister in 1808. Elected to the House of Commons in 1810 as a Whig , he was Member of Parliament for various constituencies until becoming
3060-524: Was brought back to Britain in June for appearances only, but the king immediately began divorce proceedings against her. The Pains and Penalties Bill , aimed at dissolving the marriage and stripping Caroline of her Royal title on the grounds of adultery, was brought before the House of Lords by the Tory government. However, Brougham led a legal team (which also included Thomas Denman ) that eloquently defended
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#17327802602183120-534: Was built for the rich winter clientele, the Casino Municipal next to the pier Albert-Edouard. This casino was demolished and replaced by the new Palace in 1979. In the 20th century, new luxury hotels such as the Carlton , Majestic , Martinez , and JW Marriott Cannes were built. The city was modernised with a sports centre , a post office, and schools. There were fewer British and German tourists after
3180-450: Was called to the Bar. Not a wealthy man, Brougham turned to journalism to support himself financially through these years. He was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Review and quickly became known as its foremost contributor, with articles on everything from science, politics, colonial policy, literature, poetry, surgery, mathematics and the fine arts. In the early 19th century, Brougham,
3240-793: Was designated as the City of Film by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network . Cannes has a subtropical Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ) and the city enjoys 11 hours of sunshine per day during summer (July), while in winter (December to February) the weather is mild. Both seasons see a relatively low rainfall and most rain occurs during October and November when over 100 mm (3.9 in) falls. Cannes summers are long and warm, with summer daytime temperatures regularly hitting 30 °C (86 °F), while average temperatures are about 25 °C (77 °F). Temperatures remain high from June to September,
3300-414: Was elected Rector of Marischal College for 1838. He also edited, in collaboration with Sir Charles Bell , William Paley 's Natural Theology and published a work on political philosophy and in 1838 he published an edition of his speeches in four volumes. The last of his works was his posthumous Autobiography . In 1854, Brougham was appointed to the Royal Commission for Consolidating the Statute Law ,
3360-412: Was one of the most frequent speakers and was regarded by some as a potential future leader of the Whig Party. However, Brougham's career was to take a downturn in 1812, when, standing as one of two Whig candidates for Liverpool , he was heavily defeated. He was to remain out of Parliament until 1816 when he was returned for Winchelsea . He quickly resumed his position as one of the most forceful members of
3420-482: Was published in 2017 and won a dozen awards, including Best French Debut Novel and the Students Femina. His third novel, Des diables et des saints (Devils and Saints), also received multiple awards, including the Grand Prix RTL-Lire, and Watching Over Her obtained the prestigious Prix Goncourt in 2023. Cannes Cannes ( / k æ n , k ɑː n / KA(H)N , French: [kan] , locally [ˈkanə] ; Occitan : Canas )
3480-505: Was raised to the peerage as Baron Brougham and Vaux , of Brougham in the County of Westmorland. The highlights of Brougham's time in government were passing the Reform Act 1832 and 1833 Slavery Abolition Act but he was seen as dangerous, unreliable and arrogant. Charles Greville , who was Clerk of the Privy Council for 35 years, recorded his "genius and eloquence" was marred by "unprincipled and execrable judgement". Although retained when Lord Melbourne succeeded Grey in July 1834,
3540-410: Was sent to France when she was nine where she completed her education. Brougham married Mary Spalding (d. 1865), daughter of Thomas Eden, and widow of John Spalding, MP , in 1821. They had two daughters, both of whom predeceased their parents, the latter one dying in 1839. Lord Brougham and Vaux died in May 1868 in Cannes , France, aged 89 and was buried in the Cimetière du Grand Jas . The cemetery
3600-434: Was strenuously denied by him. In November the Tory government led by the Duke of Wellington fell, and the Whigs came to power under Lord Grey . Brougham joined the government as Lord Chancellor, although his opponents claimed he previously stated he would not accept office under Grey. Brougham refused the post of Attorney General , but accepted that of Lord Chancellor , which he held for four years. On 22 November, he
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