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60-672: In 1976, four partners (Lynne Cohen, Mary Hether, Anne Lewis and Richard Szanyi) opened the first movie theater on the site, the Collective Fantasy Cinema. In 1983 Brent Kliewer bought the theater, remodeled it, and renamed it the Jean Cocteau Cinema (for the famed French novelist and filmmaker ). The theatre closed in 2006 before being purchased and renovated by Martin in 2013. 35°41′6″N 105°56′47″W  /  35.68500°N 105.94639°W  / 35.68500; -105.94639 This article about

120-483: A precariat . Bohemians were associated with unorthodox or anti-establishment political or social viewpoints expressed through free love , frugality , and—in some cases— simple living , van dwelling or voluntary poverty . A more economically privileged, wealthy, or even aristocratic bohemian circle is sometimes referred to as haute bohème (literally "Upper Bohemian"). The term bohemianism emerged in France in

180-528: A Field Guide to Living on the Edge , author Laren Stover breaks down the bohemian into five distinct mind-sets or styles, as follows: Aimée Crocker , an American world traveler, adventuress, heiress, and mystic, was dubbed the "queen of Bohemia" in the 1910s by the world press for living an uninhibited, sexually liberated, and aggressively non-conformist life in San Francisco, New York, and Paris. She spent

240-459: A Poet , Orpheus , Beauty and the Beast ), is pervaded with homosexual undertones, homoerotic imagery/symbolism or camp . In 1947 Paul Morihien published a clandestine edition of Querelle de Brest by Jean Genet , featuring 29 very explicit erotic drawings by Cocteau. In recent years several albums of Cocteau's homoerotica have been available to the general public. In the 1930s, Cocteau

300-416: A Poet and Orpheus constitute the so-called Orphic Trilogy . He was described as "one of [the] avant-garde 's most successful and influential filmmakers" by AllMovie . Cocteau, according to Annette Insdorf , "left behind a body of work unequalled for its variety of artistic expression." Though his body of work encompassed many different mediums, Cocteau insisted on calling himself a poet , classifying

360-592: A building or structure in New Mexico is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a theater building in the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jean Cocteau Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau ( UK : / ˈ k ɒ k t oʊ / KOK -toh , US : / k ɒ k ˈ t oʊ / kok- TOH ; French: [ʒɑ̃ mɔʁis øʒɛn klemɑ̃ kɔkto] ; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963)

420-472: A haven for the persecuted, and applauded Picasso's anti-war painting Guernica as a cross that " Franco would always carry on his shoulder." In 1940, Cocteau signed a petition circulated by the Ligue internationale contre l'antisémitisme (International League Against Antisemitism) which protested the rise of racism and antisemitism in France, and declared himself "ashamed of his white skin" after witnessing

480-566: A later edition of the novel features his foreword and drawings. The novel begins: As far back as I can remember, and even at an age when the mind does not yet influence the senses, I find traces of my love of boys. I have always loved the strong sex that I find legitimate to call the fair sex. My misfortunes came from a society that condemns the rare as a crime and forces us to reform our inclinations. Frequently his work, either literary ( Les enfants terribles ), graphic (erotic drawings, book illustration, paintings) or cinematographic ( The Blood of

540-474: A number of stage plays, above all La Voix humaine and Les Parents terribles , which was a popular success. His 1934 play La Machine infernale was Cocteau's stage version of the Oedipus legend and is considered to be his greatest work for the theatre. During this period Cocteau also published two volumes of journalism, including Mon Premier Voyage: Tour du Monde en 80 jours , a neo- Jules Verne around

600-477: A severe heart attack on 22 April 1963. A more plausible suggestion for the reason behind this decline in health has been proposed by author Roger Peyrefitte , who notes that Cocteau had been devastated by a breach with his longtime friend, socialite and notable patron Francine Weisweiller , as a result of an affair she had been having with a minor writer. Weisweiller and Cocteau did not reconcile until shortly before Cocteau's death. According to his wishes, Cocteau

660-629: A temporary return to the sacraments of the Catholic Church . He again returned to the Church later in life and undertook a number of religious art projects. On 15 June 1926 Cocteau's play Orphée was staged in Paris. It was quickly followed by an exhibition of drawings and "constructions" called Poésie plastique–objets, dessins . Cocteau wrote the libretto for Igor Stravinsky 's opera-oratorio Oedipus rex , which had its original performance in

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720-626: A volume he published at twenty-two. Edith Wharton described him as a man "to whom every great line of poetry was a sunrise, every sunset the foundation of the Heavenly City..." In his early twenties, Cocteau became associated with the writers Marcel Proust , André Gide , and Maurice Barrès . In 1912, he collaborated with Léon Bakst on Le Dieu bleu for the Ballets Russes ; the principal dancers being Tamara Karsavina and Vaslav Nijinsky . During World War I , Cocteau served in

780-522: Is a 19th-century historical and literary topos that places the milieu of young metropolitan artists and intellectuals—particularly those of the Latin Quarter in Paris —in a context of poverty, hunger, appreciation of friendship, idealization of art and contempt for money. Based on this topos, the most diverse real-world subcultures are often referred to as "bohemian" in a figurative sense, especially (but by no means exclusively) if they show traits of

840-790: Is a bride-witch astride a broom, flying through the ceiling, her hair and train streaming. In 1956 Cocteau decorated the Chapelle Saint-Pierre in Villefranche-sur-Mer with mural paintings. The following year he also decorated the marriage hall at the Hôtel de Ville in Menton . Jean Cocteau never hid his bisexuality . He was the author of the mildly homoerotic and semi-autobiographical Le Livre blanc (translated as The White Paper or The White Book ), published anonymously in 1928. He never repudiated its authorship and

900-421: Is a smoldering maid's room. One discovers an aerial view of Paris through the wall and ceiling holes. It creates vertigo. On the iron bed lies a fainted bride. Behind her stand several dismayed ladies. On the right, a very elegant lady washes her hands in a flophouse basin. Through the unhinged door on the left, a lady enters with raised arms. Others are pushed against the walls. The vision provoking this catastrophe

960-494: Is best known for his novels Le Grand Écart (1923), Le Livre blanc (1928), and Les Enfants Terribles (1929); the stage plays La Voix Humaine (1930), La Machine Infernale (1934), Les Parents terribles (1938), La Machine à écrire (1941), and L'Aigle à deux têtes (1946); and the films The Blood of a Poet (1930), Les Parents Terribles (1948), Beauty and the Beast (1946), Orpheus (1950), and Testament of Orpheus (1960), which alongside Blood of

1020-817: Is buried beneath the floor of the Chapelle Saint-Blaise des Simples in Milly-la-Forêt. The epitaph on his gravestone set in the floor of the chapel reads: "I stay with you" ("Je reste avec vous"). In 1955, Cocteau was made a member of the Académie Française and The Royal Academy of Belgium . During his life, Cocteau was commander of the Legion of Honor , Member of the Mallarmé Academy, German Academy (Berlin), American Academy, Mark Twain (U.S.A) Academy, Honorary President of

1080-673: Is debatable, as dwellers in a city large enough to have the somewhat cruel atmosphere of all great cities. Despite his views, Sterling associated with the Bohemian Club, and caroused with artist and industrialist alike at the Bohemian Grove . Canadian composer Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and poet George Frederick Cameron wrote the song "The Bohemian" in the 1889 opera Leo, the Royal Cadet . The impish American writer and Bohemian Club member Gelett Burgess , who coined

1140-637: Is defined in The American College Dictionary as "a person with artistic or intellectual tendencies, who lives and acts with no regard for conventional rules of behavior". Many prominent European and American figures of the 19th and 20th centuries belonged to the bohemian subculture , and any comprehensive "list of bohemians" would be tediously long. Bohemianism has been approved of by some bourgeois writers such as Honoré de Balzac , but most conservative cultural critics do not condone bohemian lifestyles. In Bohemian Manifesto :

1200-721: Is not enough to be one's self in Bohemia, one must allow others to be themselves, as well. ... What, then, is it that makes this mystical empire of Bohemia unique, and what is the charm of its mental fairyland? It is this: there are no roads in all Bohemia! One must choose and find one's own path, be one's own self, live one's own life. In New York City, the pianist Rafael Joseffy formed an organization of musicians in 1907 with friends, such as Rubin Goldmark , called "The Bohemians (New York Musicians' Club)". Near Times Square, Joel Rinaldo presided over "Joel's Bohemian Refreshery", where

1260-455: Is referred to as a bohémienne in Meilhac and Halévy's libretto. Her signature aria declares love itself to be a "gypsy child" ( enfant de Bohême ), going where it pleases and obeying no laws. The term bohemian has come to be very commonly accepted in our day as the description of a certain kind of literary gypsy, no matter in what language he speaks, or what city he inhabits .... A Bohemian

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1320-489: Is rumoured to have had a very brief affair with Princess Natalie Paley , the daughter of a Romanov Grand Duke and herself a sometime actress, model, and former wife of couturier Lucien Lelong . Cocteau's longest-lasting relationships were with French actors Jean Marais and Édouard Dermit  [ fr ] , whom Cocteau formally adopted. Cocteau cast Marais in The Eternal Return (1943), Beauty and

1380-432: Is simply an artist or " littérateur " who, consciously or unconsciously, secedes from conventionality in life and in art. Henri Murger 's 1845 collection of short stories, Scènes de la vie de bohème ( Scenes of Bohemian Life ), was written to glorify and legitimize the bohemian lifestyle. Murger's collection formed the basis of Giacomo Puccini 's 1896 opera La bohème . In England, bohemian in this sense initially

1440-537: The Ballets Russes at Monte Carlo . His opium addiction at the time, Cocteau said, was only coincidental, due to a chance meeting with Louis Laloy , the administrator of the Monte Carlo Opera . Cocteau's opium use and his efforts to stop profoundly changed his literary style. His most notable book, Les Enfants Terribles , was written in a week during a strenuous opium weaning. In Opium: Journal of drug rehabilitation  [ fr ] , he recounts

1500-1006: The Cannes Film Festival , Honorary President of the France-Hungary Association and President of the Jazz Academy and the Academy of the Disc. Bohemianism Bohemianism is a social and cultural movement that has, at its core, a way of life away from society's conventional norms and expectations. The term originates from the French bohème and spread to the English-speaking world. It was used to describe mid-19th-century non-traditional lifestyles, especially of artists, writers, journalists, musicians, and actors in major European cities. Bohemian

1560-648: The Georges V Hotel in Paris , including Cocteau, the writers Ernst Jünger , Paul Morand and Henry Millon de Montherlant , the publisher Gaston Gallimard and the Nazi legal scholar Carl Schmitt . In his diary, Cocteau accused France of disrespect towards Hitler and speculated on the Führer's sexuality. Cocteau effusively praised Breker's sculptures in an article entitled 'Salut à Breker' published in 1942. This piece caused him to be arraigned on charges of collaboration after

1620-482: The Jazz Age . In the 20th-century United States, the bohemian impulse was famously seen in the 1940s hipsters , the 1950s Beat generation (exemplified by writers such as William S. Burroughs , Allen Ginsberg , Jack Kerouac , and Lawrence Ferlinghetti ), the much more widespread 1960s counterculture , and 1960s and 1970s hippies . Rainbow Gatherings may be seen as another contemporary worldwide expression of

1680-519: The Red Cross as an ambulance driver. This was the period in which he met the poet Guillaume Apollinaire , artists Pablo Picasso and Amedeo Modigliani , and numerous other writers and artists with whom he later collaborated. Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev persuaded Cocteau to write a scenario for a ballet, which resulted in Parade in 1917. It was produced by Diaghilev , with sets by Picasso,

1740-537: The Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt in Paris on 30 May 1927. In 1929 one of his most celebrated and well-known works, the novel Les Enfants terribles was published. In 1930 Cocteau made his first film The Blood of a Poet , publicly shown in 1932. Though now generally accepted as a surrealist film, the surrealists themselves did not accept it as a truly surrealist work. Although this is one of Cocteau's best-known works, his 1930s are notable rather for

1800-597: The fine arts . Club member and poet George Sterling responded to this redefinition: Any good mixer of convivial habits considers he has a right to be called a bohemian. But that is not a valid claim. There are two elements, at least, that are essential to Bohemianism. The first is devotion or addiction to one or more of the Seven Arts ; the other is poverty. Other factors suggest themselves: for instance, I like to think of my Bohemians as young, as radical in their outlook on art and life; as unconventional, and, though this

1860-409: The libretto by Apollinaire and the music by Erik Satie . "If it had not been for Apollinaire in uniform," wrote Cocteau, "with his skull shaved, the scar on his temple and the bandage around his head, women would have gouged our eyes out with hairpins." An important exponent of avant-garde art , Cocteau had great influence on the work of others, including a group of composers known as Les Six . In

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1920-593: The Beast (1946), Ruy Blas (1947), and Orpheus (1949). Cocteau died of a heart attack at his château in Milly-la-Forêt , Essonne , France , on 11 October 1963 at the age of 74. His friend, French singer Édith Piaf , died the day before but that was announced on the morning of Cocteau's day of death; it has been said, in a story which is almost certainly apocryphal , that his heart failed upon hearing of Piaf's death. Cocteau's health had already been in decline for several months, and he had previously had

1980-493: The Bohemian crowd gathered from before the turn of the 20th century until Prohibition began to bite. Jonathan Larson 's musical Rent , and specifically the song " La Vie Boheme ", portrayed the postmodern Bohemian culture of New York in the late 20th century. In May 2014, a story on NPR suggested, after a century and a half, some Bohemian ideal of living in poverty for the sake of art had fallen in popularity among

2040-528: The Civil War and reporters spread out to report on the conflict. During the war, correspondents began to assume the title bohemian, and newspapermen in general took up the moniker. Bohemian became synonymous with newspaper writer. In 1866, war correspondent Junius Henri Browne , who wrote for the New York Tribune and Harper's Magazine , described bohemian journalists such as he was, as well as

2100-534: The United States via immigration. In New York City in 1857, a group of 15 to 20 young, cultured journalists flourished as self-described bohemians until the American Civil War began in 1861. This group gathered at a German bar on Broadway called Pfaff's beer cellar . Members included their leader Henry Clapp Jr. , Ada Clare , Walt Whitman , Fitz Hugh Ludlow , and actress Adah Isaacs Menken . Similar groups in other cities were broken up as well by

2160-676: The West   ..." Mark Twain included himself and Charles Warren Stoddard in the bohemian category in 1867. By 1872, when a group of journalists and artists who gathered regularly for cultural pursuits in San Francisco were casting about for a name, the term bohemian became the main choice, and the Bohemian Club was born. Club members who were established and successful, pillars of their community, respectable family men, redefined their own form of bohemianism to include people like them who were bons vivants , sportsmen, and appreciators of

2220-670: The artist quarter of Paris. In Spanish literature, the Bohemian impulse can be seen in Ramón del Valle-Inclán 's 1920 play Luces de Bohemia . In his song " La Bohème ", Charles Aznavour described the Bohemian lifestyle in Montmartre . The 2001 film Moulin Rouge! also imagines the Bohemian lifestyle of actors and artists in Montmartre at the turn of the 20th century. In the 1850s, Bohemian culture started to become established in

2280-682: The bohemian impulse. An American example is Burning Man , an annual participatory arts festival held in the Nevada desert. In 2001, political and cultural commentator David Brooks contended that much of the cultural ethos of well-to-do middle-class Americans is Bohemian-derived, coining the oxymoron "Bourgeois Bohemians" or "Bobos" . A similar term in Germany is Bionade-Biedermeier , a 2007 German neologism combining Bionade (a trendy lemonade brand) and Biedermeier (an era of introspective Central European culture between 1815 and 1848). The coinage

2340-656: The bulk of her fortune inherited from her father Edwin B. Crocker , a railroad tycoon and art collector, on traveling all over the world (lingering the longest in Hawaii, India, Japan, and China) and partying with famous artists of her time such as Oscar Wilde , Robert Louis Stevenson , Mark Twain , the Barrymores , Enrico Caruso , Isadora Duncan , Henri Matisse , Auguste Rodin , and Rudolph Valentino . Crocker had countless affairs and married five times in five different decades of her life, each man being in his twenties. She

2400-458: The early 19th century out of perceived similarities between the urban Bohemians and the Romani people ; La bohème was a common term for the Romani people of France , who were thought to have reached France in the 15th century via Bohemia (the western part of modern Czech Republic ). Bohemianism and its adjective bohemian in this specific context are not connected to the native inhabitants of

2460-580: The early twenties, he and other members of Les Six frequented a wildly popular bar named Le Boeuf sur le Toit , a name that Cocteau himself had a hand in picking. The popularity was due in no small measure to the presence of Cocteau and his friends. In 1918 he met the French poet Raymond Radiguet . They collaborated extensively, socialized, and undertook many journeys and vacations together. Cocteau also got Radiguet exempted from military service. Admiring of Radiguet's great literary talent, Cocteau promoted his friend's works in his artistic circle and arranged for

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2520-418: The experience of his recovery from opium addiction in 1929. His account, which includes vivid pen-and-ink illustrations, alternates between his moment-to-moment experiences of drug withdrawal and his current thoughts about people and events in his world. Cocteau was supported throughout his recovery by his friend and correspondent, Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain . Under Maritain's influence, Cocteau made

2580-567: The few carefree women and lighthearted men he encountered during the war years. San Francisco journalist Bret Harte first wrote as "The Bohemian" in The Golden Era in 1861, with this persona taking part in many satirical doings, the lot published in his book Bohemian Papers in 1867. Harte wrote, "Bohemia has never been located geographically, but any clear day when the sun is going down, if you mount Telegraph Hill , you shall see its pleasant valleys and cloud-capped hills glittering in

2640-461: The film. In 1945 Cocteau was one of several designers who created sets for the Théâtre de la Mode . He drew inspiration from filmmaker René Clair while making Tribute to René Clair: I Married a Witch . The maquette is described in his "Journal 1942–1945", in his entry for 12 February 1945: I saw the model of my set. Fashion bores me, but I am amused by the set and fashion placed together. It

2700-484: The great variety of his works – poems, novels, plays, essays, drawings, films – as "poésie", "poésie de roman", "poésie de thêatre", "poésie critique", "poésie graphique" and "poésie cinématographique". Cocteau was born in Maisons-Laffitte , Yvelines , to Georges Cocteau and his wife, Eugénie Lecomte, a socially prominent Parisian family. His father, a lawyer and amateur painter, died by suicide when Cocteau

2760-584: The historical region of Bohemia (the Czechs ). Literary and artistic bohemians were associated in the French imagination with the roving Roma people , often pejoratively referred to as "gypsies". Romani were called bohémiens in French because they were believed to have come to France from Bohemia . The title character in Carmen (1875), a French opera by Georges Bizet set in the Spanish city of Seville ,

2820-479: The latest generation of American artists. In the feature, a recent graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design related "her classmates showed little interest in living in garrets and eating ramen noodles ." The term has become associated with various artistic or academic communities and is used as a generalized adjective describing such people, environs, or situations: bohemian ( boho —informal)

2880-696: The modern Bohemian in his outward and visible aspect. It is a light and graceful philosophy, but it is the Gospel of the Moment, this exoteric phase of the Bohemian religion; and if, in some noble natures, it rises to a bold simplicity and naturalness, it may also lend its butterfly precepts to some very pretty vices and lovable faults, for in Bohemia one may find almost every sin save that of Hypocrisy. ... His faults are more commonly those of self-indulgence, thoughtlessness, vanity and procrastination, and these usually go hand-in-hand with generosity, love and charity; for it

2940-441: The notion that their relationship was sexual in nature. There is disagreement over Cocteau's reaction to Radiguet's sudden death in 1923, with some claiming that it left him stunned, despondent and prey to opium addiction. Opponents of that interpretation point out that he did not attend the funeral (he generally did not attend funerals) and immediately left Paris with Diaghilev for a performance of Les noces ( The Wedding ) by

3000-497: The plight of colonized peoples during his travels. Although in 1938 Cocteau had compared Adolf Hitler to an evil demiurge who wished to perpetrate a Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre against Jews, his friend Arno Breker convinced him that Hitler was a pacifist and patron of the arts with France's best interests in mind. During the Nazi occupation of France , he was in a "round-table" of French and German intellectuals who met at

3060-438: The publication by Grasset of Le Diable au corps (a largely autobiographical story of an adulterous relationship between a married woman and a younger man), exerting his influence to have the novel awarded the "Nouveau Monde" literary prize. Some contemporaries and later commentators thought there might have been a romantic component to their friendship. Cocteau himself was aware of this perception, and worked earnestly to dispel

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3120-403: The war, though he was cleared of any wrongdoing and had used his contacts for his failed attempt to save friends such as Max Jacob . Later, after growing closer with communists such as Louis Aragon , Cocteau would name Joseph Stalin as "the only great politician of the era." In 1940, Le Bel Indifférent , Cocteau's play written for and starring Édith Piaf (who died the day before Cocteau),

3180-399: The word blurb , supplied this description of the amorphous place called Bohemia: To take the world as one finds it, the bad with the good, making the best of the present moment—to laugh at Fortune alike whether she be generous or unkind—to spend freely when one has money, and to hope gaily when one has none—to fleet the time carelessly, living for love and art—this is the temper and spirit of

3240-402: The world travel reportage he made for the newspaper Paris-Soir . Throughout his life, Cocteau tried to maintain a distance from political movements, confessing to a friend that "my politics are non-existent." According to Claude Arnaud , from the 1920s on, Cocteau's only deeply held political convictions were a marked pacifism and antiracism . He praised the French republic for serving as

3300-416: Was a French poet, playwright, novelist, designer, film director, visual artist and critic. He was one of the foremost artists of the surrealist , avant-garde , and Dadaist movements and an influential figure in early 20th-century art. The National Observer suggested that, "of the artistic generation whose daring gave birth to Twentieth Century Art, Cocteau came closest to being a Renaissance man." He

3360-664: Was enormously successful. Cocteau's later years are mostly associated with his films. Cocteau's films, most of which he both wrote and directed, were particularly important in introducing the avant-garde into French cinema and influenced to a certain degree the upcoming French New Wave genre. Following The Blood of a Poet (1930), his best known films include Beauty and the Beast (1946), Les Parents terribles (1948), and Orpheus (1949). His final film, Le Testament d'Orphée ( The Testament of Orpheus ) (1960), featured appearances by Picasso and matador Luis Miguel Dominguín , along with Yul Brynner , who also helped finance

3420-482: Was famous for her tattoos and pet snakes and was reported to have started the first Buddhist colony in Manhattan. Spiritually inquisitive, Crocker had a ten-year affair with occultist Aleister Crowley and was a devoted student of Hatha Yoga. Maxwell Bodenheim , an American poet and novelist, was known as the king of Greenwich Village Bohemians during the 1920s and his writing brought him international fame during

3480-480: Was introduced in 2007 by Henning Sußebach, a German journalist, in an article that appeared in Zeitmagazin concerning Berlin's Prenzlauer Berg lifestyle. The hyphenated term gained traction and has been quoted and referred to since. A German ARD TV broadcaster used the title Boheme and Biedermeier in a 2009 documentary about Berlin's Prenzlauer Berg . The main focus was on protagonists, that contributed to

3540-526: Was nine. From 1900 to 1904, Cocteau attended the Lycée Condorcet where he met and began a relationship with schoolmate Pierre Dargelos, who reappeared throughout Cocteau's work, "John Cocteau: Erotic Drawings." He left home at fifteen. He published his first volume of poems, Aladdin's Lamp , at nineteen. Cocteau soon became known in Bohemian artistic circles as The Frivolous Prince , the title of

3600-490: Was popularised in William Makepeace Thackeray 's 1848 novel Vanity Fair . Public perceptions of the alternative lifestyles supposedly led by artists were further molded by George du Maurier 's romanticized best-selling novel of Bohemian culture Trilby (1894). The novel outlines the fortunes of three expatriate English artists, their Irish model, and two colourful Central European musicians, in

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