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17-513: Jeitun was discovered by Alexander Marushchenko and has been excavated since the 1950s by Boris Kuftin and Mikhail Masson . The site covers an area of about 5,000 square meters. It consists of free-standing houses of a uniform ground plan. The houses were rectangular and had a large fireplace on one side and a niche facing it as well as adjacent yard areas. The floors were covered with lime plaster. The buildings were made of sun-dried cylindrical clay blocks about 70 cm long and 20 cm thick. The clay

34-494: A tumulus or "kurgan", along with wheeled vehicles, is the same as that of the Kurgan culture which has been associated with the speakers of Proto-Indo-European . In fact, the black burnished pottery of especially early Trialeti kurgans is similar to Kura-Araxes pottery. In a historical context, their impressive accumulation of wealth in burial kurgans, like that of other associated and nearby cultures with similar burial practices,

51-771: A part of Jūrmala )) was a Soviet archaeologist and ethnographer . From 1933 to 1953, he worked in Tbilisi , Georgian SSR . In the 1930s, he discovered the Trialeti culture ; and in 1940, he coined the term Kura-Araxes . He participated in the South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition in the 1940s-1950s. Kuftin became a member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences in 1946. This biographical article about an archaeologist

68-574: A transitional phase and the first stage of the Middle Bronze Age. The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture was known for its particular form of burial. The elite were interred in large, very rich burials under earth and stone mounds, which sometimes contained four-wheeled carts. Also there were many gold objects found in the graves. These gold objects were similar to those found in Iran and Iraq . They also worked tin and arsenic. This form of burial in

85-510: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Trialeti culture The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture , previously known as the Trialeti–Kirovakan culture , is named after the Trialeti region of Georgia and the city of Vanadzor , Armenia . It is attributed to the late 3rd and early 2nd millennium BCE. The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture emerged in the areas of the preceding Kura–Araxes culture . Some scholars speculate that it

102-677: Is another site where Jeitun culture artifacts have been discovered. It is quite important for establishing the regional chronology. Jeitun period of Turkmenistan was followed by the Anau culture . 38°11′16″N 58°20′57″E  /  38.18784839°N 58.34913633°E  / 38.18784839; 58.34913633 Boris Kuftin Boris Alekseevich Kuftin (2 February 1892 in Samara, Russia - 2 August 1953 in Lielupe (now

119-691: The Aegean, but also with cultures to the south and east. Trialeti-Vanadzor painted monochrome and polychrome pottery is very similar to that in the other areas of the Near East. In particular, similar ceramics are known as Urmia ware (named after Lake Urmia in Iran). Also, similar pottery was produced by the Sevan-Uzerlik culture, and the Karmir Berd-Sevan culture. The site at Trialeti

136-590: The Levant to Central Asia, via the Zagros Mountains. It is possible that the later Jeitun influence expanded to the south, across the Kopet Dag mountains to Kermanshah Province and Luristan , to the sites such as Tepe Guran , Tepe Sarab , and Ganj Dareh . Jeitun culture may have begun prior to 7000 BC, judging by the age of Sang-i Chakmak , the earliest settlement where such artefacts are found. In

153-601: The cemeteries of Ani and Küçük Çatma (Maly Pergit), both in the Kars Province of Turkey, and tr:Sos Höyük IV in Erzurum Province resemble those of Trialeti. Sos Höyük IV may have been associated with Hayasa-Azzi. At that time, there was already strong social differentiation indicated by rich mound burials. There are parallels to the Early Kurgan culture. Cremation was practised. Painted pottery

170-589: The end of the third millennium BC. During the final phase of the Middle Bronze Age (c.1700–1500 BC), in addition to the Trialeti–Vanadzor culture, three other geographically overlapping material culture horizons predominate in the South Caucasus (Transcaucasia) and eastern Anatolia: Karmir Berd (a.k.a. Tazakend), Karmir Vank (a.k.a. Kizil Vank, Van-Urmia), and Sevan-Uzerlik (a.k.a. Sevan-Artsakh). Black-burnished and monochrome painted wares vessels from

187-523: The oldest evidence of arable farming in Central Asia. Sheep and goats were already domesticated by the villagers, but they also hunted to supplement their diet. The results of the research by David R. Harris show that, in this region, there were none of the wild forms of einkorn or barley that could have been used for domestication, so these were brought from elsewhere already domesticated. The same applies to sheep. The wild goat Capra aegagrus , on

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204-526: The other hand, was widespread in Central Asia and could, therefore, have been domesticated in the area. Various types of the earliest Jeitun artefacts, such as clay figurines, decorated ceramics, and small stone axes, show similarities with those of the early agricultural Neolithic sites in the Zagros Mountains , such as Jarmo (Iraq). This may indicate the movements of the Neolithic people from

221-701: The same area of the Gorgan Plain , other related sites are Yarim Tepe (Iran) , and Tureng Tepe . There are about twenty archaeological sites attributed to the Jeitun culture, and they are found on both sides of the Kopet Dag mountains. They are especially common in the south-west Turkestani foothills of the mountains. The sites extend west as far as Shahrud, Iran , and also east to the Tedjen river that flows north from Afghanistan . Two other early Jeitun sites Chopan and Togolok are located nearby. Monjukli Depe

238-702: Was an Indo-European culture. It developed into the Lchashen–Metsamor culture . It may have also given rise to the Hayasa-Azzi confederation mentioned in Hittite texts, and the Mushki mentioned by the Assyrians . The earliest Shulaveri–Shomu culture existed in the area from 6000 to 4000 BC. The Kura–Araxes culture followed after. The flourishing stage of the Trialeti–Vanadzor culture began near

255-515: Was introduced. Tin-based bronze became predominant. Geographical interconnectedness and links with other areas of the Near East are seen in many aspects of the culture. For example, a cauldron found in Trialeti is nearly identical to the one from Shaft Grave 4 of Mycenae in Greece. The Trialeti–Vanadzor culture shows ties with the highly developed cultures of the ancient world, particularly with

272-652: Was mixed with finely chopped straw. There were about 30 houses that could have accommodated about 150–200 persons. Clay figurines found in Mehrgarh (Pakistan), an important precursor to the Indus Valley Civilization , resemble those discovered at Teppe Zagheh , and at Jeitun. The people of the Jeitun culture were growing barley and two sorts of wheat , which were harvested with wooden or bone knives or sickles with stone blades. Stone handmills and other stone tools were found. The site seems to show

289-508: Was originally excavated in 1936–1940 in advance of a hydroelectric scheme, when forty-six barrows were uncovered. A further six barrows were uncovered in 1959–1962. Martqopi kurgans are somewhat similar, and are contemporary to the earliest among the Trialeti kurgans. Together, they represent the early stage of the Early Kurgan culture of Central Transcaucasia. This Early Kurgan period, known as Martkopi-Bedeni, has been interpreted as

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