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72-648: It was long used seasonally by indigenous peoples of the region. The Guale and the Mocama , the indigenous peoples of the area when Europeans first reached the area, were killed or forced to leave by the English of the Province of Carolina and their native allies, and by raids by French pirates. Plantations were developed on the island during the British colonial period. A few structures still standing are made of tabby ,

144-429: A mixed-use public Beach Village to increase the number and variety of attractions nearby. These will be oriented to pedestrian uses: an area for new retail shops and a public beach-side promenade. By legislative mandate, sixty-five percent of the island is and will remain in a mostly natural state (including parks and picnic areas). A once-per-day toll has been charged for several decades to enter Jekyll Island. In 1985

216-580: A coastal building material using crushed oyster shells. The island was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was evacuated during World War II by order of the US government. In 1947 the state of Georgia acquired all the property, for security and preservation. A popular tourist destination , the island has beaches frequented by vacationers. Guided tours of the Landmark Historic District are available. Bike trails, walks along

288-404: A convict camp on the island in 1951. In an extension of the lease-convict system, compared to slavery in its abuses, the mostly African-American prisoners performed the manual labor needed to prepare the island for public use. They planted landscaping for drainage, dug and built the foundations of motels and neighborhoods, and built the perimeter road. From September 1951 to December 1954, the island

360-403: A limit of 100 members was imposed to preserve the club's exclusivity. From 1888 to 1942 the club opened every January for the winter season, except a few years when there were yellow fever outbreaks . It accommodated some of the world's wealthiest people. Members and their families enjoyed activities such as biking, hunting, horseback riding, and tennis, and frequented the north beaches. Some of

432-700: A reporter announced finding wreckage in mud in the Mobile River, which a team of archeologists had affirmed may be the ruins of the Clotilda . The Wanderer was built in Setauket, New York as a pleasure boat, but it was acquired by Southerners who opposed the prohibition on the Atlantic slave trade. They had it converted in the Congo and Angola to carry slaves, and the captain purchased more than 500 to take to

504-457: A two-winged structure that contains numerous suites for rental. The presidential suite contains the three-story turret on the front of the building. Thirty-three buildings from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries surround the hotel; many are the elaborate mansion-sized "cottages" built by the rich. Some cottages offer rooms for rent for temporary stays. Others have been adapted for use as museums, art galleries, or bookstores. The hotel

576-404: Is humid subtropical , with rainfall concentrated in the hottest months. The north end of the island is the main area that has been affected by human development over the past few hundred years. Early settlers and the loggers who came afterwards developed plantations in this area. They used fallen trees for the construction of ships. In the early 20th century, much of what was considered wilderness

648-489: Is a 12-foot (3.7 m)-tall steel sculpture of ship sails, intended to signify the harsh, hard nature of slavery. In the midsection of the intercoastal side of the island is a designated 240-acre (0.97 km) Historic District. This includes most of the buildings erected during the Jekyll Island Club era. They have been carefully preserved. The centerpiece of the grounds is the large Jekyll Island Club Hotel,

720-636: Is a picnic area on the intercoastal side of the island, facing the marsh and mainland. It is the farthest point on the beach from Clam Creek. This beach is very popular with fishing birds. Dolphins frequently feed here and travel through the area; they are visible when surfacing for air. In 2008, the Jekyll Island History Museum, the Jekyll Island Authority, and the Friends of Historic Jekyll Island commemorated

792-686: Is known to have been established on Jekyll; however, the Spanish influenced the island from their mission on St. Simons Island . After the Westo invasion on the mainland, they began destroying the missions and slaying the Spanish priests, traveling south along the coast. They spared Father Xander Davilla on Jekyll, keeping him as a slave. (He was later released to the Spanish in a prisoner exchange). In 1663–65, England established grants to land stretching southward from their Jamestown colony to an area below St. Augustine, Florida . The English allied with

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864-556: Is listed in the National Register of Historic Places . The historic district itself has been listed as a National Historic Landmark District since 1978. Tram tours originate from the Jekyll Island Museum located on Stable Road directly across from the historic district. They run several times daily and guides describe much of the history of this area. In the mid-2nd millennium, the island now known as Jekyll

936-681: Is now South Carolina . When the Spanish later established themselves in St. Augustine in Spanish Florida , they also contacted the Guale. They soon tried to bring them into their mission system . The Guale territory became one of the four primary mission provinces of Spanish Florida ; the Timucua , Mocama , and Apalachee Provinces , also named after the resident tribes of the territories, were

1008-514: Is now called DuBignon Creek. At his residence, Horton established a plantation that was able to supply the population at Frederica with beef and corn; he depended on the labor of enslaved African Americans. Horton continued to develop his property on Jekyll Island. In 1742 his house was destroyed during Spanish attacks, but he had it rebuilt. He developed the cultivation of new experimental crops on his plantation, including barley and indigo . Horton had his house and outbuildings reconstructed after

1080-462: Is possible that the La Tama had spent time in missions and become somewhat Christianized. They may have sought out the similarly missionized Guale. In 1702, when Carolina Governor James Moore led an invasion into Spanish Florida , his men destroyed the few "refugee missions" in Guale. By 1733, the Guale were so few in number that they showed no resistance to James Oglethorpe 's establishment of

1152-465: Is tidal marshlands , mostly on the island's western shore. The island measures about 7 miles (11 km) long by 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide, has 8 miles (13 km) of wide, flat beaches on its east shore with sand packed hard enough for easy walking or biking, and boasts 20 miles (32 km) of hiking trails. Like the other Golden Isles, Jekyll is mostly made of older Pleistocene land mass and smaller sections of younger Holocene land. The climate

1224-636: The Atlantic and Pacific Northwest coasts of the United States. The maritime forests of the southeast U.S. are often laurel forests . They can also be found in areas of South-East Asia , for example Chek Jawa , a wetland reserve which also features a maritime forest as one of the independent ecosystem . High winds, salt spray, and sandy soil provide a harsh environment for plant life. Maritime forests are composed of deciduous , coniferous, and broadleaf evergreens. Trees in maritime forests include

1296-457: The Cherokee people , Creek people , and Yuchi tribes. They armed the warriors, ordering them to raid the Spanish and Muskogean settlements on Jekyll in 1681–83. By 1702, the English had driven the Spanish from the entire area. General James Oglethorpe established Georgia as a colony in 1733. He renamed the island in honor of his friend Joseph Jekyll , who had contributed £600 towards

1368-665: The Panic of 1907 . They produced a plan for fifteen self-governing branches distributed over the country, overseen by a national commission that would coordinate policy. Aldrich later submitted this proposal to the National Monetary Commission without mentioning its origins, and a similar federated structure was included in the Federal Reserve Act . The Jekyll Island meeting was not disclosed until 1930, when Senator Carter Glass 's claim of credit for

1440-525: The Province of Georgia . A similar missionary province called Mocama (named for a Timucuan chiefdom) was situated just south of Guale, on the coast between the Altamaha River and St. Johns River in Florida. Maritime forest A maritime forest is an ocean coastal wooded habitat found on higher ground than dune areas within range of salt spray . They can be found along

1512-491: The Spanish–American War . The installation looked over St. Andrews Sound toward Little Cumberland. In the second half of the 20th century, homes and motels were built by the Jekyll Island Authority along the northern beaches of the island. The multiple parallel dunes on the southernmost tip are a result of sand from the eroding north beaches traveling southward and being deposited in a recurved spit . This picnic area on

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1584-652: The southern sugar maple , swamp dogwood , mockernut hickory , white ash , and the white poplar . Many plants in the maritime forests have a natural waxy coating to protect them from the salt spray. Most of the plants found in maritime forests are evergreens and shrubs along with a low population on pitcher plants. Animals that live in these forests include foxes, deer, rabbits, tree frogs, raccoons, toads, silver-back gorillas, and painted buntings. Some places where maritime forests can be found are: Bald Head Island (North Carolina), Necochea (Argentina), Jekyll Island (Georgia), and on almost all barrier islands , such as

1656-508: The 50 most beautiful small towns in America. The island was listed as a census-designated place prior to the 2020 census with a population of 866. Jekyll Island is one of only four Georgia barrier islands that has a paved causeway to allow access from the mainland by car. It has 5,700 acres (23 km) of land, including 4,400 acres (18 km) of solid earth and a 240-acre (0.97 km) Jekyll Island Club Historic District. The rest

1728-552: The Authority completed the Georgia Sea Turtle Center . The Georgia Sea Turtle Center aims to rehabilitate and return to nature cold stunned and other wounded turtles, the primary species impacted by cold stunning is the critically endangered Kemp's ridley sea turtle . Due to an increasing number of competitive sites, the island had suffered declining numbers of visitors since the late 20th century. In 2006,

1800-456: The Authority planned to revitalize the island. In 2007 it selected Linger Longer Communities LLC (through a competitive process) as its private partner to redevelop a portion of the Island. After a year of planning and hosting public forums throughout the state of Georgia, the Authority and Linger Longer developed a revitalization plan. It includes a renovated Convention Center, with construction of

1872-527: The Federal Reserve's structure prompted rebuttals from Warburg and other banking experts. Under the administration of Governor Melvin E. Thompson , the state of Georgia gained control of Jekyll Island on October 6, 1947, for $ 675,000. The island was initially managed as part of the State Park system. However, by 1950, as costs associated with getting the island ready for tourists began to mount,

1944-704: The Georgia coast and Sea Islands, from at least 1150 AD . Archaeologists identify the prehistoric Guale cultures as the Savannah phase (1150 to 1300 AD) and the Irene phase (1300 to circa 1600). While the prehistoric ancestors to the Guale shared many characteristics with regional neighbors, they left unique archaeological features that distinguished the "proto-Guale" people from other groups. The prehistoric people were organized into chiefdoms . They built Mississippian -type platform mounds , major earthworks requiring

2016-482: The Georgia coast. Joining with other survivors, they became known as the Yamasee , an ethnically mixed group that emerged in a process of ethnogenesis . Scholars have not reached a consensus on how to classify the Guale language. Early claims that the Guale spoke a Muskogean language were questioned by the historian William C. Sturtevant . He has shown that recorded vocabulary, which sources had believed to be Guale,

2088-510: The Guale increased their consumption of corn. Bioarcheaologists tested the levels of C4 molecules in the natives' bones to determine the corn intake levels. By comparison, their intake of other foods such as fish, animals, other plants, etc. decreased. These changes were not for the better, as a corn-dominated diet is poor for overall health.   The Guale Indians were forced to work under the Europeans in ways they never had had to before. It

2160-506: The La Tama. In Guale Province, some of the Yamasee joined the existing missions, while others settled on the periphery. Between 1675 and 1684, the Westo tribe, supported by English colonists in the colonies of Carolina and Virginia , destroyed all Spanish missions in Georgia . Attacks by English-supported pirates also contributed to the breakup of the missions. In 1680 a group of pirates sacked Mission Santa Catalina de Guale . By 1684

2232-630: The Spanish and Indians had abandoned all six missions. The La Tama Yamasee, Guale, and other refugees scattered in the southeast. Some relocated to new missions in Spanish Florida, but most rejected Spanish authority. They felt Spain had been unable to protect them and resented their failure to provide firearms. The Indians of Guale Province moved mostly to the Apalachee or Apalachicola regions. Around or before 1684, one small group of Yamasee-Guale refugees, led by Chief Altamaha, moved north to

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2304-457: The Spanish mission provinces for their trade in European manufactured goods. Various non-Guale Indians settled in or near the Guale missions during the 17th century. Most were from an Indian province of north-central Georgia called La Tama by the Spanish. In the 1660s the well-armed Westo attacked La Tama and neighboring regions, dispersing the La Tama in several directions. Some migrated to

2376-614: The State of Georgia bought the island. At the end of November 1910, Senator Nelson W. Aldrich and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury A. Piatt Andrew invited five of the country's leading financiers ( Frank Vanderlip , Henry P. Davison , Arthur Shelton , Benjamin Strong , and Paul Warburg ) to a private meeting at the Jekyll Island Club to develop recommendations for a central banking system that could respond to financial panics like

2448-430: The US. After a six-week voyage in which more than 100 slaves died, on November 28, 1858, The Wanderer anchored near the southern portion of Jekyll Island. Its crew took 409 to 465 enslaved Africans ashore, smuggling them to the mainland. News of the slave ship set off a wave of outrage. The federal government's effort to prosecute the conspirators was unsuccessful. A public art sculpture was commissioned for this site. It

2520-601: The alliance between the Yamasee and colonial South Carolina grew stronger in reaction. The "Yamasee" who migrated in 1685 to the Port Royal area were rebuilding the old La Tama chiefdom, but they also included numerous Guale, as well as other Indians of mostly Muskogean stock. The Yamasee lived in South Carolina until they were defeated in the Yamasee War of 1715, after which survivors were widely dispersed and

2592-522: The attacks using the indigenous material, tabby . A mixture of lime, crushed oyster shells, and water, this strong building material has withstood the test of time throughout the Sea Islands. The external structure of William Horton’s two-story house, built from tabby, is one of two remaining two-story colonial-era structures in the state of Georgia. William Horton died in 1748–1749. His property on Jekyll passed through many hands until, just before

2664-442: The beaches and sandbars, and Summer Waves , a water park , are among the active attractions. The historic district features numerous impressive and ambitious buildings from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The island is also full of wildlife , consisting of many different mammals, reptiles, and birds living and breeding in the island's inland salt marshes . In 2018, Architectural Digest named Jekyll Island one of

2736-765: The board membership in the 1970s and 1980s. Now it consists of the Commissioner of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources and eight citizens of the state. Some of the later construction projects have included the Soccer Complex, the Jekyll Island Tennis Center, gaining Historic District status and designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1978, and opening the Jekyll Island 4-H Center in 1983. Most recently,

2808-499: The coast of present-day Georgia and the Sea Islands . Spanish Florida established its Roman Catholic missionary system in the chiefdom in the late 16th century. During the late 17th century and early 18th century, Guale society was shattered by extensive epidemics of new infectious diseases and attacks by other tribes. Some of the surviving remnants migrated to the mission areas of Spanish Florida, while others remained near

2880-715: The daily rate was $ 1, as of August 2009 it was $ 5, and later raised to $ 10, with an annual pass at $ 100. An annual pass may be purchased at the Guest Information Center before entering the island. Jekyll Island was first listed as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census . Scenes from the films X-Men: First Class , Glory , The Legend Of Bagger Vance , Jekyll Island , and The View from Pompey's Head have been filmed on Jekyll Island. On October 27, 2014, Red Zone Pictures filmed here for Magic Mike XXL (2015), starring Channing Tatum . In 2016, an episode for The Walking Dead Season 7

2952-461: The enormous dunes to the beach. Access to this beach is by way of a long boardwalk. It was built in the mid-1980s by the producers of the film Glory , which was partially filmed here, and has been named for the film. The boardwalk, recently repaired, can be accessed from the soccer complex at the south end of the Jekyll Island. The boardwalk passes through a variety of natural habitats, ranging from ancient dunes to freshwater sloughs . St. Andrews

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3024-466: The entrance to the Clam Creek picnic area is the campground, an 18-acre (73,000 m) facility in a cleared maritime forest . The campground has running water for restrooms, showers, and laundry, as well as a store and bike rentals. The southern end of the island was virtually unused by settlers and visitors until the late 19th century, when the army installed a gun mount on the southern end during

3096-464: The founding of the colony. For many years, including the "Club Era", the island was spelled as "Jekyl". The Georgia legislature in 1929 passed legislation to correct the spelling to "Jekyll", as used by the former sponsor of the colony. In the late 1730s, General Oglethorpe appointed William Horton to set up a military post in the area to protect Fort Frederica on St Simon's Island. By 1738 Horton had set up permanent residence on Jekyll Island, near what

3168-572: The island for France and renamed it as Ille de la Somme. Ribault later surrendered to the Spanish and was executed. The two countries engaged in competition and armed confrontations along the Georgia and Florida coasts. After his army swiftly defeated the French, Philip II of Spain immediately had a colony established on Jekyll. More brief conflicts between these two countries along the coastline followed. Spanish priests established missions intending to convert Native Americans to Christianity. No mission

3240-477: The island from his father and intended to build a house. Du Bignon purchased the rest of the island from his siblings, with the help of his brother-in-law Newton Finney and an investor. Their plan to market the island as a winter retreat for the wealthy came to fruition on February 17, 1886. They decided to construct a clubhouse which was completed in January 1888. Fifty-three members purchased shares for $ 600 each;

3312-474: The island was taken out of the state park system. It was organized as a separate authority with the goal of its becoming self-sustaining, considered achievable because of its resources and attractions. The Jekyll Island Authority was created in February 1950 under the direction of Governor Herman Talmadge . It was designed to be a governing board. This board consisted of nine gubernatorial appointed members and

3384-527: The late 17th century the Guale and the Mocama were driven out of what is now Georgia by attacks from French pirates and from native allies of the English in the Province of Carolina . The survivors resettled in what is now Florida. The men used spears to take fish from the surrounding creeks. The women were experts on the native vegetation, gathering nuts and fruit. They made a type of tea from parched holly leaves. These settlers were said to also have cultivated

3456-535: The lower Chattahoochee River towns of Coweta and Cussita , the Apalachee mission provinces, and the Guale province. The La Tama spoke a dialect of Hitchiti , a Muskogean language , as did several towns in Apalachicola Province . The Guale language may or may not have been related. In 1675 the Spanish first used the term Yamasee to refer to the newcomer refugees. They thought them similar to

3528-530: The markets had changed and the soil became exhausted. By 1862 when Union Army troops arrived, the Du Bignon plantation was completely deserted. After the American Civil War ended, the Du Bignon family returned to the island. Henri Charles divided the island among his four children. In 1875 John Eugene Du Bignon, a nephew, became owner of property on the island. He inherited the southern third of

3600-753: The mouth of the Savannah River . That year, a Scottish colony called Stuarts Town was founded in South Carolina on Port Royal Sound near the Savannah River. Stuarts Town survived only about two years, but during that time the Scots residents formed a strong bond with the Yamasee-Guale. In late 1684, armed with Scots firearms, these Indians raided Timucua Province , devastating the mission Santa Catalina de Afuyca . They returned to Stuarts Town with 22 captives, whom they sold as slaves . Over

3672-480: The next decade, the Authority directed development of motels, houses, the convention center, and a shopping center, as well as the towers at the entrance to the causeway. In the 1970s the Authority began renovating the historic cottages and club hotel in the historic district. During the 1980s, it supervised the construction of bike paths and the re-opening of the clubhouse in December 1987. The legislature reorganized

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3744-600: The next two years, word of similar successes of the Stuarts Town-allied Yamasee-Guale carried throughout the region. The population of "Yamasee" Indians near Port Royal Sound grew rapidly. Although the Indians became known collectively as "Yamasee", the Guale continued to be a significant portion of the population. Spanish forces destroyed Stuarts Town. In the old Guale Province, they strongly resisted counterattacks by South Carolina. Nonetheless,

3816-431: The ocean side of the island features plenty of picnic tables, a full bathroom with showers, and a boardwalk to traverse the 20-foot (6.1 m)-high dune ridge to the beach. The dune is needed to protect the wooded area and interior of the island from erosion due to storms. This area was repaired in 1983, with bulldozers pushing new primary dunes into place to correct the damage caused by 30 years of beachgoers trampling over

3888-512: The organized labor of many people, and using highly skilled soil and engineering knowledge. They used the mounds for ceremonial, religious and burial purposes. French explorers under Jean Ribault contacted the Guale, whom they called the Oade after their chief, during their voyage to the Atlantic coast of North America in 1562. The Guale maintained good relations with the ephemeral French settlement known as Charlesfort on Parris Island in what

3960-698: The others. The boundaries of the Spanish Guale Province corresponded to the people's territory along the Atlantic coast and Sea Islands , north of the Altamaha River and south of the Savannah River . It included Ossabaw , St. Catherine's , Sapelo , Tybee , and Wassaw islands, among others. By the mid-17th century, the Spanish had established six Catholic missions in Guale territory, including Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato and Santa Catalina de Guale . Their largest settlements were probably on St. Catherine's Island. Guale

4032-462: The past 100 years as an example of coastal Georgia building techniques; it is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the state. Across the street from the Horton House ruin is the du Bignon cemetery, established by the next family to own the house and much of the island for generations. Its tabby wall surrounds the graves of five people who died in the 19th century. Just across the street from

4104-745: The people disintegrated as a polity. But while they lasted, the Yamasee exhibited multi-ethnic qualities. Their towns were described by European colonists as being Upper Yamasee or Lower Yamasee towns. The Lower Towns were populated mainly by La Tama Indians and included Altamaha (after the chief who lived there), Ocute, and Chechesee (Ichisi). The Guale were the majority in the Upper Towns, although other ethnicities were incorporated as well. Upper Yamasee Towns with mostly Guale populations likely included Pocotaligo, Pocosabo, and Huspah. Other Upper Towns, such as Tulafina, Sadketche (Salkehatchie), and Tomatley, were probably mixed, with Guale, La Tama, and others. It

4176-470: The picnic area to the North End Beach and Driftwood Beach. These beaches are characterized by another tidal creek emptying into St. Simons Sound and a boneyard of pine and water oak tree roots. The two-story house built from tabby in 1742 stands along N. Riverview Rd. The frame is intact, while the roof, doors, and windows are gone. Tabby was an indigenous material developed along the coast that

4248-401: The plantation continued to prosper, as evidenced by the 1850 census . On November 28, 1858, fifty years after the importation of slaves to the United States was prohibited, the ship The Wanderer landed on Jekyll Island with 465 slaves. This was the next-to-last successful shipment of slaves to American soil from Africa . By 1860, the plantations on Jekyll had declined in productivity, as

4320-466: The survivors of the slave ship The Wanderer , the next to last ship documented to transport slaves to US territory in the prohibited Atlantic slave trade. Clotilda , out of Mobile, Alabama , brought in 110 slaves in July 1860, and is ranked last. Because the ship was burned and sunk, some observers thought accounts of its slave voyage was a hoax, but there is considerable documentation. In January 2018

4392-451: The three sisters: squash and pumpkins, beans, and corn (maize); as well as sunflowers and tobacco , which was used for many ritual purposes and celebrations. In 1510 explorers from Spain were the first to land at Jekyll Island, naming it Isla De Ballenas (Whale Island). Later Juan Ponce de León was appointed as the civil governor of this and Spain's other claimed North American territories. In 1562 French explorer Jean Ribault claimed

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4464-543: The wealthiest members built their own "cottages", mansion-sized residences that are mostly still standing in the 21st century. Even the wealthy endured financial losses during the Great Depression , and the club had financial difficulties. When the United States entered World War II , it ordered the island evacuated for security purposes, ending the era of the Jekyll Island Club. After the war in 1947,

4536-485: The year 1800, Christophe du Bignon acquired all of the property of the island. Christophe du Bignon and his family arrived here from France in 1792 as refugees from the violence of the French Revolution against the elite. Du Bignon developed a prosperous plantation based on African slavery . After he died in 1825, his son Henri Charles Du Bignon inherited the property. Under the new ownership of Henri Charles

4608-525: Was Muscogee . Historical references note that the Jesuit Brother Domingo Agustín Váez recorded Guale grammar in 1569, but the documents have not been found. The Guale are believed to have been a Mississippian culture group that had a chiefdom along what is now the Georgia coast in the early period of Spanish exploration. Archaeological studies indicate that the precursors of the historically known Guale lived along

4680-429: Was charged with the operation and care of the island. Black residents of Brunswick petitioned the state for access‚ and in 1950‚ a portion of southern Jekyll‚ renamed St. Andrews Beach‚ was designated for blacks‚ becoming the first public beach in Georgia accessible to African Americans. Five years later‚ the state erected the “Colored Beach House,” which now stands as a historic landmark at Camp Jekyll. The authority placed

4752-481: Was developed into golf courses. A short winding road leads to a parking lot and one of the three picnic areas on the island. To the west is a vast marsh hammock and a view of the Sidney Lanier Bridge , a 480-foot (150 m)-tall cable-stay bridge on Hwy 17. A large fishing pier extends northwest from the picnic area. To the east, a bridge crosses Clam Creek, in front of an inland marsh, to connect

4824-461: Was filmed on the island, as well as part of an episode in season 10 in 2019. In 2021, some scenes for The Menu were filmed on Driftwood Beach. The musical version of The Color Purple (2023) shot several scenes on Driftwood Beach in March 2022. Jekyll Island has a small airfield . Guale Guale was a historic Native American chiefdom of Mississippian culture peoples located along

4896-426: Was formed from crushed oyster shells, lime and water to make a kind of cement. It is featured in several historic sea island structures dating from the antebellum plantation era. The house was occupied by Major William Horton during the British colonial period. He developed Georgia's first brewery (the ruins of which are a few hundred yards down the road). The remains of the house have been meticulously preserved over

4968-473: Was labor-intensive. Spencer Larsen and Christopher Ruff concluded this based on their analysis of the second moments of area on humerus and femur bones. This is an engineering approach used to show the strength of the bone. They found that there was an increased strength of the bones due to higher repetitive usage, supporting the original statement. Indians throughout the American southeast were drawn to

5040-458: Was near the border between the Guale people and the Mocama people. Historians have debated whether the town of Guadalquini was on Jekyll Island or St. Simon's Island, and whether the people that lived there late in the 16th century were Guale or Mocama. By early in the 17th century Guadalquini was occupied by the Mocama. Both the Guale and the Mocama became part of the Spanish mission system . In

5112-540: Was primarily closed to the public. Upon completion of the six-year causeway project and erection of the drawbridge on December 11, 1954, Jekyll Island officially re-opened for public use. The Authority was criticized and received negative publicity in the mid-1950s. The Georgia Legislature restructured the Authority in 1957, requiring board members to be elected officials. The state attorney general, state auditor, public service commissioner, state parks department director, and secretary of state were all made board members. In

5184-400: Was the least stable of the four major mission provinces. The first Guale rebellion, often labeled Juanillo 's Revolt, began on October 4, 1597. The Guale rebelled again 1645, nearly shaking off the missions. They kept up a clandestine trade with French privateers , which provided them with alternate sources of goods. After the arrival of Europeans and their intervention in Guale villages,

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