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62-548: The river rises near the 2833 meter high mountain Mount Bawakaraeng and runs through the districts of Gowa and Takalar up to the port city of Makassar , flowing into the Makassar Strait . Its final stretch physically separates the kelurahan of Barombong to the south from the rest of the city to the north. The river has flooded the city regularly, notably in 1976. Approximately 40 km downstream

124-551: A fleet' was seen around 1866. Sholl believed that they did not venture south into other areas such as Nickol Bay (where the European pearling industry commenced around 1865) due to the absence of trepang in those waters. The Macassan voyages appear to have ceased sometime in the late nineteenth century, and their place was taken by other sailors operating from elsewhere in the Indonesian archipelago. A radio documentary on

186-416: A half hour walk. 5°20′S 119°40′E  /  5.333°S 119.667°E  / -5.333; 119.667 Makassar Makassar ( / m ə ˈ k æ s ə r / muh- KASS -uhr ), formerly Ujung Pandang ( / ˈ u ˌ dʒ u ŋ p ɑː n ˈ d ɑː ŋ / oo- JOONG PAHN -dahng ), is the capital of the Indonesian province of South Sulawesi . It is the largest city in

248-473: A population of around 1.474 million (732,391 males and 742,002 females) in mid 2023 within Makassar City's fifteen administrative districts. Its official metropolitan area , known as Mamminasata , with the addition of thirty-three further districts of neighbouring regencies, covers an area of 2,666.63 square kilometres (1,029.59 sq mi) and had a population of around 2,795,639 according to

310-413: A production of 21,861 tonnes. Four years later planting area into 854 hectares with a production of 7,189 tons. Many farmers to switch crops from passion fruit to vegetables for more One of the most important sights is Fortress Samba Opu ( Benteng Samba Opu ) in the town of Sunggumninasa. A part of the walls including a round tower are just being restored. The strongest wall with a thickness of seven metres

372-486: A series of 11 fortresses and strongholds and a fortified sea wall that extended along the coast. Portuguese rulers called the city Macáçar . Makassar was very ably led in the first half of the 17th century when it effectively resisted Dutch pressure to close down its trade to Maluku and made allies rather than enemies of the neighboring Bugis states. Karaeng Matoaya (c.1573–1636) was the ruler of Tallo from 1593, as well as Chancellor or Chief Minister ( Tuma'bicara-butta ) of

434-470: A short growing season, farmers Gowa also many who farm crops longevity. One of them is the passion fruit plants (Fassifora sp). Visited Makassar less afdol feel if not bring fruit or juice passion fruit syrup hands. If we look at the views of the airport or the port, most of the passengers who will leave Makassar bring this fresh flavorful juice. Plants from the mainland of South America is synonymous with South Sulawesi. Kanreapia Village, District Tinggimoncong

496-442: Is a regency in the province of South Sulawesi , Indonesia . It has an area of 1,883.33 km and a population of 652,329 at the 2010 census, increasing to 765,836 at the 2020 census; the official estimate at mid-2023 was 799,999 (comprising 396,130 males and 403,869 females). The majority of the regency (the western eleven districts, with 632,039 inhabitants, or just over 79% of the regency's population in mid 2023) lies within

558-538: Is a warm black hue, streaked with tan or brown tones, and highly prized for use in making fine cabinetry and veneers . Nowadays, as the largest city in Sulawesi and Eastern Indonesia, the city's economy depends highly on the service sector, which makes up approximately 70% of activity. Restaurant and hotel services are the most significant contributor (29.14%), followed by transportation and communication (14.86%), trading (14.86), and finance (10.58%). Industrial activity

620-461: Is also unstable and likely to continue to decline. These vines have one harvests per year (November to January) with a production of about 300,000 fruit per hectare. If the price at the time of harvest, one kilo (approximately 25 pieces) only Rp. 500,- up to Rp. 800,- so that farmers only received Rp 6.0 million to Rp 9.6 million per hectare. This situation drives the passion fruit planting area continued to decline. In 1996 there were 1,241 hectares with

682-706: Is around 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) and the average low around 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) all year long. In contrast to the virtually consistent temperature, rainfall shows wide variation between months due to the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone . Makassar averages around 3,086 mm (121.50 in) of rain on 163 days during the year, but during the month with least rainfall – August – only 15 mm (0.59 in) on one day of rain can be expected. In contrast, during its wet season , Makassar can expect more than 500 mm (20 in) per month between December and February. During

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744-591: Is celebrated today as the city's official anniversary. John Jourdain called Makassar in his day "the kindest people in all the Indias to strangers". Matoaya's eldest son succeeded him on the throne of Tallo, but as Chancellor, he had evidently groomed his brilliant second son, Karaeng Pattingalloang (1600–54), who exercised that position from 1639 until his death. Pattingalloang must have been partly educated by Portuguese, since as an adult he spoke Portuguese "as fluently as people from Lisbon itself", and avidly read all

806-487: Is denoted by the letter on the windshield. Makassar is also known for its becak ( pedicabs ), which are smaller than the " becak " on the island of Java . In addition to becak and pete-pete, the city has a government-run bus system, taxis and ride-hailing services such as Gojek . A bus rapid transit (BRT), which is known as "Trans Mamminasata" was started in 2014. It has some routes through Makassar and connects to nearby cities including Maros, Takallar, and Gowa. Run by

868-428: Is divided into 15 administrative districts ( kecamatan ) and subdivided into 153 urban villages ( kelurahan ). The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan ) in each district. Note (a) The 2010 population of

930-450: Is divided into eighteen districts, comprising 167 villages and 726 hamlets. The Bili-Bili Dam , located about 30 km from Makassar, was completed in 1998. The regency is divided into eighteen districts ( kecamatan ), with their area, population at the 2010 and 2020 census, and the mid-2023 official population estimate tabulated below. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, their post code and

992-431: Is located in the southern part of South Sulawesi province, and is bordered to the north by the city of Makassar and Maros Regency , to the east by Sinjai Regency , Bulukumba Regency and Bantaeng , to the south by Takalar and Jeneponto Regencies, and to the west by the city of Makassar and Takalar Regency . The total area is 1,883.33 km , equal to 3.01% of the area of South Sulawesi province. Gowa regency

1054-504: Is located is the 73 metre high Bili-Bili Dam , completed in 1999 with an internal volume of 380 million cubic meters. On 26 March 2004 a landslide occurred in the upper reaches of the Jeneberang, killing 32 people. On 22 January 2019, the river overflowed due to heavy rain, causing a flood that killed dozens. The river flows in the southwest area of Sulawesi with predominantly tropical monsoon climate (designated as Am in

1116-405: Is mentioned as an island under Majapahit dominance, alongside Butun , Salaya and Banggawi . The 9th King of Gowa Tumaparisi Kallonna (1512–1546) is described in the royal chronicle as the first Gowa ruler to ally with the nearby trade-oriented polity of Tallo, a partnership which endured throughout Makassar's apogee as an independent kingdom. The center of the dual kingdom was at Sombaopu, near

1178-408: Is one of Indonesia's primary ports, with regular international and domestic shipping connections. It is nationally famous as an essential port of call for the pinisi ships, wooden sailing ships which are among the last in use for regular long-distance trade. During the colonial era, the city was widely known as the namesake of Makassar oil , which it exported in substantial quantity. Makassar ebony

1240-466: Is one of passion fruit producing areas in Gowa. Unfortunately, passion fruit sour taste of the fruit is sweet and capable of moving a small food and beverage industry is now beginning farmers less desirable. Planting of passion is not easy, except for the long cropping period and require special care, such as high surface soil, fertilizers and drugs are quite expensive. Furthermore, the price of passion fruit

1302-780: Is the next most important after the service sector, with 21.34% of overall activity. The Makassar Industrial Estate ( Kawasan Industri Makassar ), located within the city's boundaries, measures at 270.84 hectares. Makassar is also a significant fishing center in Sulawesi . One of its major industries is the trepang ( sea cucumber ) industry. Trepang fishing brought the Makassan people into contact with Indigenous Australian peoples of northern Australia, long before European settlement (from 1788). C. C. MacKnight in his 1976 work entitled Voyage to Marege: Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia has shown that they began frequenting

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1364-591: The 17th century. It remained an important port in the Dutch East Indies , serving Eastern Indonesian regions with Makassarese fishers going as far south as the Australian coast. For a brief period after Indonesian independence , Makassar became the capital of the State of East Indonesia , during which an uprising occurred . The city's area is 175.77 square kilometres (67.87 sq mi), and it had

1426-574: The 2 kelurahan of Benteng Somba Opu and Lembang Parang. (f) all 14 are kelurahan - Batangkaluku, Bonto-Bontoa, Bontoramba, Kalegowa, Katangka, Mawang, Paccinongang, Pandang-Pandang, Romangpolong, Samata, Sungguminasa, Tamarunang, Tombolo and Tompobalang. (g) including the 3 kelurahan of Bontomanai, Borongloe and Romang Lompoa. (h) including the 2 kelurahan of Bontoparang and Lanna. (j) comprising 6 kelurahan (Bonto Lerung, Bulutana, Gantarang, Garassi, Malino and Pattapang) and one desa . (k) including one kelurahan of Tamaona. (l) including

1488-525: The 2 kelurahan of Je'nebatu and Sapaya. (m) including the 2 kelurahan of Cikoro and Malakaji. (n) including the 2 kelurahan of Lauwa and Tonrorita. The first eleven of the eighteen districts tabulated above lie within the official metropolitan area of the city of Makassar ; the remaining seven districts lie outside that area. Mineral deposits, group C along the Watershed (DAS) Jenebarang, such as sand, stone and gravel hereditary able to provide for

1550-616: The Dutch conquered Portuguese Melaka in 1641, Makassar became the most extensive Portuguese base in Southeast Asia. The Portuguese population had been in the hundreds but rose to several thousand, served by churches of the Franciscans, Dominicans and Jesuits as well as the regular clergy. By the 16th century, Makassar had become Sulawesi 's principal port and center of the powerful Gowa and Tallo sultanates which between them had

1612-566: The Dutch, the Arabs, Malays and Buddhist returned to trade outside the fortress walls and were joined later by the Chinese. The town again became a collecting point for the produce of eastern Indonesia – the copra , rattan , Pearls , trepang and sandalwood and the famous oil made from bado nuts used in Europe as men's hairdressing – hence the anti-macassars (embroidered cloths protecting

1674-572: The Indonesian Transportation Department, each bus can accommodate 20 standing passengers in addition to 20 seats. A 35-kilometer monorail in the areas of Makassar, Maros Regency , Sungguminasa ( Gowa Regency ), and Takalar Regency (the Mamminasata region) was proposed in 2011, with operations commencing in 2014, at a predicted cost of Rp.4 trillion ($ 468 million). The memorandum of understanding

1736-635: The Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 25 °C. The warmest month is October, when the average temperature is around 28 °C, and the coldest is February, at 22 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2750 mm. The wettest month is January, with an average of 671 mm rainfall, and the driest is September, with 10 mm rainfall. 5°11′35″S 119°22′53″E  /  5.19306°S 119.38139°E  / -5.19306; 119.38139 Gowa Gowa ( Makassar language  : ᨁᨚᨓ )

1798-530: The Makassar and Bugis languages do). On 1 September 1971, the city was renamed after a variant of the pre-colonial name of the city's Fort Rotterdam , Ujung Pandang (Makassarese: Jumpandang ). The action was taken at the time Makassar was expanding from its original 21 km to encompass neighbouring regions to de-emphasise the ethnic connotations of the name, enlarged to its present area. Ujung Pandang remained locally unpopular and, on 13 October 1999,

1860-542: The Portuguese spelled it Macáçar during their presence there in the 17th century. The Dutch spelled the name both Makasser and Makassar during their rule over the city as part of the Dutch East Indies . With the independence following World War II, the Indonesians kept the Dutch spelling of Makassar with a double 's', despite the fact that the Indonesian language does not have geminate consonants (although

1922-573: The Sangkarrang Islands District ( Kecamatan Kepulauan Sangkarrang ) is included in the figure for the Ujung Tanah district, from which it was cut out. Makassar is a multi-ethnic city, populated mostly by Makassarese and Buginese . The remainder are Torajans , Mandarese , Butonese , Chinese and Javanese . The current population in mid 2023 is approximately 1,474,393, with a Metropolitan total of 2,795,639. The city

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1984-459: The Tallo River, Jeneberang River, and Pampang River) all of which flow into the city. Makassar City is a stretch of lowland at an altitude of between 0-25 meters above sea level. Makassar has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ). The average temperature for the year in Makassar is 27.5 °C (81.5 °F), with little variation due to its near-equatorial latitude: the average high

2046-523: The alliance with Tallo by declaring he would be his own Chancellor. Conflicts within the kingdom quickly escalated, the Bugis rebelled under the leadership of Bone, and the Dutch VOC seized its long-awaited chance to conquer Makassar with the help of the Bugis (1667–69). Their first conquest in 1667 was the northern Makassar fort of Ujung Pandang, while in 1669 they conquered and destroyed Sombaopu in one of

2108-481: The arrival of the Dutch, there was an important Portuguese community, also called a bandel , that received the name of Borrobos. Around 1660 the leader of this community, which today would be equivalent to a neighbourhood, was the Portuguese Francisco Vieira de Figueiredo. The character of this old trading center changed as a walled city known as Vlaardingen grew. Gradually, in defiance of

2170-472: The availability of material from the DAS, there was also mountain stone and clay. The trucks transporting this material moved along protocol roads connecting with Gowa Makassar. Excavated material is capable of providing for cash receipts for Gowa Regency. Pos dominates income tax up to 65 percent in the 2001 fiscal year revenue in the amount of Rp. 3.11 billion. Gowa real potential is agriculture. The main job of

2232-416: The books that came his way in Portuguese, Spanish or Latin. A French Jesuit, Father Alexandre de Rhodes , described Pattingalloang's passion for mathematics and astronomy, on which he pestered the priest endlessly, while even one of his Dutch adversaries conceded he was "a man of great knowledge, science and understanding". After Pattingalloang's death in 1654, a new king of Gowa, Sultan Hasanuddin, rejected

2294-599: The capital of the State of East Indonesia , part of the United States of Indonesia . In 1950, it was the site of fighting between pro-Federalist forces under Captain Kahar Muzakkar and Republican forces under Colonel Sunkono during the Makassar uprising . Makassar is the capital of the province of South Sulawesi , located in the southern part of Sulawesi Island, formerly known as Ujung Pandang, bordered to

2356-602: The greatest battles of 17th century Indonesia. The VOC moved the city center northward, around the Ujung Pandang fort they rebuilt and renamed Fort Rotterdam . From this base, they managed to destroy the strongholds of the Sultan of Gowa, who was then forced to live on the outskirts of Makassar. Following the Diponegoro War (1825–30), Prince Diponegoro was exiled to Fort Rotterdam until his death in 1855. After

2418-519: The head-rests of upholstered chairs). Although the Dutch controlled the coast, it was not until the early 20th century that they gained power over the southern interior through a series of treaties with local rulers. Meanwhile, Dutch missionaries converted many of the Toraja people to Christianity. By 1938, the population of Makassar had reached around 84,000 – a town described by writer Joseph Conrad as "the prettiest and perhaps, cleanest looking of all

2480-510: The highlands like Parangloe, Bungaya and especially Tinggimoncong a vegetable producing center. The most widely cultivated vegetables are potatoes, cabbage, mustard, onion and beans. Per year, the harvest of vegetables exceed 5,000 tons. Vegetables of Gowa Makassar city is able to meet the market and its surroundings, even to the island of Borneo and the Maluku through the port of Pare Pare and Port Mamuju. In addition to farming vegetables that have

2542-490: The latter is usually used in the historical context of trepangers in northern Australia (the Macassan contact with Australia ) and may include people not from Makassar. More recently, forms such as Makasarese and simply Makasar (both with a single 's') have appeared. The trade in spices figured prominently in the history of Sulawesi, which involved frequent struggles between rival native and foreign powers for control of

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2604-527: The lucrative trade during the pre-colonial and colonial period when spices from the region were in high demand in the West. Much of South Sulawesi's early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries. Makassar is mentioned in the Nagarakretagama , a Javanese eulogy composed in 14th century during the reign of Majapahit king Hayam Wuruk . In the text, Makassar

2666-644: The mid 2023 official estimates. According to the National Development Planning Agency , Makassar is one of the four main central cities of Indonesia , alongside Medan , Jakarta , and Surabaya . According to Bank Indonesia , Makassar has the second-highest commercial property values in Indonesia, after Greater Jakarta . The name Makassar was long spelled Macassar in English and many other European languages, although

2728-546: The name reverted to Makassar under President B. J. Habibie , himself a native of South Sulawesi. In the local language , the city is known as Mangkasara′ , written ᨆᨀᨔᨑ in the Lontara script traditionally used to write Makassarese as well as Buginese , which is also widely spoken in the city. The adjective form of the city's name and the eponymous ethnic group has varied over time. In English, Macassarese , Makassarese , and Macassan have all been used, although

2790-419: The north by Maros Regency and Pangkajene and Islands Regency, to the east by Maros Regency , to the south by Gowa Regency , and to the west by Makassar Strait . The area of Makassar City is recorded as 175.77 square kilometers. Makassar City is a city located near the coast that stretches along the western and northern corridors and is also known as the "Waterfront City" which contains several rivers such as

2852-632: The north of Australia around 1700 in search of trepang (sea-slug, sea cucumber, Beche-de-mer), an edible Holothurian . They left their waters during the Northwest Monsoon in December or January for what is now Arnhem Land , Marriage or Marega and the Kimberley region or Kayu Djawa. They returned home with the south-east trade winds in April. A fleet of between 24 and 26 Macassan perahus

2914-421: The number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 121 rural desa and 46 urban kelurahan ). Notes: (a) includes the 3 kelurahan of Bontonompo, Kalaserena and Tamallayang. (b) includes one kelurahan of Bontoramba. (c) includes the 4 kelurahan of Kalebajeng, Limbung, Mata Allo and Tubajeng. (d) includes the 4 kelurahan of Mangalli, Pangkabinanga, Parangbanoa and Tetebatu. (e) including

2976-518: The official metropolitan area of the city of Makassar , including the regency's administrative capital at Sungguminasa . The hill resort of Malino is in the eastern (non-metropolitan) part of the regency. Gowa is located at 12°38.16'E Longitude of Jakarta and 5°33.6'E longitude of the North Pole. While the location of the region his administration between, 12°33.19 'to 13°15:17'E longitude and 5°5' to 5°34.7'S latitude of Jakarta . The regency

3038-448: The partner kingdom of Gowa. He managed the succession to the Gowa throne in 1593 of the 7-year-old boy later known as Sultan Alaud-din, and guided him through the acceptance of Islam in 1603, numerous modernizations in military and civil governance, and cordial relations with the foreign traders. The conversion of the citizens to Islam was followed by the first official Friday Prayer in the city, traditionally dated to 9 November 1607, which

3100-447: The regencies in 2000 per capita income of Rp. 2.09 million are farming, with food crops sub-sector as the mainstay. The agricultural sector contributed 45 percent or Rp. 515.2 billion. Paddy fields were less than 20 percent (3,640 hectares) of the total land area of the regency is able to provide sufficient results. Production of various agricultural crops such as rice and other crops, horticultural crops to be excellent. Sub-districts in

3162-571: The region of Eastern Indonesia and the country's fifth-largest urban center after Jakarta , Surabaya , Medan , and Bandung . The city is located on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait . Throughout its history, Makassar has been an important trading port, hosting the center of the Gowa Sultanate and a Portuguese naval base before its conquest by the Dutch East India Company in

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3224-684: The right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly. Makassar depended mainly on the Muslim Malay and Catholic Portuguese sailors communities as its two crucial economic assets. However the English East India Company also established a post there in 1613, the Danish Company arrived in 1618, and Chinese, Spanish and Indian traders were all important. When

3286-406: The spice trade after 1600 made Makassar more vital as an alternative port open to all traders, as well as a source of rice to trade with rice-deficient Maluku. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) sought a monopoly of Malukan nutmeg and cloves and came close to succeeding at the expense of English, Portuguese and Muslims from the 1620s. The Makassar kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on

3348-417: The surrounding population. The contribution of this sector in economic activity in 2000 amounting to Rp.105,4 billion, or 9.13 percent, but the contribution of this sector to the regency government's treasury is significant. In fiscal year 2001, the district government targeted Rp. 2.03 billion of tax excavated material to fill a class C revenue (PAD). Quarrying activities was quite large because in addition to

3410-552: The then mouth of the Jeneberang River about 10 km south of the present city center, where an international port and a fortress were gradually developed. First Malay traders (expelled from their Melaka metropolis by the Portuguese in 1511), then Portuguese from at least the 1540s, began to make this port their base for trading to the Spice Islands (Maluku), further east. The growth of Dutch maritime power over

3472-572: The towns in the islands". During World War II , the Makassar area was defended by approximately 1000 men of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army commanded by Colonel M. Vooren. He decided that he could not defend the coast, and was planning to fight a guerrilla war inland. The Japanese landed near Makassar on 9 February 1942. The defenders retreated but were soon overtaken and captured. In 1945, Indonesia proclaimed its Independence , and in 1946, Makassar became

3534-488: The trade between Makassar and North-East Arnhem Land, entitled "Trepang Trade" , was made by the historian and film-maker Tom Murray for ABC Radio National in 2000. This work included descriptions of the trade made by Yolngu Aboriginal people who had visited Makassar with the trading boats, including a man called Djalatjerri (variously spelt as Djalatjirri or Djaladjari) who was interviewed by the anthropologists Ronald Berndt and Catherine Berndt . Other Yolngu recollections of

3596-463: The trade featured in this work are by Charlie Matjuwi Burarrwanga , a Gumatj man from Elcho Island, and Mowarra Ganambarr OAM , a Dätiwuy man from Rorruwuy in NE Arnhem Land. Makassar has a public transportation system called pete-pete . A pete-pete (known elsewhere in Indonesia as an angkot ) is a share taxi that has been modified to carry passengers. The route of Makassar's pete-petes

3658-412: The wettest month of January, 734 mm (28.90 in) can be expected to fall on twenty-seven rainy days. The executive head of the city is the mayor, who is elected by direct vote for a period of five years. The mayor is assisted by a deputy mayor, who is also an elected official. There is a legislative assembly for the city, members of which are also elected for a period of five years. Makassar City

3720-522: Was built in the west towards the sea as Sultan Hasanuddin feared an attack from this direction. Weapons, coins, traditional clothing etc. are on display in a museum in the middle of the fortress. Various houses in the traditional styles of eleven different peoples of southern Sulawesi were built in the fortress. Parangloe Tiered Waterfall is located in Parangloe district, 42 kilometers east of Makassar with severely damaged road and then 1.5 kilometers in

3782-529: Was noted by Phillip Parker King in the vicinity of Port Essington in the Arafura Sea. In 1865, R.J. Sholl, then Government Resident for the British settlement at Camden Sound (near Augustus Island in the Kimberley region) observed seven 'Macassan' perahus with a total of around 300 men on board. He believed that they made kidnapping raids and ranged as far south as Roebuck Bay (later Broome) where 'quite

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3844-625: Was seen in 1803 by French explorers under Nicolas Baudin on the Holothuria Banks in the Timor Sea . In February 1803, Matthew Flinders in the Investigator met six perahus with 20–25 men each on board and was told by the fleet's chief Pobasso , that there were 60 perahus then on the north Australian coast. They were fishing for trepang and appeared to have only a small compass as a navigation aid. In June 1818 Macassan trepang fishing

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