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67-535: Jenny Packham is a British fashion designer. She mostly makes ready-to-wear clothes and wedding dresses . She is the sister of naturalist and television presenter Chris Packham . Packham studied at Southampton College of Art , and then at Saint Martin's School of Art in London. Her designs were first presented in 1988, at the London Designer Show . In 2013 a retrospective selection of her work

134-661: A millinery shop at 160 Boulevard Malesherbes , the ground floor of the Parisian flat of the socialite and textile businessman Étienne Balsan , of whom she was the mistress. Because the Balsan flat also was a salon for the French hunting and sporting élite, Chanel had the opportunity to meet their demi-mondaine mistresses who, as such, were women of fashion, upon whom the rich men displayed their wealth – as ornate clothes, jewellery, and hats. Coco Chanel thus could sell to them

201-625: A 2,400 square feet (220 m ) boutique in Central, Hong Kong , and paid nearly US$ 50 million for a building in Ginza , Tokyo. In 2007, Maureen Chiquet was appointed CEO. She remained CEO until her termination in 2016. In 2018, Chanel announced relocation of its global headquarters to London. In December of the same year, Chanel announced that it would ban fur and exotic skins from its collections. In February 2019, Lagerfeld died at age 85. Virginie Viard , who had worked with Lagerfeld at

268-412: A businessman's passion, despite her misplaced feelings of exploitation . . . [thus] when Pierre returned to Paris, full of pride and excitement [after one of his horses won the 1956 English Derby]. He rushed to Coco, expecting congratulations and praise. But she refused to kiss him. She resented him, you see, all her life." Coco Chanel died on 10 January 1971, at the age of 87. She was still designing at

335-467: A dress shop, the business-lease limited Chanel to selling only millinery products, not couture . Two years later 1913, the Deauville and Biarritz couture shops of Coco Chanel offered for sale prêt-à-porter sports clothes for women, the practical designs of which allowed the wearer to play sports. The First World War (1914–1918), affected European fashion through scarcity of materials, and

402-575: A famous gown or other pattern that is then duplicated and advertised to raise the visibility of the designer. In high-end fashion, ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week . This takes place on a city-by-city basis, and the most prominent of these include London , New York , Milan , and Paris , and are held twice a year—the Fall/Winter (FW) shows take place in February, and

469-407: A greater sense of scarcity and exclusivity for No.5, and sales rocketed back up as demand for the fragrance increased. He used famous people to endorse the perfume – from Marilyn Monroe to Audrey Tautou . Looking for a designer who could bring the label to new heights, he persuaded Karl Lagerfeld to end his contract with fashion house Chloé . Chanel has partnered with friends and ambassadors over

536-418: A perfume for La Maison Chanel. His perfumes included the perfume No.5 , named after the number of the sample Chanel liked best. Originally, given as a gift to clients, No.5's popularity prompted La Maison Chanel to offer it for sale in 1922. In 1923, to explain the success of her clothes, Coco Chanel told Harper's Bazaar magazine that design "simplicity is the keynote of all true elegance." The success of

603-488: A variety of factors including economic disparities, a desire for an independent fashion industry, and an increase in media attention. The demand for affordable and fashionable women's clothing sparked designers and department stores to manufacture clothing in bulk quantities that were accessible to women of all classes and incomes. Through the emergence of the US ready-to-wear market, designers like Chanel with their shift dresses or

670-563: The James Bond films Die Another Day and Casino Royale – and in television; she designed costumes for Kim Cattrall in Sex and the City , and for various episodes of Gossip Girl . Packham received an honorary doctorate from Southampton Solent University in 2008. Ready-to-wear Ready-to-wear has a rather different place in the spheres of fashion and classic clothing. In

737-512: The No. 5 encouraged Coco Chanel to expand perfume sales beyond France and Europe and to develop other perfumes – for which she required investment capital, business acumen, and access to the North American market. To that end, the businessman Théophile Bader (founder of Galeries Lafayette ) introduced the venture capitalist Pierre Wertheimer to Coco Chanel. Their business deal established

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804-810: The Paris Climate Agreement to reduce its carbon footprint by 50% by 2030 and reduce its emissions from value chain by 40% by 2030. As part of the Chanel Mission 1.5 Climate Action Plan, the brand has pledged to transition to 100% renewable electricity by 2025. The company is also sourcing eco-responsible tweeds; shifting to maritime transport with a goal of 80% shipments by sea by 2024; and supporting land and livlihood projects throughout communities in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In January 2024, Chanel launched an initiative with

871-580: The fashion industry , designers produce ready-to-wear clothing, intended to be worn without significant alteration because clothing made to standard sizes fits most people. They use standard patterns, factory equipment, and faster construction techniques to keep costs low, compared to a custom-sewn version of the same item. Some fashion houses and fashion designers make mass-produced and industrially manufactured ready-to-wear lines, while others offer garments that are not unique but are produced in limited numbers. Before pre-war times men’s ready-to-wear clothing

938-611: The holding company Chanel Limited , established in 2018 and headquartered in London . Chanel specializes in women's ready-to-wear , luxury goods, and accessories and licenses its name and branding to Luxottica for eyewear. Chanel is well known for its No. 5 perfume and "Chanel Suit". Chanel is credited for revolutionizing haute couture and ready-to-wear by replacing structured, corseted silhouettes with more functional garments that women still found flattering. The House of Chanel originated in 1909, when Gabrielle Chanel opened

1005-676: The parfumerie . Having foreseen the Nazi occupation policy of the seizure-and-expropriation to Germany of Jewish business and assets in France, Pierre Wertheimer, the majority partner, had earlier, in May 1940, designated Felix Amiot , a Christian French industrialist, as the " Aryan " proxy whose legal control of the Parfums Chanel business proved politically acceptable to the Nazis, who then allowed

1072-518: The rue de la Rivoli , opposite the Louvre Museum , and just around the corner from the fashionable Maison Chanel S.A., at 31 rue Cambon. Meanwhile, because of the Nazi occupation's official anti-Semitism, Pierre Wertheimer and family, had fled France to the U.S., in mid-1940. Later, in 1941, Coco Chanel attempted to assume business control of Parfums Chanel but was thwarted by an administrative delegation that disallowed her sole disposition of

1139-648: The 10-per-cent partnership she entered, in 1924, with the Parfums Chanel company; the lawyer-to-lawyer negotiations failed, and the partnership-percentages remained as established in the original business deal among Wertheimer, Badel, and Chanel. From the gamine fashions of the 1920s, Coco Chanel progressed to womanly fashions in the 1930s: evening-dress designs were characterised by an elongated feminine style, and summer dresses featured contrasts such as silver eyelets, and shoulder straps decorated with rhinestones – drawing from Renaissance-time fashion stylings. In 1932, Chanel presented an exhibition of jewellery dedicated to

1206-704: The 1920s, produced beaded dresses made popular by Flapper women. The simple-line, 'flat-chested' fashions Chanel couture made popular were opposite of the hourglass figure fashions of the late 19th century – the Belle Époque of France ( c.  1890 –1914), and the British Edwardian era ( c.  1901 –1919). Chanel used colors traditionally associated with masculinity in Europe, such as grey and navy blue, to denote feminine boldness. Chanel clothing often featured quilted fabric and leather trimmings;

1273-492: The 21st century. Fashion houses that produce a women's haute couture line, such as Chanel , Dior , Lacroix and Saint Laurent also produce a ready-to-wear line, which returns a greater profit because of the higher volume of garments made and the greater availability of the clothing. The construction of ready-to-wear clothing is also held to a different standard than that of haute couture due to its industrial nature. High-end ready-to-wear lines are sometimes based upon

1340-673: The Fashion Oscar at the 1957 Fashion Awards in Dallas. Pierre Wertheimer bought Bader's 20 per cent share of the Parfums Chanel, which increased the Wertheimer percentage to 90 per cent. Later, in 1965, Pierre's son, Jacques Wertheimer , assumed his father's management of the parfumerie . About the past business relationship, between Pierre Wertheimer and Coco Chanel, the Chanel attorney, Chambrun said that it had been "one based on

1407-441: The Nazis, and because of Churchill's secret intervention in her behalf, the épuration released Coco Chanel from arrest as a traitor to France. Despite having been freed by the political grace of Churchill, the strength of the rumours of Chanel's Nazi collaboration had made it impossible for her to remain in France; so Coco Chanel and her German lover, Hans Günther von Dincklage, went into an eight-year exile to Switzerland . In

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1474-579: The New Look was welcomed by the fashion business of Western Europe because sales of the pretty clothes would revive business and the economy. To regain the business primacy of the House of Chanel, in the fashion fields of haute couture , prêt-à-porter , costume jewellery, and parfumerie , would be expensive; so Chanel approached Pierre Wertheimer for business advice and capital. Having decided to do business with Coco Chanel, Wertheimer's negotiations to fund

1541-505: The Parfums Chanel company, a parfumerie of which Wertheimer owned 70 per cent, Bader owned 20 per cent, and Chanel owned 10 per cent; commercial success of the joint enterprise was assured by the Chanel name, and by the cachet of la "Maison Chanel", which remained the sole business province of Coco Chanel. Nonetheless, despite the success of the Chanel couture and parfumerie , the personal relations between Coco and her capitalist partner deteriorated, because, Coco said that Pierre Wertheimer

1608-604: The Spring/Summer (SS) collections are shown in September. Smaller lines include the Cruise and Pre-Fall collections, which add to the retail value of a brand , and are presented separately at the fashion designer 's discretion. Ready-to-wear fashion weeks occur separately and earlier than those of haute couture . Unlike ready-to-wear products, collections are kept exclusive to designers chosen guests and idols creating

1675-591: The US development of a style independent from Europe. The US fashion market turned away from the Parisian style in favor of an individualized apparel industry promoted through advertisements and articles in magazines like Women's Wear Daily , Harper’s Bazaar , and Ladies Home Journal . Ready-to-wear also sparked new interests in health, beauty, and diet as manufactured clothing set specific, standardized sizes in attire to increase quantities for profit. Women of larger sizes had difficulties finding apparel in department stores, as most manufacturers maintained and sold

1742-721: The United Kingdom, and the United States. Chanel announced (June 2021) an anchor investment in the Landscape Resilience Fund, contributing $ 25 million to farmers grappling with the impacts of climate change. Setting a new series of science-based targets, the company also launched the No.1 de Chanel beauty and fragrance line in 2022, with 97% naturally derived ingredients and eco-conscious packaging designed. The house also announced goals in accordance with

1809-725: The United States were ready-made. During the same time, two-thirds of garments sold in France were ready-made. In the early 19th century, women's fashion was highly ornate and dependent on a precise fit, so ready-to-wear garments for women did not become widely available until the beginning of the 20th century. Before, women would alter their previously styled clothing to stay up to date with fashion trends. Women with larger incomes purchased new, fully tailored clothing in current styles while middle-class and lower-class women adjusted their clothing to fit changes in fashion by adding new neck collars, shortening skirts, or cinching shirt waists. The widespread adoption of ready-to-wear clothing reflected

1876-438: The Wertheimer family fortune to US$ 5 billion. Sales were hurt by the recession of the early 1990s, but Chanel recovered by the mid-1990s with further boutique expansion. In 1994, Chanel had a net profit equivalent to €67 million on the sale of €570 million in ready-to-wear clothes and was the most profitable French fashion house. In 1996, Chanel bought gun-makers Holland & Holland , but failed in its attempt to revamp

1943-412: The bags designed by Chanel are still very popular in the vintage market. After a period of time, Jacques Wertheimer bought the controlling interest of the House of Chanel. Critics stated that during his leadership, he never paid much attention to the company, as he was more interested in horse breeding. In 1974, the House of Chanel launched Cristalle eau de toilette, which was designed when Coco Chanel

2010-598: The body of the woman – and how well it adapted to a simple garment-design. Sartorially, some of Chanel's designs derived from the military uniforms made prevalent by the War; and, by 1915, the designs and the clothes produced by the House of Chanel were known throughout France. In 1915, Chanel opened her very first Couture House in Biarritz, France. She had 300 employees and even designed her first line of Haute Couture. In 1915 and in 1917, Harper's Bazaar magazine reported that

2077-659: The clothes of Chanel. During the Second World War (1939–45), Coco Chanel closed shop at Maison Chanel – leaving only jewellery and parfumerie for sale – and moved to the Hôtel Ritz Paris , where she lived with her boyfriend, Hans Günther von Dincklage, a Nazi intelligence officer. Upon conquering France in June 1940, the Nazis established a Parisian occupation-headquarters in the Hôtel Meurice , on

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2144-402: The commercial reputation and the artistic credibility of his Chanel-brand parfumerie . Pierre Wertheimer settled his business and commercial-rights quarrel with Chanel, and, in May 1947, they renegotiated the 1924 contract that had established Parfums Chanel – she was paid $ 400,000 in cash (wartime profits from the sales of perfume No. 5 de Chanel); assigned a 2.0 per cent running royalty from

2211-416: The consumer. With Chanel, people know what to expect. And they keep coming back to us, at all ages, as they enter and leave the market." 1984 saw the launch of a new fragrance in honor of the founder, Coco . In 1986, the House of Chanel struck a deal with watchmakers and in 1987, the first Chanel watch debuted. By the end of the decade, Alain moved the offices to New York City . Maison de Chanel increased

2278-550: The contemporary fashion made proportionate sizing possible in mass production. The first ready-made garment factory was established in New York City in 1831. During the American Civil War the need for ready-made uniforms helped the garment sector grow in the United States. In 1868, Isidore, Benjamin and Modeste Dewachter offered ready-to-wear clothing for men and children to Belgian clientele when they opened

2345-489: The diamond as a fashion accessory; it featured the Comet and Fountain necklaces of diamonds, which were of such original design, that Chanel S.A. re-presented them in 1993. Moreover, by 1937, the House of Chanel had expanded the range of its clothes to more women and presented prêt-à-porter clothes designed and cut for the petite woman. Among fashion designers, only the clothes created by Elsa Schiaparelli could compete with

2412-465: The division between two production styles. It takes the work of one person to a team of skilled artists rather than machine made garments. Chanel Chanel ( / ʃ ə ˈ n ɛ l / shə- NEL , French: [ʃanɛl] ) is a luxury fashion house founded in 1910 by Coco Chanel in Paris . It is privately owned by French brothers, Alain and Gérard Wertheimer , through

2479-412: The end of the 1980s, the boutiques sold goods ranging from US$ 200-per-ounce perfume, US$ 225 ballerina slippers to US$ 11,000 dresses and US$ 2,000 leather handbags. Chanel cosmetics and fragrances were distributed only by Chanel outlets. Chanel marketer Jean Hoehn explained the firm's approach, saying, "We introduce a new fragrance every 10 years, not every three minutes like many competitors. We don't confuse

2546-482: The fashion business enamoured of the " New Look " (1947), by Christian Dior ; the signature shape featured a below-mid-calf-length, full-skirt, a narrow waist, and a large bust (stylistically absent since 1912). As a post–War fashion that used some 20 yards of fabric, the House of Dior couture renounced wartime rationing of fabric for clothes. In 1947 – after the six-year austerities of the Second World War (1939–45) –

2613-990: The fashion house for over 30 years, was named the new Creative Director. In December 2021, Leena Nair was appointed Global Chief Executive Officer. In February 2024, Chanel opened its U.S. flagship store dedicated to watches and fine jewellery on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan , New York City , near Billionaires' Row . The Palais Galliera featured a retrospective Gabrielle Chanel. Fashion Manifesto (October 1, 2020 – August 17, 2021). The exhibit later traveled to Mitsubishi Ichigokan Museum in Tokyo, National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne (December 3, 2021 – April 25, 2022), and will debut at London's Victoria & Albert Museum (September 16, 2023). The ThyssenBornemisza National Museum in Madrid explored

2680-453: The firm. The swimwear label Eres was also purchased in 1996. Chanel launched the perfumes Allure in 1996 and Allure Homme in 1998. The House of Chanel launched its first skin care line, Précision, in 1999. That same year, Chanel launched a travel collection, and under a license contract with Luxottica , introduced a line of sunglasses and eyeglass frames. While Wertheimer remained chairman, Françoise Montenay became CEO and President. 2000 saw

2747-502: The first chain department stores , Dewachter frères (Dewachter Brothers). By 1904, the chain was managed by Isidore's son, Louis, and had grown to 20 cities and towns in Belgium and France, with some cities having multiple stores. Louis Dewachter also became an internationally known landscape artist, painting under the pseudonym Louis Dewis . Near the end of the nineteenth century, ready-made garments were no longer seen as only for

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2814-472: The garments of La Maison Chanel were "on the list of every buyer" for the clothing factories of Europe. The Chanel dress shop at 31 rue Cambon presented day-wear dress-and-coat ensembles of simple design, and black evening dresses trimmed with lace; and tulle-fabric dresses decorated with jet , a minor gemstone material. After the First World War, La Maison Chanel, following the fashion trends of

2881-428: The handbag from the shoulder or in hand. The quilted-leather handbag was presented to the public in February 1955. In-house, the numeric version of the launching date "2.55" for that line of handbags became the internal "appellation" for that model of the quilted-leather handbag. The firm's initial venture into masculine parfumerie was an eau de toilette called Pour Monsieur. Chanel and her spring collection received

2948-493: The hats she designed and made; she thus earned a living independent of Balsan. In the course of those salons, Coco Chanel befriended Arthur "Boy" Capel , an English socialite and polo player friend of Étienne Balsan; per the upper class social custom, Chanel also became mistress to Boy Capel. In 1910, Boy Capel financed her first independent millinery shop, Chanel Modes , at 21 rue Cambon in Paris. Because that locale already housed

3015-771: The launch of the first unisex watch by Chanel, the J12. In 2001, watchmaker Bell & Ross was acquired. The same year, Chanel boutiques offering only selections of accessories were opened in the United States. Chanel launched a small selection of menswear as a part of their runway shows. In 2002, Chanel launched the Chance perfume and Paraffection , a subsidiary company originally established in 1997 to support artisanal manufacturing, that gathered together Ateliers d'Art or workshops including Desrues for ornamentation and buttons, Lemarié for feathers, Lesage for embroidery, Massaro for shoemaking and Michel for millinery. A prêt-à-porter collection

3082-512: The limited sizes across the nation. Overall ready-to-wear fashion exposed women to the newest styles and fashion trends, leading to a substantial increase in profits by US factories from $ 12,900,583 in 1876 (equivalent to $ 333 million in 2023) to $ 1,604,500,957 in 1929 (equivalent to $ 22.4 billion in 2023). The ready-to-wear fashion revolution led to an expansion of the US fashion industry that made fashionable apparel accessible, cost-effective, and commensurable. Interest in ready-to-wear

3149-411: The lower classes but also for the middle classes because of the view of the social aspect and how it has changed in value. This trend started in the United States. In the beginning, they were more popular with men than women. In the late 1860s, twenty-five percent of garments produced in the US were ready-made, but by 1890, the portion had risen to sixty percent. By 1951, ninety percent of garments sold in

3216-401: The mail-order catalogs sent to rural farms by Sears allowed women to purchase clothing faster and at a cheaper price. The introduction of the concept of "pret-a-porter" has been attributed to Sonia Delaunay after her geometric styles were exhibited at the seminal 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs in Paris. Another significant factor created by the ready-to-wear industry was

3283-493: The mobilisation of women. By that time, Chanel had opened a large dress shop at 31 Rue Cambon, near the Hôtel Ritz , in Paris. Among the clothes for sale were flannel blazers , straight-line skirts of linen , sailor blouses , long sweaters made of jersey fabric, and skirt-and-jacket suits. Coco Chanel used jersey cloth because of its physical properties as a garment, such as its drape – how it falls upon and falls from

3350-431: The money. So she established a rival Swiss parfumerie to create, produce, and sell her "Chanel perfumes". In turn, Wertheimer, the majority capital stock owner of Parfums Chanel, saw his business interests threatened, and his commercial rights infringed because he did not possess legally exclusive rights to the Chanel name. Nonetheless, Wertheimer avoided a trademark infringement lawsuit against Coco Chanel, lest it damage

3417-748: The particulars of a "separate peace" plan proposed by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler , who sought to avoid surrendering to the Red Army of the Soviet Russians. At War's end, upon the Allied liberation of France , Chanel was arrested for having collaborated with the Nazis. In September 1944, the Free French Purge Committee, the épuration , summoned Chanel for interrogation about her collaborationism, yet, without documentary evidence of or witnesses to her collaboration with

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3484-431: The past as inspiration for his designs. He incorporated the Chanel fabrics and detailing such as tweed, gold accents, and chains. Lagerfeld retained what was signature for Chanel but also helped bring the brand into the present. In later collections Lagerfeld chose to break away from the ladylike look of Chanel and began to experiment with fabrics and styles. During the 1980s, more than 40 Chanel boutiques opened worldwide. By

3551-539: The perfume company to continue as an operating business. Occupied France abounded with rumours that Coco Chanel was a Nazi collaborator ; her clandestine identity was secret agent 7124 of the Abwehr , code-named "Westminster". As such, by order of General Walter Schellenberg , of the Sicherheitsdienst , Chanel was despatched to London on a mission to communicate to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

3618-452: The post–war period, during Coco Chanel's Swiss exile from France, Pierre Wertheimer returned to Paris and regained formal administrative control of his family's business holdings – including control of Parfums Chanel, the parfumerie established with his venture capital, and successful because of the Chanel name. In Switzerland, the news revived Coco Chanel's resentment at having been exploited by her business partner, for only ten per cent of

3685-501: The quilted construction reinforced the fabric, design, and finish, allowing the garment to maintain its form and function while worn. An example is the woolen Chanel suit – a knee-length skirt and a cardigan-style jacket, trimmed and decorated with black embroidery and gold-coloured buttons, often accessorized with two-tone pump shoes , a necklace of pearls, and a leather handbag. In 1921, to complement Chanel's clothing lines, Coco Chanel commissioned perfumer Ernest Beaux to create

3752-400: The relationship and reciprocal influence between Pablo Picasso and Gabrielle Chanel with a four-part exhibition (October 11, 2022 – January 15, 2023) spanning their works between 1915 and 1925. The Metropolitan Museum of Art , home to the annual Met Gala in the financial and fashion capital of New York City , first honoured the house with a (May 5-August 7) 2005 exhibit chronicling

3819-578: The resurgence of the House of Chanel, granted him commercial rights to all Chanel-brand products. In 1953, Chanel collaborated with jeweler Robert Goossens ; he was to design jewelry (bijouterie and gemstone) to complement the fashions of the House of Chanel; notably, long-strand necklaces of black pearls and of white pearls, which high contrast softened the severe design of the knitted-wool Chanel Suit (skirt and cardigan jacket). The House of Chanel also presented leather handbags with either gold-colour chains or metal-and-leather chains, which allowed carrying

3886-462: The sales of No. 5 parfumerie ; assigned limited commercial rights to sell her "Chanel perfumes" in Switzerland; and granted a perpetual monthly stipend that paid all of her expenses. In exchange, Gabrielle Chanel closed her Swiss parfumerie enterprise, and sold to Parfums Chanel the full rights to the name "Coco Chanel". In 1953, upon returning to France from Switzerland, Coco Chanel found

3953-406: The time of her death. For example, in the (1966–1969) period, she designed the air hostess uniforms for Olympic Airways , the designer who followed her was Pierre Cardin . In that time, Olympic Airways was a luxury airline, owned by the transport magnate Aristotle Onassis . After her death, the leadership of the company was handed down to Yvonne Dudel, Jean Cazaubon and Philippe Guibourgé. So far,

4020-573: The work of Coco Chanel's designs dating back to the 1920s. The museum's Costume Institute will unveil a posthumous retrospective, paying homage to former Creative Director, Karl Lagerfeld (May 5-July 16). Fondation Chanel is the philanthropic arm of the house. Founded in 2011, some of the organization's key initiatives include promoting greater healthcare advocacy; addressing the disparities in gender-based violence; and "accelerating economic agency and empowerment". Fondation Chanel has partnered with organizations in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America,

4087-488: The years including notable actors, musicians, and other artists: Jennie , Angèle , Whitney Peak , Caroline de Maigret , Margaret Qualley , Victoria Song , Wang Yibo , Minji , Go Youn-jung , Lily-Rose Depp , Keira Knightley , Kristen Stewart , Marion Cotillard , Nicole Kidman , and Penélope Cruz . In 1981, Chanel launched Antaeus, an eau de toilette for men. In 1983 Karl Lagerfeld took over as chief designer for Chanel. Like Chanel, he looked into

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4154-505: Was alive. 1978 saw the launch of the first non-couture, prêt-à-porter line and worldwide distribution of accessories. Alain Wertheimer , son of Jacques Wertheimer, assumed control of Chanel S.A. in 1974. In the U.S., No. 5 de Chanel was not selling well. Alain revamped Chanel No.5 sales by reducing the number of outlets carrying the fragrance from 18,000 to 12,000. He removed the perfume from drugstore shelves and invested millions of dollars in advertisement for Chanel cosmetics. This ensured

4221-431: Was designed by Karl Lagerfeld. In July 2002, a jewelry and watch outlet opened on Madison Avenue . Within months, a 1,000-square-foot (90 m ) shoe/handbag boutique opened next door. Chanel continued to expand in the United States and by December 2002, operated 25 U.S. boutiques. Chanel introduced Coco Mademoiselle and an "In-Between Wear" in 2003, targeting younger women, opened a second shop on Rue Cambon, opened

4288-456: Was determined by these following factors : cloth, trimmings, labor, taxes, amortization, transportation charges, and overhead & profit which lead for ready-to-wear military uniforms to be mass-produced in the United States during the War of 1812 . High-quality ready-to-wear garments for men became generally available soon thereafter, as the relatively simple, flattering cuts and muted tones of

4355-427: Was exploiting her talents as a fashion designer and as a businesswoman. Wertheimer reminded Chanel that he had made her a very rich woman; and that his venture capital had funded Chanel's productive expansion of the parfumerie which created the wealth they enjoyed, all from the success of No. 5 de Chanel. Nevertheless, unsatisfied, the businesswoman Gabrielle Chanel hired the attorney René de Chambrun to renegotiate

4422-863: Was shown in the Raphael Gallery of the V&;A Museum , in celebration of twenty-five years of her label. Packham has designed at least eight dresses for the Princess of Wales , including the one she wore to the Olympic Gala Concert at the Albert Hall in 2012, and the gold gown she wore to the premiere of the James Bond film No Time to Die in 2021. She has also designed clothes for Jennifer Aniston , Miley Cyrus and Keira Knightley , among others. Packham's designs have been used in

4489-423: Was sparked by Yves Saint Laurent , who was the first designer to launch a ready-to-wear collection, and in 1966 he opened Rive Gauche, his first ready-to-wear boutique. Whether he succeeded in democratizing fashion is an open question, since few were able to afford his designs, but he did pave the way for ready-to-wear fashion and the cross-fertilisation between haute-couture and high-street fashion that persists into

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