The Jerome Park Reservoir is a reservoir located in Jerome Park , a neighborhood in the North Bronx , New York City . The reservoir is surrounded by DeWitt Clinton High School , the Bronx High School of Science , Lehman College , and Walton High School .
18-550: The reservoir was built in 1906 to serve the New Croton aqueduct as part of the New York City water supply system . It is named for Jerome Park Racetrack , a part of the former Old Bathgate Estate (owned by Winston Churchill's maternal grandfather Leonard Walter Jerome 1817–1891, for whom the racetrack was originally named) which opened in 1866 and which was the site of the inaugural Belmont Stakes in 1867. The racetrack
36-433: A diarrhea , sometimes with a persistent cough in immunocompetent hosts. Other apicomplexan pathogens of humans include the malaria parasite Plasmodium and the toxoplasmosis parasite Toxoplasma . Unlike Plasmodium , which transmits via a mosquito disease vector , and Toxoplasma which needs a feline as definitive host , Cryptosporidium does not use a vector, and is capable of completing its lifecycle within
54-670: A host. It can also resist many common disinfectants , including chlorine -based disinfectants. Many treatment plants that take raw water from rivers , lakes , and reservoirs for public drinking water production use conventional filtration technologies. Direct filtration, which is typically used to treat water with low particulate levels, includes coagulation and filtration but not sedimentation. Other common filtration processes including slow sand filters , diatomaceous earth filters , and membranes will remove 99% of Cryptosporidium . Membranes and bag- and cartridge-filter products remove Cryptosporidium specifically. Cryptosporidium
72-435: A single host. It results in cyst stages that are excreted in feces or through inhalation of coughed on fomites and are capable of transmission to a new host. A number of species infect mammals. In humans, the main causes of disease are C. parvum and C. hominis (previously C. parvum genotype 1). C. canis , C. felis , C. meleagridis , and C. muris can also cause disease in humans. Cryptosporidiosis
90-560: Is a second, less likely route of infection. The genome of C. parvum , sequenced in 2004, was found to be unusual amongst eukaryotes in that the mitochondria seem not to contain DNA . A closely related species, C. hominis , also has its genome sequence available. Cryptosporidium has three developmental stages: meronts , gamonts and oocysts . They reproduce within the intestinal epithelial cells . The Cryptosporidium spore phase ( oocyst ) can survive for lengthy periods outside
108-493: Is an apicomplexan genus of alveolates which are parasites that can cause a respiratory and gastrointestinal illness ( cryptosporidiosis ) that primarily involves watery diarrhea (intestinal cryptosporidiosis), sometimes with a persistent cough (respiratory cryptosporidiosis). Treatment of gastrointestinal infection in humans involves fluid rehydration , electrolyte replacement, and management of any pain. For cryptosporidiosis, supportive treatment and symptom management are
126-442: Is highly resistant to chlorine disinfection; but with high enough concentrations and contact time, Cryptosporidium inactivation will occur with chlorine dioxide and ozone treatment. In general, the required levels of chlorine preclude the use of chlorine disinfection as a reliable method to control Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Ultraviolet light treatment at relatively low doses will inactivate Cryptosporidium . One of
144-716: Is one of three systems that provide water to New York City, joined by the waters of the Delaware and Catskill Aqueducts. The Croton system comprises 12 reservoirs and 3 controlled lakes. The New Croton Aqueduct opened on July 15, 1890, replacing the Old Croton Aqueduct. The newer aqueduct is a brick-lined tunnel, 13 feet (4.0 m) in diameter and 33 miles (53 km) long, running from the New Croton Reservoir in Westchester County to
162-506: Is typically an acute, short-term infection, but can recur through reinfection in immunocompetent hosts, or become severe or life-threatening in immunocompromised individuals. In humans, it remains in the lower intestine and may remain for up to five weeks. The parasite is transmitted by environmentally hardy cysts (oocysts) that, once ingested, exist in the small intestine and result in an infection of intestinal epithelial tissue . Transmission by ingestion or inhalation of coughed-on fomites
180-851: The Old Croton Aqueduct which it originally augmented, the new aqueduct opened in 1890. The old aqueduct remained in service until 1955, when supply from the Delaware and Catskill Aqueducts was sufficient to allow taking it off line. Waters of the New Croton Aqueduct flow to the Jerome Park Reservoir in the Bronx before entering Croton Water Filtration Plant in Van Cortlandt Park for treatment, then out to distribution. The Croton Watershed
198-781: The State of New York filed suit against the city for violating the Safe Drinking Water Act and the New York State Sanitary Code. The city government agreed to rehabilitate the New Croton Aqueduct and build a filtration plant . The filtration system protects the public from disease-causing microorganisms such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium . The Croton Water Filtration Plant was activated in May 2015. Cryptosporidium See § Species Cryptosporidium , sometimes called crypto ,
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#1732764985442216-590: The DEP experimentally opened the perimeter to the public for tours. New Croton aqueduct 41°05′25″N 73°50′35″W / 41.09028°N 73.84306°W / 41.09028; -73.84306 The New Croton Aqueduct is an aqueduct in the New York City water supply system in Westchester County, New York carrying the water of the Croton Watershed . Built roughly parallel to
234-615: The Jerome Park Reservoir in the Bronx. Water flows then proceed toward the Croton Water Filtration Plant for treatment. Treated water is distributed to certain areas of the Bronx and Manhattan . In the late 1990s, the city stopped using water from the Croton system due to numerous water quality issues. In 1997 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Justice and
252-524: The largest challenges in identifying outbreaks is the ability to verify the results in a laboratory . The oocytes may be seen by microscopic examination of a stool sample, but they may be confused with other objects or artifacts similar in appearance. Most cryptosporidia are 3–6 μm in size, although some reports have described larger cells. Boiling is believed to be the safest option for water contaminated by Cryptosporidium . Dealing with stabilized compost - i.e. composting material that has gone through
270-484: The phases where micro-organisms are digesting the organic matter and the temperature inside the composting pile has reached temperature up to 50–70 °C – poses very little risk as these temperatures kill pathogens and even make oocysts unviable. Like many fecal-oral pathogens, the disease can also be transmitted by contaminated food, poor hygiene or turning compost in a local compost site. Testing of water, as well as epidemiological study, are necessary to determine
288-690: The primary treatments for immunocompetent individuals. Anti-diarrheal medication, such as Loperamide , may be effective in slowing the rate of diarrhea. Nitazoxanide is the only drug approved for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent persons. Supplemental zinc may improve symptoms, particularly in recurrent or persistent infections or in others at risk for zinc deficiency . Cryptosporidium oocysts are 4–6 μm in diameter and exhibit partial acid-fast staining. They must be differentiated from other partially acid-fast organisms including Cyclospora cayetanensis . Cryptosporidium causes cryptosporidiosis , an infection that may present as
306-455: Was condemned, bought by New York City and closed in 1889 to make way for the reservoir. In 1996, residents organized under the leadership of Jerome Park Conservancy to stop the city from converting the site to a water treatment plant. It was thought that the noise, chemicals, and unsightly construction would decrease the quality of life for area residents, and have a negative impact on the learning environment at nearby schools. The reservoir
324-595: Was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The related High Pumping Station had been listed in 1983. The treatment plant was built in another part of the North Bronx underneath Van Cortlandt Park . In connection with this work, the Croton system was taken offline and the reservoir emptied in December 2008. It was refilled and returned to service in early 2014. In November 2015,
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