101-638: Jhelum ( / ˈ dʒ eɪ l ə m / ; جہلم ; Punjabi: [d͡ʒéˈlˑɐ̃mᵊ] ; Urdu: [d͡ʒeɦˈləm] ) is a city on the West Bank of the Jhelum River , which is located in the district of Jhelum in the North of Punjab , Pakistan . It is the 44th largest city of Pakistan by population. Jhelum is known for providing many soldiers to the British Army before independence, and later to
202-463: A Protestant church and was in use throughout the British period . For the past forty years, it has been closed to the public and in poor condition, however, it has since been renovated and reopened and is now maintained. The British soldier William Connolly won a Victoria Cross for his bravery during this battle. Mirza Dildar Baig, also known as Khaki Shah, took part in the mutiny at Jhelum and
303-517: A campus Of Punjab University, Punjab University Jhelum Campus, near Rathiyan, Kala Gujran and Satellite Town Jhelum. The University of the Punjab has established a campus in Jhelum offering programs related to business, commerce, law, and computer science. The new undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs are due to commence soon. The literacy rate of Jhelum is high in comparison to other cities of
404-637: A community of Jewish traders who had fled Mashhad , Persia in the 1830s. In the British era many churches were built for the British soldiers to come to the churches for Sunday prayer because Rawalpindi Cantonment was the home for the British Army . The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a 48.1 km (29.9 mi) bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area . The Metrobus network's first phase
505-853: A confluence with the Chenab River at Trimmu in the Jhang District . The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River , which joins the Indus River at Mithankot . Most of the villages and important cities of Kashmir valley are situated on the banks of Jhelum. The river has rich power generation potential in India. Water control structures are being built as a result of the Indus Basin Project , including
606-467: A cooler and drier winter. Rawalpindi and its twin city Islamabad , during the year experiences an average of 91 thunderstorms, which is the highest frequency of any plain elevation city in the country. Strong windstorms are frequent in the summer during which wind gusts have been reported by Pakistan Meteorological Department to have reached 176 km/h (109 mph). In such thunder/wind storms, which results in some damage of infrastructure. The weather
707-438: A hub for tourists visiting Rohtas Fort , Azad Kashmir , Taxila and Gilgit-Baltistan . The origin of the name may derive from Punjabi words " rāwal" ( راول ) meaning "lake" and " pinḍ" ( پِنڈ ) meaning "village". The combination of the two words thus means "the village on the lake". Another explanation is that Rawalpindi literally means the "Village of Rawals" as it occupies the site of an old village inhabited by
808-536: A minimum of −3.9 °C (25 °F ) several occasions, though the last of which was in January 1967. Social structures in Rawalpindi's historic core centre around neighbourhoods, each known as a Mohallah . Each neighbourhood is served by a nearby bazaar (market) and mosque, which in turn serves as a place where people can gather for trade and manufacturing. Each Mohallah has narrow gallies (streets), and
909-551: A provision of Zia ul Haqs Islamization programme. A spate of bombings in September 1987 took place in the city killing 5 people, in attacks that are believed to have been orchestrated by agents of Afghanistan's communist government. On 10 April 1988, Rawalpindi's Ojhri Camp , an ammunition depot for Afghan mujahideen fighting against Soviet forces in Afghanistan, exploded and killed many in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. At
1010-526: A settlement of boatmen, and at the time of annexation contained about 500 houses. It was then chosen as the site of a cantonment and as the headquarters of the civil administration. For some years it was the seat of the Commissioner of the Division, but in 1859 his headquarters were transferred to Rawalpindi . Under British rule, Jhelum has steadily advanced in prosperity; and is the entrepôt for most of
1111-481: A small town, to the third largest city in Punjab by 1921. In 1868, 9,358 people lived in the city's cantonment – by 1891, the number rose to 37,870. In 1891, the city's population excluding the Cantonment was 34,153. The city was considered to be a favourite first posting for newly arrived soldiers from England, owing to the city's agreeable climate, and the nearby hill station of Murree . In 1901, Rawalpindi
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#17327648545401212-538: A time the refuge of Shah Shuja , the exiled king of Afghanistan , and of his brother Shah Zaman in the early 19th century. Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh allowed the son of Sardar Milkha Singh to continue as Governor of Rawalpindi, after Ranjit Singh seized the district in 1810. Sikh rule over Rawalpindi was consolidated by defeat of the Afghans at Haidaran in July 1813. The Sikh rulers allied themselves with some of
1313-438: A tobacco factory, wood, marble, glass and flour mills. Its near the capital of Pakistan. Anjum Sultan Shahbaz recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as: Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum . One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to
1414-549: A vigorous defence against a force sent from Rawalpindi to disarm them, but decamped for the night following the action, with the main body being subsequently arrested by the Kashmiri authorities, into whose territory they had escaped. They were then handed over to the British colonial authorities and executed for treason. During British rule , Jhelum was connected by the North-Western Railway to other cities in
1515-459: Is 2,098,231 in 2017. 84% of the population is Punjabi , 9% is Pashtun , and 7% is from other ethnic groups. 96.7% of Rawalpindi's population is Muslim, 3.1% is Christian, 0.2% belong to other religious groups. The city's Kohaati Bazaar is site of large Shia mourning-processions for Ashura . The neighbourhoods of Waris Shah Mohallah and Pir Harra Mohallah form the core of Muslim settlement in Rawalpindi's old city. Prior to partition there
1616-402: Is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 725 kilometres (450 mi). A Pakistani author Anjum Sultan Shahbaz recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as: Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum. One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from
1717-407: Is a cricket and football stadium, Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium , where district level tournaments are held. In October 2008, Pakistan Cricket Board upgraded this stadium for regional events. Jhelum has six degree colleges for women, ten degree colleges for men, six co-education colleges, six commerce colleges, one law college, numerous higher secondary schools and over 150 high schools. It also has
1818-607: Is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri . This fort is about 4 km in circumference. Qila Rohtas is situated in a gorge approximately 18 km NW of Jhelum and 7 km from Dina . The old city has a labyrinth of narrow streets and bazaars. Opposite the CMH Jhelum Cantt is located the CMH Masjid Jhelum mosque. Located in the cantonment area is the St. John's Church Jhelum which
1919-543: Is about 22 km (8.5 sq mi). Population density is 261/km. Population growth rate is 1.51 which is very low as compared to other urban areas of Pakistan. The majority of the population i.e. 98.47 percent is Muslim . Among the minorities Christians are in the majority sharing 1.36 percent in the district. The literacy rate of Jhelum is among the highest in Pakistan . At 79%, it is only lower than that of Islamabad and neighbouring Rawalpindi . Somewhat higher than
2020-399: Is also a site of a parade which takes place every year on 6 September at the occasion of Defence Day . Lehri Nature Park is located 10 kilometers away from G. T. Road between Jhelum and Islamabad , it is 30 kilometers from Jhelum and 90 kilometers from Islamabad in the hilly Pothohar region. The Mangla Dam is located on the Jhelum River about 30 km (19 mi) from Jhelum, it
2121-527: Is approximately 110 km by road from Jhelum. The Sialkot International Airport , is approximately 100 km by road from Jhelum. A small airport called Gurha Salim Airport is situated 13 km (8 mi) from the city centre. It is not being used by any commercial airlines, but only for military purposes. Located within the city is a golf course called the River-View Golf Club, where national golf tournaments are held regularly. There
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#17327648545402222-768: Is credited to the Mughals, who were largely responsible for the conversion of the Jats to Islam . With the collapse of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb , the Durrani Empire had occupied the plains but were eventually ousted by the Sikhs . After the decline of the Mughal Empire , the region fell under Afghan occupation. During the decline of Afghan rule following the Third Battle of Panipat ,
2323-435: Is extremely hot and humid in summer, and cold and generally dry in winter. The maximum recorded temperature in the pre- monsoon season of April to June is 49.2 °C (120.6 °F), whereas in winter the minimum temperature recorded is −0.6 °C (30.9 °F). Average annual rainfall is about 850 millimetres (33 in) which is much below the required quantity given the extremely high evaporation levels. Nevertheless, in
2424-467: Is highly variable due to the proximity of the city to the foothills of Himalayas. The average annual rainfall is 1,254.8 mm (49.40 in), most of which falls in the summer monsoon season. However, westerly disturbances also bring quite significant rainfall in the winter. In summer, the record maximum temperature has soared to 47.7 °C (118 °F ) recorded in June 1954, while it has dropped to
2525-587: Is located a 1-hour and 30 minutes drive from the Capital of Pakistan Islamabad , and 3 hours drive from the heart of Punjab Lahore . Jhelum is linked with these cities through the National Highway N-5 . Several cities are within 1 to 2 hours drive including Gujrat (home to fan manufacturing), Gujranwala , Chakwal and Mirpur, Azad Kashmir . Jhelum has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cwa ) and
2626-463: Is located near the Soan River in north-western Punjab , and is the third-largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. Rawalpindi is situated adjacent to Pakistan's capital Islamabad , and the two are jointly known as " twin cities " because of the social and economic links between them. Prior to Islamabad's establishment, Rawalpindi served as the country's capital from 1959 to 1967. Located on
2727-575: Is now known as Liaquat Bagh Park . In 1958, Field Marshal Ayub Khan launched his coup d'etat from Rawalpindi. In 1959, the city became the interim capital of the country under Ayub Khan, who had sought the creation of a new planned capital of Islamabad in the vicinity of Rawalpindi. As a result, Rawalpindi saw most major central government offices and institutions relocate to nearby territory, and its population rapidly expand. The construction of Pakistan's new capital city of Islamabad in 1961 led to greater investment in Rawalpindi. Rawalpindi remained
2828-707: Is situated along the historic Grand Trunk Road that connects Peshawar to Islamabad and Lahore . The road is roughly paralleled by the M-1 Motorway between Peshawar and Rawalpindi, while the M-2 Motorway provides an alternate route to Lahore via the Salt Range . The Grand Trunk Road also provides access to the Afghan border via the Khyber Pass , with onwards connections to Kabul and Central Asia via
2929-648: Is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and the greater metropolitan area . The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom-communities for workers in Islamabad. In June 2015, the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus , a new bus rapid transit line with various points in Islamabad , opened for service. Rawalpindi features a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa) with hot and wet summers,
3030-716: Is the twelfth largest dam in the world. It was constructed in 1967 across the Jhelum River. There is the Mangla View Resort that is the first planned resort development in Pakistan to offer residences, villas, townhouses, hotels, serviced apartments and retail outlets. The resort is located on a 340-acre (1.4 km2) site on the Mangla Dam area. Rasul Barrage is located on the Jhelum River about 30 km downstream from Jhelum. Two major water canals originate at
3131-508: Is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum . According to Gujrat district historian Mansoor Behzad Butt, Bukephalus was buried in Jalalpur Sharif, but the people of Mandi Bahauddin , a district close to Jehlum, believed that their tehsil Phalia was named after Alexander's dead horse, saying that the name Phalia was a distortion of Bucephala . The waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under
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3232-687: Is under construction to connect Sukkur and Karachi as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor . The Hazara Motorway is also under construction as part of CPEC, and will provide control-access motorway travel all the way to Mansehra via the M-1 or Grand Trunk Road. Rawalpindi railway station in the Saddar neighbourhood serves as a stop along Pakistan's 1,687 kilometres (1,048 mi)-long Main Line-1 railway that connects
3333-630: The Indian Empire , 1,367 miles from Calcutta , 1,413 from Bombay , and 849 from Karachi . The population according to the 1901 census of India was 14,951. According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India : The present town is of modern origin, the old town, which may have been the Bucephala of Alexander having been, on the left or opposite bank of the river. Under Sikh rule the place was quite unimportant, being mainly occupied by
3434-494: The Jhelum District . As well as being district capital, Jhelum city is also the headquarters of Jhelum Tehsil , the city of Jhelum is administratively subdivided into seven union councils : Jhelum-I, Jhelum-II, Jhelum-III, Jhelum-IV, Jhelum-V, Jhelum-VI and Jhelum-VII. The population of the Jhelum city is about 188,800 (2012) and it is the 32nd largest city of Pakistan with respect to population. Total area of city
3535-653: The Kharoshthi script. To the southeast are the ruins of the Mankiala stupa – a second-century stupa where, according to the Jataka tales , a previous incarnation of the Buddha leapt off a cliff in order to offer his corpse to seven hungry tiger cubs. The nearby town of Taxila is thought to have been home to one of the early universities or education centres of South Asia. Sir Alexander Cunningham identified ruins on
3636-795: The M-1 Motorway . The motorway also links Rawalpindi to major cities in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, such as Charsadda and Mardan . The M-2 motorway offers high speed access to Lahore via the Potohar Plateau and Salt Range . The M-3 Motorway branches off from the M-2 at the city of Pindi Bhattian , where the M-3 offers onward connections to Faisalabad , and connects to the M-4 Motorway which continues onward to Multan and from there onwards to Sukkur . A new motorway network
3737-520: The Pakistan armed forces , due to which it is also known as City of Soldiers or Land of Martyrs and Warriors . Jhelum is a few miles upstream from the site of the ancient Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander and King Porus . Possibly Jhelum City was the capital of Porus' Kingdom, Paurava . A city called Bucephala was founded nearby to commemorate the death of Alexander's horse, Bucephalus . Other notable sites nearby include
3838-651: The Pothohar Plateau of northern Punjab, Rawalpindi remained a small town of little importance up until the 18th century. The region is known for its ancient heritage, for instance the neighbouring city of Taxila , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In 1765, the ruling Gakhars were defeated and the city came under Sukerchakia Misl . During the Sikh-era , Rawalpindi, from a small regional town, became an important city in regards to trade and its strategic location within Punjab. The city's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood
3939-582: The Salang Pass . The Karakoram Highway provides access between Islamabad and western China, and an alternate route to Central Asia via Kashgar in the Chinese region of Xinjiang . The Islamabad Expressway connects Rawalpindi's eastern portions with the Rawal Lake and heart of Islamabad . The IJP Road separates Rawalpindi's northern edge from Islamabad. Rawalpindi is connected to Peshawar by
4040-515: The Shahis in Kabul and followed it by the conquests of Punjab region including Jhelum. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region . The Mughals were Persianized Turks who claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan and strengthened
4141-571: The 14th century. Situated along an invasion route, the settlement did not prosper and remained deserted until 1493, when Jhanda Khan Gakhar re-established the ruined town, and named it Rawal . During the Mughal era, Rawalpindi remained under the rule of the Ghakhar clan, who in turn pledged allegiance to the Mughal Empire. The city was developed as an important outpost in order to guard
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4242-569: The 16th-century Rohtas Fort , the Tilla Jogian complex of ancient temples, and the 16th-century Grand Trunk Road which passes through the city. According to the 2023 census of Pakistan , the population of Jhelum was 190,425. The name of the city is derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow), as the water that flows through the river originates in the Himalayas. There are a number of industries in and around Jhelum city, including
4343-542: The British era, and the Municipality of Rawalpindi was constituted in 1867, while the city's population as per the 1868 census was 19,228, with another 9,358 people residing in the city's cantonment. The city was also connected to railways that offered connection to India and the northwest frontier in Peshawar in the 1880s. The Commissariat Steam Flour Mills were the first such mills in Punjab, and supplied most of
4444-715: The Jhelum, joins it at Domel , Muzaffarabad , as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of Kaghan Valley . It is then joined by the Poonch River , and flows into the Mangla Dam reservoir in the Mirpur District . The Jhelum enters Pakistani Punjab in the Jhelum District . From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Jech and Sindh Sagar Doabs . It ends in
4545-623: The Kaanji Mal Ujagar Mal Ram Richpal Temple in the Kabarri Bazaar, are both currently used to house Kashmiri refugees. Mohan Temple in the Lunda Bazaar remains standing, but is abandoned and the building no longer used for any purpose. The city's "Shamshan Ghat" serves as the city's cremation grounds, and was partly renovated in 2012. The city's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood was once home to
4646-583: The Persianate culture of Muslim India. Being very few in number, main families of Mughal Barlas , the descent of Ameer-i Taimoor settled in Mong Rasool and afterward scattered to village chak Nazar, Shamaspur, Aima Afghana, khardiyala, Chak sikander, Malhar Muglain, Mota Garbi, Bhimber , they adopted a policy of converting the local Jats and Gakhars mandatory as recorded in the Baburnama . Thus it
4747-525: The Punjab. 65 kanals of land was allocated to establish this campus by Government of Punjab . Jhelum also has two sub-campuses of the Virtual University of Pakistan , Virtual University Campus at Civil Lines opposite city Church, and a private virtual campus, Wings Institute of Learning. Virtual University of Pakistan inaugurated its own Campus in Jhelum in March 2012; VU Jhelum Campus is located in
4848-725: The Rasul barrage, Rasul-Qadirabad link canal which is also called Lower-Jhelum link canal and Rasul-Shahpur branch canal. The area around the Rasul Barrage lake is also a picnic spot. Auto Rickshaws are a common mode of transport for short routes within the city. Many of the new rickshaws in the city use Compressed natural gas (CNG) instead of the petrol engines as CNG is environmentally clean and cheaper than petrol. Rickshaws are another important mode of transportation. The older horse drawn tongas are now defunct although some can still be privately commissioned. Taxis and privately commissioned small passenger carrying vans are available. Daewoo Express Bus Service and other bus services operate from
4949-536: The Rawals, a group of yogis ( ascetics ). Some accounts propose that a group of yogis arrived in this area with their leader, a head yogi named 'Rawal', and settled here with their followers. The region around Rawalpindi has been inhabited for thousands of years. Rawalpindi falls within the ancient boundaries of Gandhara , and is thus in a region containing many Buddhist ruins. In the region north-west of Rawalpindi, traces have been found of at least 55 stupas , 28 Buddhist monasteries, 9 temples, and various artifacts in
5050-456: The Sikh Empire surrendered to General Gilbert near Rawalpindi, ceding the city to the British. The Sikh Empire then came to an end on 29 March 1849. Following Rawalpindi's capture by the British East India Company, 53rd Regiment of the company army took quarters in the newly captured city. The decision to man a permanent military cantonment in the city was made in 1851 by the Marquess of Dalhousie . The city saw its first telegraph office in
5151-463: The area in return. By 1921, Rawalpindi's cantonment had overshadowed the city – Rawalpindi was one of seven cities of Punjab in which over half the population lived in the cantonment district. Communal riots erupted between Rawalpindi's Sikh and Muslim communities in 1926 after Sikhs refused to silence music from a procession that was passing in front of a mosque. HMS Rawalpindi was launched as an ocean liner in 1925 by Harland and Wolff ,
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#17327648545405252-422: The arrival of Sikhs fleeing political instability in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The Shri Krishna Mandir is the only functional Hindu temple in Rawalpindi. It was built in the Kabarri Bazaar in 1897. Other temples are abandoned or were repurposed. Rawalpindi's large Kalyan Das Temple from 1880 has been used as the "Gov't. Qandeel Secondary School for the Blind" since 1973. The Ram Leela Temple in Kanak Mandi , and
5353-404: The city on account of Rawalpindi's heavily armed Sikhs. At the dawn of Pakistan's independence in 1947 following the success of the Pakistan Movement , Rawalpindi was 43.79% Muslim, while Rawalpindi District as a whole was 80% Muslim. The region, on account of its large Muslim majority, was thus awarded to Pakistan. Rawalpindi's Hindu and Sikh population, who had made up 33.72% and 17.32% of
5454-418: The city to the entire country. The Jhelum Railway Station was built in 1928 during British rule before the independence of Pakistan. It was connected by the North-Western Railway to other cities in the Indian empire. Jhelum is on main line of Pakistan Railways , and linked to whole country through Railway line across Pakistan. The nearest international airport is the Islamabad International Airport , which
5555-414: The city, migrated en masse to the newly independent Dominion of India after anti-Hindu and anti-Sikh pogroms in western Punjab, while Muslim refugees from India settled in the city following anti-Muslim pogroms in eastern Punjab and northern India. In the years following independence, Rawalpindi saw an influx of Muhajir , Pashtun and Kashmiri settlers. Having been the largest British Cantonment in
5656-406: The city. A large market was opened in central Rawalpindi in 1883 by Sardar Sujan Singh, while the British further developed a shopping district for the city's elite known as Saddar with an archway built to commemorate Brigadier General Massey. Rawalpindi's cantonment became a major centre of military power of the Raj after an arsenal was established in 1883. Britain's army elevated the city from
5757-401: The conquest of Porus in 326 BC, although inclined to espouse the side of the latter. Alexander not only allowed him to retain his kingdom but increased it, and on his death appointed his son as his successor. Porus' kingdom Paurava was on the left bank of the Jhelem River corresponding the limits of the present Gujrat District. The Gakhars appear to represent an early wave of conquerors from
5858-442: The earliest inhabitants of Jhelum. The next major point in the history of the district was the Battle of the Hydaspes between Alexander and the local ruler, Porus the Elder . Abisares (or Abhisara; in Greek Αβισαρης), called Embisarus (Eμ Oβισαρoς) by Diodorus , was an Indian king of the Abhira tribe . descent beyond the river Hydaspes , whose territory lay in the mountains, sent embassies to Alexander both before and after
5959-409: The early 1850s. The city's Garrison Church was built shortly after in 1854, and is the site where Robert Milman , Bishop of Calcutta, was buried following his death in Rawalpindi in 1876. The city was home to 15,913 people in the 1855 census. During the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny , the area's Gakhars and Janjua tribes remained loyal to the British. Numerous civil and military buildings were built during
6060-462: The expenditure was Rs. 41,000. The town has two Anglo vernacular schools, a municipal high school, and a middle school maintained by the American Presbyterian Mission. Besides the civil hospital, the mission also maintains a hospital. During the Mutiny of 1857 , 35 British soldiers of the Regular 24th Regiment of Foot were killed at the Battle of Jhelum by mutineers from the Honourable East India Companies 14th Bengal Native Infantry (roughly 500 of
6161-403: The following: Rawalpindi Rawalpindi ( / r ɔː l ˈ p ɪ n d i / ; Punjabi , Urdu : راولپنڈی , romanized : Rāwalpinḍī ; pronounced [ɾɑːʋəlpɪnɖiː] ), colloquially known as Pindi , is the third-largest city in the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is a commercial and metropolitan city, being the fourth most populous in Pakistan. It
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#17327648545406262-405: The form of a river in the netherworld . Her consort Shiva struck with his spear near the abode of Nila, ( Verinag spring ). With this stroke of the spear, Parvati emerged from the netherworld. He excavated a ditch measuring one vitasti using the spear, through which the river, originating from the netherworld, came out, and so he gave her the name Vitástā . The ancient Greeks also regarded
6363-415: The formation of a Muslim ministry within the Government of Punjab. Policemen fired upon protestors, while Hindus and Sikhs fought against weaker Muslim counter-protestors. The area's first Partition riots erupted the next day on 6 March 1947, when the city's Muslims, angered by the actions of Hindus and Sikhs and encouraged by the Pir of Golra Sharif , raided nearby villages after they were unable to do so in
6464-491: The frontiers of the Mughal realm. Gakhars fortified a nearby caravanserai , in the 16th century, transforming it into the Rawat Fort in order to defend the Pothohar plateau from Sher Shah Suri 's forces. Construction of the Attock Fort in 1581 after Akbar led a campaign against his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim , further securing Rawalpindi's environs. In December 1585, the Emperor Akbar arrived in Rawalpindi, and remained in and around Rawalpindi for 13 years as he extended
6565-474: The frontiers of the empire, in an era described as a "glorious period" in his career as Emperor. With the onset of chaos and rivalry between Gakhar chiefs after the death of Kamal Khan in 1559, Rawalpindi was awarded to Said Khan by the Mughal Emperor. Emperor Jehangir visited the royal camp in Rawalpindi in 1622, where he first learned of Shah Abbas I of Persia 's plan to invade Kandahar . Rawalpindi declined in importance as Mughal power declined, until
6666-412: The garrison is one Native cavalry and four Native infantry regiments. The municipality was founded in 1867. During the ten years ending 1902–3 the receipts averaged Rs. 32,100, and the expenditure Rs, 31,900. Receipts and expenditure from cantonment funds in the same period averaged Rs. 31,900 and Rs. 6,100 respectively. The chief income of the municipality in 1903-4 was Rs. 34,200 chiefly from octroi ; and
6767-418: The god, or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river. The river Jhelum rises from Verinag spring at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the southeastern Kashmir Valley administered by India. It is joined by its tributaries It flows through Srinagar and Wular Lake before entering Pakistan-administered Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge. The Kishanganga River/Neelum River , the largest tributary of
6868-435: The greater metropolitan area . The city is also home to numerous suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom-communities for workers in Islamabad. As home to the GHQ of the Pakistan Army and PAF Base Nur Khan , and with connections to the M-1 and M-2 motorways, Rawalpindi is a major logistics and transportation centre for northern Pakistan. The city is also home to historic havelis and temples, and serves as
6969-407: The grouping of houses around short lanes and cul-de-sacs lends a sense of privacy and security to residents of each neighbourhood. Major intersections in the neighbourhood are each referred to as a chowk . Rawalpindi is relatively a new city contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as Lahore , Multan , and Peshawar . South of Rawalpindi's historic core, and across the Lai Nullah, are
7070-446: The headquarters of the Pakistani Army after the capital shifted to Islamabad in 1969, while the Pakistan Air Force continues to maintain an airbase in the Chaklala district of Rawalpindi. The military dictatorship of General Zia ul Haq hanged Pakistan's deposed Prime Minister , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , in Rawalpindi in 1979. In 1980, tens of thousands of Shia protestors led by Mufti Jaffar Hussain marched to Rawalpindi to protest
7171-542: The headquarters of the Rawalpindi Division of British Punjab , this elevated Rawalpindi's status to one the largest metropolitan centres in colonial Punjab. Following the partition of British India in 1947, the city became home to the headquarters of the Pakistan Army . In 1951, the Rawalpindi conspiracy took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected- Prime Minister of Pakistan , Liaquat Ali Khan . Rawalpindi later became site of Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination . On 27 December 2007, it
7272-470: The literacy in Punjab province (58 percent). The literacy rate has remarkably increased from 38.9 percent in 1981. The rate is much higher in the urban areas for both males and females. 84% of the population have electricity and 96% have access to water. Human Development Index of Jhelum is 0.770, which is highest in Pakistan after Karachi . Lying at 32°56′ North latitude and 73°44′ East longitude, Jhelum
7373-538: The local Gakhar tribes, and jointly defeated Syed Ahmad Barelvi at Akora Khattak in 1827, and again in 1831 in Balakot . Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood from Mashhad , Persia in 1839, in order to flee from anti-Jewish laws instituted by the Qajar dynasty. In 1841, Diwan Kishan Kaur was appointed Sardar of Rawalpindi. On 14 March 1849, Sardar Chattar Singh and Raja Sher Singh of
7474-606: The middle of the city. Jhelum River The Jhelum River is a river in the northern Indian subcontinent . It originates at Verinag and flows through the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir , into Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir , then the Pakistani province of Punjab . It is the westernmost of the five rivers of the Punjab region , and flows through the Kashmir Valley . It
7575-418: The needs of British cantonments throughout Punjab. Rawalpindi's cantonment served as a feeder to other cantonments throughout the region. Rawalpindi flourished as a commercial centre, though the city remained largely devoid of an industrial base during the British era. A large portion of Kashmir's external trade passing through the city; in 1885, 14% of Kashmir's exports, and 27% of its imports passed through
7676-450: The newly emerging Sikh Empire invaded and occupied Jhelum District in 1808 from its Gakhar ruler Raja Sultan Muqarrab Khan. In 1849 Jhelum passed with the rest of the Sikh territories to the British . The British conquered Jhelum in 1849 with the assistance of the local Gakhars who resented Sikh rule. In 1857 the 14th Native Infantry stationed at Jhelum town mutinied, and displayed
7777-557: The rainy season water torrents flow from the north to the Jhelum River very rapidly and cause damage to the crops, bridges, roads. This is responsible for the soil erosion in the district. Over the years, global climate change has affected Jhelum as well as any other place on Earth and below comparison charts from Weatherbase and NOAA show the difference in rainfall between 1990 and 2015: The biggest floods in Jhelum in recent years were in 1992. Jhelum city and surrounding areas were almost completely submerged under flood waters. Rohtas Fort
7878-624: The region at the dawn of Pakistan's independence, Rawalpindi was chosen as headquarters for the Pakistani Army, despite the fact that Karachi had been selected as the first capital. In 1951, the Rawalpindi conspiracy took place in which leftist army officers conspired to depose the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan , Liaquat Ali Khan . Rawalpindi later became the site of the Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination, in what
7979-479: The river Sutlej . During World War I , the Jhelum District "stood first" among districts in recruiting for the British war effort, with greater financial assistance from the British government channelled into the area in return. The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement . After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while Muslim refugees from India settled down in
8080-523: The river as a god , as they did most mountains and streams. The poet Nonnus in the Dionysiaca calls the Hydaspes a titan -descended god, the son of the sea-god Thaumas and the cloud-goddess Elektra , the brother of Iris , goddess of the rainbow , and half-brother to the harpies , the snatching winds. Since the river is in a foreign country, it is not clear whether they named the river after
8181-468: The same company which built RMS Titanic . The ship was converted into an armed vessel, and was sunk in October 1939. Scientists from Porton Down carried out poison gas tests on British Indian Army soldiers during the Rawalpindi experiments over the course of more than a decade beginning in the 1930s. On 5 March 1947, members of Rawalpindi's Hindu and Sikh communities took a procession against
8282-597: The site of the Rawalpindi Cantonment as the ancient city of Ganjipur (or Gajnipur), the capital of the Bhatti tribe in the ages preceding the Christian era. The first mention of Rawalpindi's earliest settlement dates from when Mahmud of Ghazni destroyed Rawalpindi and the town was restored by Gakhar chief Kai Gohar in the early 11th century. The town fell into decay again after Mongol invasions in
8383-540: The soldiers mutinied with roughly 100 of the Sikh soldiers remaining loyal). Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of Colonel William Spring . A lectern inside St John's Church Jhelum shows the names of those 35 soldiers. St John's Church is located in the Jhelum Cantonment, Pakistan beside the river Jhelum. It was built in 1860 and remains a landmark in the city. It was built as
8484-500: The terms of the Indus Waters Treaty . India is working on a hydropower project on a tributary of Jhelum river to establish first-use rights on the river water over Pakistan as per the Indus Waters Treaty . According to Hindu puranas , the goddess Parvati was requested by the sage Kashyapa to come to Kashmir to purify the land from the evil practices and impurities of the pishachas living there. Parvati assumed
8585-530: The time, the New York Times reported more than 93 were killed and another 1,100 wounded; many believe that the toll was much higher. Riots erupted in Rawalpindi in 1992 as mobs attacked Hindu temples in retaliation for the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India. On 27 December 2007, Rawalpindi was the site of the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto . Modern Rawalpindi
8686-455: The town was captured in the mid-1760s from Muqarrab Khan by the Sikhs under Sardar Gujjar Singh and his son Sahib Singh. The city's administration was handed to Sardar Milkha Singh, who then invited traders from the neighbouring commercial centers of Jhelum and Shahpur to settle in the territory in 1766. The city then began to prosper, although the population in 1770 is estimated to have been only about 300 families. Rawalpindi became for
8787-604: The trade of the District, though, since the completion of the Sind-Sāgar branch of the North-Western Railway ; the salt trade no longer passes through it. It is an important timber dépôt, the timber from the Kashmir forests which is floated down the river being collected here. A good deal of boat-building is carried on. The cantonment, which is 3 miles from the civil station, contains the church and post office. The normal strength of
8888-570: The waters of a river (flowing besides the city) which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas. However, some writers believe that when "Dara-e-Azam" reached a certain place on the river bank after winning many battles, he fixed his flag at that place and called it "Ja-e-Alam" which means "Place of the Flag". With the passage of time it became Jhelum from "Ja-e-Alam". According to tradition, Saeed Bin Abi Waqas, brother of Saad Bin Abi Waqas ,
8989-469: The west, who still inhabit a large tract in the mountain north of tilla range. Gakhars were the dominant race during the early Muslim era and they long continued to retain their independence, both in Jhelum itself and in the neighbouring district of Rawalpindi . In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi , took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin . In 1005 he conquered
9090-686: The wide lanes of the Rawalpindi Cantonment. With tree-lined avenues and historic architecture, the cantonment was the main European area developed during British colonial rule. British colonialists also built the Saddar Bazaar south of the historic core, which served as a retail center geared towards Europeans in the city. Beyond the cantonment are the large suburban housing developments that serve as bedroom communities for Islamabad's commuter population. The population of Rawalpindi
9191-691: The words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing beside the city) which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas . The Sanskrit name for the river is Vitástā , derived from an apocryphal legend regarding the origin of the river in the Nilamata Purana . The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river, Vyath and in Punjabi (and more commonly in Saraiki ) as Vehat . The river Jhelum
9292-492: Was a majority Hindu and Sikh city prior to the Partition of India in 1947, combined composing 51.05 percent of the total population according to the 1941 census. The same census detailed Muslims made up 43.79 percent of the total population. The Baba Dyal Singh Gurdwara in Rawalpindi was where the reformist Nirankari movement of Sikhism originated. The city still has a small Sikh population, but has been bolstered by
9393-525: Was a sizable Sikh and Hindu community living in Rawalpindi. Today, the city is still home to a few hundred Hindu families. Despite the fact that the vast majority of the city's Hindus fled en masse to India after Partition, most Hindu temples in the old city remain standing, although in disrepair and often abandoned. Many of the old city's neighbourhoods continue to bear Hindu and Sikh names, such as Krishanpura, Aria Mohallah, Akaal Garh, Mohanpura, Amarpura, Kartarpura, Bagh Sardaraan, Angatpura. Rawalpindi
9494-413: Was built in 1860. There was a local stadium near Gul Afshan Colony which was changed to a cricket stadium named Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium . Altaf Park which was constructed in 1994–95 is in a very close proximity of Cricket Stadium. Nearly 100 m from Shandar Chowk, in the center of city, is Major Akram Shaheed Memorial Park. Major Muhammad Akram Memorial Library is also present in this park. This
9595-569: Was later celebrated by Indian Nationalists . He was captured and arrested with the remaining mutineers by authorities in Kashmir and later hanged near the river Jhelum. His grave is in a shrine in Jhelum Dildarnagar, and a small town in Uttar Pradesh is also named after him. The railway bridge on the river Jhelum was built in 1873 by the British engineer William St. John Galwey. He also made the great Empress Victoria Bridge over
9696-491: Was made the winter headquarters of the Northern Command and of the Rawalpindi military division. Riots broke out against British rule in 1905, following a famine in Punjab that peasants were led to believe was a deliberate act. During World War I , Rawalpindi District "stood first" among districts in recruiting for the British war effort, with greater financial assistance from the British government channeled into
9797-538: Was once home to a community of Jewish traders who had fled Mashhad , Persia, in the 1830s. Punjab was conquered by the East India Company in 1849, in the aftermath of Second Anglo-Sikh War , and in the late 19th century Rawalpindi became the largest garrison town of the British Indian Army 's Northern command as its climate suited the British authorities. The city was established as
9898-592: Was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat , in Islamabad , and Saddar in Rawalpindi. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022. The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority . Rawalpindi
9999-693: Was originally recognized by the name Vitasta. The river was called Hydaspes ( Greek : Ὑδάσπης ) by the ancient Greeks . Alexander III of Macedon and his army crossed the Jhelum in BCE 326 at the Battle of the Hydaspes River , where he defeated an Indian king, Porus . According to Arrian ( Anabasis , 29), he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named Bukephala (or Bucephala ) to honour his famous horse Bucephalus , buried in present-day Jalalpur Sharif . It
10100-521: Was sent to China to preach Islam, during his journey he arrived at the city of Jhelum , he saw the reflection of a city in the river and said " هذا جهيلم " (this is Jhelum) , which means "City besides the river, in full moonlight". Ahmed Shah Abdali also used "Jheelum" in place of Jhelum and "Harian" for Kharian in his diary. The Rajput , Gujjars , Labana , who now hold the Salt Range and its northern plateau respectively, appear to have been
10201-413: Was the site of the assassination of former prime minister Benazir Bhutto . Construction of Pakistan's new purpose-built national capital city of Islamabad in 1961 led to greater investment in the city provided by Imf and local banks, as well as a brief stint as the country's capital before the completion of Islamabad. Modern Rawalpindi is socially and economically intertwined with Islamabad, and
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